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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;" data-mpa-powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(24, 54, 118);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -30px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 24px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">导读</strong></em></span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(95, 156, 239);line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">10月20日，由学会小城镇规划学术委员会承办的2019年会“专题会议三”在重庆国际博览中心顺利召开。本次小城镇专题会议下午场的主题为“空间规划语境下的小城镇”，特邀学会区域规划与城市经济学委会委员、北京大学城市与环境学院城市与经济地理系主任曹广忠教授作题为“我国城镇化进程中的小城镇：功能演进与展望”的主旨报告。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 52%;padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px;border-style: solid dotted solid none;border-left-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);border-right-color: rgb(152, 152, 152);padding: 5px 0px 5px 10px;border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文字数：</strong><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;">4209字</span></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阅读时间：</strong><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;">13分钟</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30%;padding: 0px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 24px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-width: 2px;border-style: dashed;border-color: transparent;border-radius: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 3em;height: 3em;border-radius: 100%;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 100%;overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCYt91icWRibykialZsPXLdvfO9z0YCramoqAzcU4BJfiabibqVabZeptlCic2srhEl7ol7HHre7C8xaskCA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"> <img data-ratio="1" data-w="1024" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCYt91icWRibykialZsPXLdvfO9z0YCramoqAzcU4BJfiabibqVabZeptlCic2srhEl7ol7HHre7C8xaskCA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;opacity: 0;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 58px;text-align: center;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;margin: auto;width: 3em;height: 3em;border-radius: 100%;background-position: 45.553% 19.9029%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 328.836%;overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbxoGzasCRdiaYAblDKeBzeoeiabOeY5kKILL1m9niaaaFlKAZR8H8xXa1s3CzcbWFhRODjH5TVenuKg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");"><section style="height: 100%;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"> <img data-ratio="0.6662144" data-w="737" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/3rV5DOkGgCbxoGzasCRdiaYAblDKeBzeoeiabOeY5kKILL1m9niaaaFlKAZR8H8xXa1s3CzcbWFhRODjH5TVenuKg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;opacity: 0;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(62, 62, 62);color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">曹广忠</strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;line-height: 2;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">学会区域规划与城市经济学委会委员，北京大学城市与环境学院城市与经济地理系主任、教授</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">曹广忠教授的报告内容由三部分构成：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一是</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding-left: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;float: left;width: 1em;height: 1em;margin: 1.5em 0px -2em -0.5em;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);height: 1.2em;border-top-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-right-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-bottom-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);border-top-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-right-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-bottom-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 0px 10px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城镇体系格局中的小城镇：一般规律与经验；</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二是</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding-left: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;float: left;width: 1em;height: 1em;margin: 1.5em 0px -2em -0.5em;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);height: 1.2em;border-top-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-right-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-bottom-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);border-top-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-right-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-bottom-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 0px 10px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我国城镇化进程中的小城镇：轨迹与实践；</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三是</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px;padding-left: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;float: left;width: 1em;height: 1em;margin: 1.5em 0px -2em -0.5em;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);height: 1.2em;border-top-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-right-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-bottom-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(15, 60, 143);border-top-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-right-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);border-bottom-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 0px 10px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">现阶段的发展特征与探索：趋势与展望。</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: 0px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 0px 5px 0px 50px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% -55px;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 0px 0px 0px 11px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/RCR1E9KpY7vzSH4bTKwFFIZBaO0bGFwQmNNT05rL0abJhrQicFe0ryOicyAHKf21X9ZOTicd7elf0EhtV6dYWVGwQ/640?wx_fmt=gif");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 25px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 3px 0px;border-width: 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none none dashed;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(55, 80, 114);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城镇体系格局中的小城镇：一般规律与经验</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.  城镇化进程中的大城市优先发展倾向</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从人口超过100万集中度的国际比较和三大全球城市人口变化情况中可以看出，不同国家都呈现出人口正在往大城市聚集的趋势。从世界银行的数据（既有历史数据也有趋势预测）可以看出，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">很多国家的大城市人口在快速增长，乡村人口在减少，不同地区、不同层级的城市在承载人口方面的趋势变化均是人口向大城市集中。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4327411" data-w="788" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3rV5DOkGgCbxoGzasCRdiaYAblDKeBzeoTLuspTE6x6u0KOg9OgfV7u2rOdhx3OzJ5UNgyib7D4DUN1NwdpNotHw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图1 全球城市人口国际比较和变化情况<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.590379" data-w="686" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3rV5DOkGgCbxoGzasCRdiaYAblDKeBzeoxh5VMp1kwZUPYjykGz8MLozYiahNibtGanh7hhotFfkIRNaFa7OpcwVA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图2 世界银行关于人口分类变化趋势图<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5473815" data-w="802" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3rV5DOkGgCbxoGzasCRdiaYAblDKeBzeoHULcw1fd7Nk4CSxQsztOLxf3xVAIxib3waUhibny8xZGZ6y9L8YsKHuQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图3 世界银行关于人口分类分地区现状及预测图<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.  小规模层级城镇缩减</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">历史上城市人口格局的变化，从美国、日本的数据中可以总结一些经验。图4中左边是美国1790年到1950年的人口发展图，美国是一个发展波动较小的国家，其城市体系是稳步发展的，城市数量增加，规模也在增大，曲线是平行的，说明其各个层级都得到发展。右边是日本的数据，大体的趋势是曲线变得越来越陡，表明向大城市聚集的程度更高，是聚集的趋势。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">除集聚以外，曲线在末端有交叉，说明最低层级的城市数量减少。日本的县相当于中国镇的架构，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">从日本的数据可以启示我们，中国的小城镇小层级城市的数量是减少的。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.612708" data-w="661" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3rV5DOkGgCbxoGzasCRdiaYAblDKeBzeoqqf7hxDL5VLqqibK9CibFicJa7XlAyibaPR9Yf7CWBRNBSaicPkjjp7CbVQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图4 美国、日本城市位序规模分布变化图<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.  理论解释</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">大城市优先发展倾向、小规模城镇缩减这一现象和普遍规律，可以从“中心地”理论、城市地理学和城市体系的角度来思考和解释。</span></strong>图5表现了城镇体系中不同层级城镇和数量的分布，以及不同层级的等级关系，揭示了城镇规模体系的金字塔模式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1297071" data-w="239" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3rV5DOkGgCbxoGzasCRdiaYAblDKeBzeoYT0Rkeoxo9KO5ADKqeAFQxSJHPD7ZFibia18dtjibcVwh0GdP0gj5FaIQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0901639" data-w="244" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3rV5DOkGgCbxoGzasCRdiaYAblDKeBzeovNIibMIqE46NF3GCDkmFiaM0cMDiauicNxVXMwct9rpDsLbWVwRwliaZf4A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图5 城镇规模体系的金字塔结构示意图</p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">决定小城市数量的是最基层服务中心的距离，也就是由当时农民进城办事当天往返的距离所决定的。</span></strong>那么小规模层级城镇缩减，就可以考虑从两方面来解释。一是交通条件的改善和城镇服务半径的增大，使得城镇可以服务更大的地域范围，服务更多的人口以保证它的发展动力，因此太小的点就会被替代掉。二是信息化和快速交通造成时空压缩；一方面会出现新竞争格局下的聚集倾向，使得小城镇在空间上需要重新组织；另一方面造成局部地区的分散式网络化，使城镇之间的分工变得复杂，出现跟以往布点不一样的小城镇。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: 0px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 0px 5px 0px 50px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% -55px;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 0px 0px 0px 11px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/RCR1E9KpY7vzSH4bTKwFFIZBaO0bGFwQmNNT05rL0abJhrQicFe0ryOicyAHKf21X9ZOTicd7elf0EhtV6dYWVGwQ/640?wx_fmt=gif");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 25px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 3px 0px;border-width: 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none none dashed;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(55, 80, 114);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我国城镇化格局中的小城镇：轨迹与实践</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.  城镇化进程中的大城市优先发展倾向</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1978年至2013年我国城镇常住人口从1.7亿人增加到了7.3亿人，城镇化率从17.9%提升到53.7%，年均提高1.02个百分点；城市数量从193个增加到658个，建制镇数量从2173个增加到了20113个。从戚伟、刘盛和[1]的研究来看，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">我国城市人口向高位次城市聚集趋势是明显的；流动人口的分布依然是向大城市聚集，小城镇人口的聚集程度比较小。</span></strong>因此，尽管小城镇的数量在增加，小城镇的聚集人口在整个城镇化进程里地位并不高。从2010年到2015年，我国小城市总体人口规模减少，大城市总体人口规模增长明显；另外，从2000-2010年我国各等级城市城区人口、所占比重及变化的情况，2000年、2010年中国城市规模指数变化等数据也可以看出人口向高位次城市集聚分布的趋势。相较于超大城市、大城市的人口增长趋势，2000年到2010年我国建制镇人口仅增加了0.9亿人，实际小城镇人口规模增长是非常有限的。四普、五普、六普的人口数据也可以说明，小城市是明显在减少的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">在我国城镇化进程中、城镇体系中，随着城镇化水平的提高，大城市优先发展的规律是普遍存在的。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5826087" data-w="460" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3rV5DOkGgCbxoGzasCRdiaYAblDKeBzeoWNhCojc6qmWQI61RJEAInicYt9Kl3JZlMhKWmdGLmBBzpicZXict9goibw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图6  2010年、2015年大中小城市的人口规模</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.  1978年以来改革探索的城镇化政策及效应</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我国小城镇的地位在城镇化发展过程中具有特殊意义。1978年改革开放初时，城市的承载力有限，小城镇在承载大量劳动力方面起到了很重要的作用，提供了约1.25亿就业岗位的乡镇企业大部分是在基层，包括农村、乡镇、集镇等。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">城镇化的第一推力是来自农村的解放，第一波支撑是来自小城镇的支撑。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1984年改革重点转入城市，以中小城市快速发展为代表的“拉力”逐渐转为主力。在此过程中，我国提出了不少政策。例如，1980年代初乡镇企业与向城镇发展很突出；1986年中央一号文件允许农民自理口粮进城务工经商；1990年代进城务工潮，城市优势显现；1998年十五届三中全会颁发了《中共中央关于农业和农村工作若干重大问题的决定》，提出“发展小城镇，是带动农村经济和社会发展的一个大战略”；2000年中共中央、国务院发布关于促进小城镇健康发展的政策。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1990年代后期以来，大城市快速发展趋势得以持续，而小城镇的发展事实上并不活跃。主要原因有三方面：<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">一是小城镇发展的基础已经削弱；二是乡镇工业大发展的市场机遇、创业环境不再；三是进一步发展的金融环境、民间投资制约。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: 0px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 0px 5px 0px 50px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% -55px;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 0px 0px 0px 11px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/RCR1E9KpY7vzSH4bTKwFFIZBaO0bGFwQmNNT05rL0abJhrQicFe0ryOicyAHKf21X9ZOTicd7elf0EhtV6dYWVGwQ/640?wx_fmt=gif");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 25px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 3px 0px;border-width: 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none none dashed;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(55, 80, 114);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">新时期小城镇发展探索：趋势与展望</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.  新时期小城镇发展的相关政策表达</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在我国的发展方针和相关政策表达中，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">在一定时期是按照城市规模分为大中小城市来提出发展要求的</span></strong>。“六五”计划提出，“控制大城市规模，合理发展中等城市，积极发展小城市”的方针；“七五”计划提出，“继续贯彻执行控制大城市规模，合理发展中等城市，积极发展小城市的方针，切实防止大城市人口规模的过度膨胀，有重点地发展一批中等城市和小城市”；“八五”计划提出，“要坚持实行严格控制大城市规模、合理发展中等城市和小城市的方针，有计划的推进我国城市化进程，并使之同国民经济协调发展”；“九五”计划提出，“逐步形成大中小城市和城镇规模适度，布局和结构合理的城镇体系”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">到了“十五”计划，国家明确提出“有重点地发展小城镇”，这是一个非常重要的转折点，意味着小城镇相关政策从“重点发展”到“有重点地发展”的转变。之后，“十一五”计划提到“坚持大中小城市和小城镇协调发展”，“十二五”计划提到“有重点地发展小城镇”，“十三五”计划提出“加快发展中小城市和特色镇”“因地制宜发展特色鲜明、产城融合、充满魅力的小城镇”，小城镇不再作为一个重要的规模层次全部发展，而是有重点地发展一批小城镇。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在《国家新型城镇化规划（2014—2020年）》中，第四篇针对“有重点地发展小城镇”这一政策，提出“控制质量、提高质量、节约用地、体现特色”“大城市周边的重点镇”“具有特色资源、区位优势的小城镇”“远离中心城市的小城镇”等一些更具体的内容，逐渐将小城镇“有重点、特色化”的发展路径理顺。此外，更以专栏的形式提出“重点建设的陆路边境口岸城镇”、“县城和重点镇基础设施提升工程”等更加具体化的发展要求。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.  新时期小城镇发展的实践探索</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从“十五”开始，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇“有重点、特色化”的发展路径就基本明晰，</span></strong>此后不同机构也做出了一些非常切合实际的探索。例如，2004年六部委颁布了第一批重点小城镇1887个，2014年七部委批准颁布3675个重点镇，这些都是围绕“有重点地发展小城镇”而进行的实践。又例如，1995年起，体改委等多部委推行综合改革试点镇；2016年住建、发改、财政等部委发布《关于开展特色小镇培育工作的通知》，2017年颁布了第一批127个特色小城镇，2018年颁布了第二批276个特色小城镇；此外，还有其他部委和、行业、地方颁布了其他的特色小镇、特色小城镇等。从效果来看，这些特色小镇、特色小城镇，总体发挥了人口和产业承载、地域经济服务中心、农村服务供给等功能，有一定效果。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.  新时期小城镇的基本功能</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">现在、过去、未来，小城镇的基本功能都应包括其城镇属性、乡村属性和乡-城过渡属性，并且始终有其作为地域中心的乡村服务功能和作为城镇体系节点的生产交换功能所带来的发展动力。</span></strong>新时期城镇化格局中的小城镇，其基本功能可以凝练为五点：一是作为城乡统筹和城乡一体化联系纽带的功能；二是面向乡村的基本公共服务供给中心的功能；三是小城镇是城镇化承载功能的重要组成部分；四是其作为人口乡-城转移的承载地和缓冲地的功能；五是其作为城镇化格局中地方特色和传统文化传承的承载地功能。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.  新时期小城镇发展的时代属性</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在新时期，对小城镇发展时代属性的思考，可以更好地判定小城镇的未来发展。这些时代属性包括城镇化工业化中后期的小城镇，五位一体建设背景下的小城镇，城乡融合发展格局中的小城镇，乡村振兴战略实施中的小城镇，空间和资源统一管理策略下的小城镇，信息化和智能化技术影响下的小城镇等。</p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">5.  新时期小城镇功能的变与不变展望</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在新时期不同时代属性下的小城镇，其功能变与不变也是值得思考的部分。从小城镇在新时期城镇化格局中的地位和作用来看，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇依然是城镇体系的组成部分，有其作为产业承载、人口承载、区域中心的重要功能；同时，小城镇依然是联系城乡的基础环节，是城之尾乡之首。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从小城镇发展的一般趋势来看，也会产生一些变化。部分城镇规模会晋升，部分新的小城镇会形成，可能会带来交通格局、区位条件等的改变；小城镇作为城尾乡首的功能会稳定，其总体数量会由增长趋缓转向逐步缩减。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">基于规模逐级传导功能服务的职能特点弱化、基于8.6亿农村人口分布格局的空间体系重构等，都会带来小城镇若干功能的演化，也会赋予小城镇新使命。新的使命包括以下几个方面：体现新型城镇化理念和时代发展的背景；联系城乡的基础环节；乡村生产生活服务中心；基本公共服务均等化的基础性支点；中国特色乡村格局和新型镇村体系的重要支点；一定的产业和人口承载功能，等等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">6.  新时期小城镇发展路径展望</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">展望发展路径，小城镇在城镇化格局中承载人口占比下降，小城镇数量将逐步缩减，部分转型发展，部分缩减归并。总结来说，就是重点城镇和特色城镇这两大路径。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇主要类型判断标准，以前是以经济为主导的标准，以后标准会更加多元化，包括小城镇作为城乡衔接的枢纽、乡村服务中心、网络化城镇地域的功能节点，以及资源、产业、区位等特色。</p><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0.6em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.2;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 0.6;margin: 2px 0px;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;display: block;opacity: 1;background-color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;font-size: 10px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(15, 60, 143);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(15, 60, 143);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">7.  小结</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">总体来看，曹教授提出五点小城镇发展的趋势与展望：<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">一是小城镇数量、人口产业承载功能地位是在减弱的；二是工业职能主导的城镇动力作用是在减弱的；三是城乡衔接功能主导的节点城镇数量减少但功能会转变，这与农村发展水平提高和农村居民的需求提升相关；四是城镇网络中的功能节点城镇类型多元化；五是特色小镇发展强化但不会泛化。 </span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">参考文献</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[1] 戚伟,刘盛和.中国城市流动人口位序规模分布研究[J].地理研究,2015,34(10):1981-1993.</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 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