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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 2px none rgb(255, 202, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(125, 146, 160);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-53202-1534475045474" style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文需阅读 - 21分钟</p></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 60%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(95, 156, 239, 0.69);background-color: rgba(249, 110, 87, 0.5);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-shadow: rgb(81, 111, 180) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(81, 111, 180);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(81, 111, 180);background-color: rgb(195, 192, 192);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(104, 139, 183);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sustainable</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgb(195, 192, 192);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(104, 139, 183);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cities &</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgb(195, 192, 192);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(104, 139, 183);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mobility</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 2px solid rgb(179, 179, 179);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(179, 179, 179);padding: 0px 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划与发展战略</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">城市综合交通</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通与非机动化出行</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">活力街区、街道与城市设计</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">量化城市与大数据</span></p></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(81, 111, 180);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">「</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">」</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2019年<span style="color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"> | 11月15</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">日期</span></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 70%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0234604" data-w="682" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNBQUTJB0DfYrbKu9lJy4wjwmR3nlXgNib1r9EG6KMhGz0Z9miaswdn7lw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: -20px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 17%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Z6jjBcicmicfGVZMPZJCQic0Hn6RZlUUBlUs7iawMYVZNicrGf0bNjLnmGib5gcRuQSriaagNhYbKxOhacP3uRd3HmTvQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(81, 111, 180);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 5px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -20px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Z6jjBcicmicfGVZMPZJCQic0Hn6RZlUUBlUs7iawMYVZNicrGf0bNjLnmGib5gcRuQSriaagNhYbKxOhacP3uRd3HmTvQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -20px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Z6jjBcicmicfGVZMPZJCQic0Hn6RZlUUBlUs7iawMYVZNicrGf0bNjLnmGib5gcRuQSriaagNhYbKxOhacP3uRd3HmTvQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 4%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;transform: rotateZ(7deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(7deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(7deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(7deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;width: 100%;border-width: 4px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 3.2px 3.2px 8px;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;height: auto !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="265" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNADczJQMwrul1D4OLqCic4FGRJSLyqIeGFl6b6sHNg4ibSeWzopk37Xjw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;transform: rotateZ(350deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(350deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(350deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(350deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;width: 100%;border-width: 4px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 3.2px 3.2px 8px;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;height: auto !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNbNnsgZLDa5sIeWF169Ux3KnAiaUKXDXHd21kSJfhPQaGZepkaxqrAnQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 12%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Z6jjBcicmicfGVZMPZJCQic0Hn6RZlUUBlUs7iawMYVZNicrGf0bNjLnmGib5gcRuQSriaagNhYbKxOhacP3uRd3HmTvQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;padding: 0px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文 | </strong></span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">Alastair Boone    </span><strong style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">翻译 | </strong><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">BIG_XU</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑 | </strong>众山小 <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">   校核 |</strong> 张婧钰     </span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文献 | </strong>甘田<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">     排版 |</strong> 徐颖</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(128, 178, 188);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">微博 |</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"> weibo.com/</span></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: 10px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 7%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Z6jjBcicmicfGVZMPZJCQic0Hn6RZlUUBlUs7iawMYVZNicrGf0bNjLnmGib5gcRuQSriaagNhYbKxOhacP3uRd3HmTvQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 12%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Z6jjBcicmicfGVZMPZJCQic0Hn6RZlUUBlUs7iawMYVZNicrGf0bNjLnmGib5gcRuQSriaagNhYbKxOhacP3uRd3HmTvQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: -55px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 27%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoN5KRf7UQELrD6ic6omc6K78wyXduHubkaPObCpDLiaqqpt0IWKxrIT7Tg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(249, 110, 87, 0.68);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(66, 94, 142);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览导读</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">近几年，房屋短租平台Airbnb在全球范围内发展得如火如荼，许多城市都有着大量的Airbnb租赁活动。为了研究Airbnb对城市产生了什么样的影响，麦吉尔大学城市规划系教授David Wachsmuth运用相关数据，以纽约市为例，探讨了这一影响过程。研究表明，在Airbnb平台发展的过程中出现了大量的商业运营商，他们占领了大部分的Airbnb租赁市场，获取了绝大多数的房屋租赁利润。在这一基础上，Airbnb平台的出现提高了纽约市整体租房市场的价格，减少了市场可出租房屋的数量，加速了城市绅士化、加剧了种族歧视。Wachsmuth建议，为了保障真正的房屋共享能够健康长远发展，必须严格执行“一个房东，一套房屋”的政策，适度放宽多重住宅法，并且完全取消整房全时租赁。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最近一份报告<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 172, 255);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请后台留言联系我们索取）</span></strong>指出，Airbnb对于所在城市的住房市场产生了十分巨大的影响。我们有理由相信，这种影响很快也会在其他城市出现。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6670213" data-w="940" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNhkKFA2qfwE1xuGPULedyxzt4ccGgFBJDCqQ3ibksvGXLlWar2k25mBw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、布鲁克林的Airbnb平台业务近年来快速增长，这是位于布鲁克林城中一处褐（砂）石房屋（译者注：纽约的一种特有房屋）。图：Eduardo Munoz/路透社</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">关于Airbnb有两种类型的负面报道。在房屋共享平台诞生伊始，早期的报道多讲述极品客人（有时是主人）的不当行为。不过随着过去十年该项服务的不断成熟以及可租赁房屋的不断增加，第二种类型的报道开始出现。这部分报道强调的是房屋共享服务对社会的整体影响，并认为Airbnb的出现使得租房市场的整体价格不断提高，并且降低了可出租房屋的数量；此外，它还加速了城绅士化、加剧了种族歧视。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不过，随着商业运营商的介入，Airbnb正在从一种帮助房主偶尔租出一两间空房的模式，转变为毛骨悚然的临时旅馆的承包商。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">目前已经有一些研究对这些观点进行了深入挖掘，这些研究或关注某一个特定方面，或选择从全国尺度定量分析与Airbnb相关的趋势。然而，近期麦吉尔大学城市规划系教授David Wachsmuth发表了一篇报告<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 172, 255);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请后台留言联系我们索取）</span></strong>， 他以纽约为例，研究了共享房屋对整个城市的影响。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Wachsmuth教授表示“来自社区、住房组织、社会活动人士和民选官员的呼声越来越高，他们认为短期租房正不断对城市住房产生负面影响。”纽约市是全球第三大的Airbnb租房市场，同时也是Airbnb最早登陆的城市之一，那些新兴的较小市场正在紧紧盯着纽约，看看这座城市的Airbnb到底能发展成什么样。“纽约一直以来都是一个具有高度活力的城市，当我们去研究那些市场规模小得多的城市时，我们会发现他们的增长过程早已经在纽约发生过；因此在某种程度上，我们是在看实时的情景再现。”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为了研究这一过程，Wachsmuth教授和他的团队使用了来自AirDNA（一家抓取和分析Airbnb数据的加利福利亚公司）的Airbnb租赁活动数据。他们研究了Airbnb从2014年9月到2017年8月所有的租赁活动，包含了超过8千万个数据点。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">结论是，之前大多数的传言都是真的。Wachsmuth认为有理由相信，至少在纽约，Airbnb确实提高了房租、降低了租房市场的房屋数量并且加剧了绅士化。为了进一步弄清楚其中的过程是怎么样的，研究人员又详细分析了Airbnb影响纽约的四个主要方面：哪里是Airbnb的集聚区域以及它们是怎么变化的？哪一种类型的房东赚的最多？Airbnb是不是真的在加剧城市绅士化？Airbnb到底从租房市场抢走了多少房屋？</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);padding: 0px 25px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 0% 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);height: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 26);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">真的是房屋共享？ </strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);height: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“共享房屋”这个词描述了这么一个画面，一个人开放他的家，将一个空房间租给一个陌生人。事实上， Airbnb就是这么起家的。2007年时，Airbnb创始人Joe Gebbia和Brian Chesky在旧金山生活窘迫，为了凑钱交房租，他们将客厅租了出去，并且为客人们做早餐。在今天，这种模式价值300亿美元。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尽管目前在airbnb平台上依然有许多人在使用这种最初的模式，但是Wachsmuth教授发现，在纽约有12%的房东（6200/50500）是纯粹的商业运营商，他们拥有大量的整房或单间。这些运营商赚取了纽约市Airbnb整体利润的28%（184亿元/657亿元）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">像旅馆经理一样，这些房东更懂市场规律，通常他们将每晚定价设定在相对较低的水平上，并且通过及时调整定价获得总体租金收益的最大化。不同于旅馆的是，这些房东并不需要缴纳商业地产税或者酒店税费。这对于整个城市或者其他普通房东都造成了极大困扰。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“如果没有这些商业运营商大规模侵占市场，房屋共享的房东本可以获利更多，” Wachsmuth认为，“现实的情况是，为了与这些运营商竞争，那些真正的兼职房东不得不打起价格战，通过压低他们的租房价格以期获得订单。”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这听起来像是违法的，因为它本身就是违法的。商业运营共享房屋违反了2016年Airbnb在纽约制定的“一个房东，一套房屋”的政策。这个政策限定了凡是在纽约区域的房东，只能在同一个地址上出租房子。同时，它也违反了纽约州的多重住宅法，法律规定，除非房东也住在房子里，否则禁止将有3个或以上单间的住房进行少于30天的短租。尽管确实也可能存在合法订单（房东的多个订单是指向同一个房屋地址的），但研究者通过对2011年-2015年间美国社区调查数据的研究，发现在所有活跃的住房订单中，有42-46%属于违法预定。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.700885" data-w="565" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNnoNTBhENQiaralssoHrGHrwjK4u5peThtiaoHlNbHYveRO7Neg1bHEeg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、纽约违反多重住宅法的订单占比。图David Wachsmuth/麦吉尔大学</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">纽约市的多重住宅法早在1929年就正式颁布并生效，不过在具体操作层面，这部法律却很难正真的实施下去。比如在某些情景下，执法机关试图罪责某人时，“这个房东通常会说‘我就住在那啊，只不过我恰巧在隔壁房间’，因此你根本无法证明房东到底住不住在那里。” Wachsmuth教授说道。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 10%;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5343511" data-w="393" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/ibmrGeE7F6RO7ZGVZlpoOHpUd7v4EGgw2GQFIHwkXNjZXHfBuKXdL5CicwPfib0XKHQicnLmex33dDU2ia2QeCfoMXg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);padding: 0px 25px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 0% 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);height: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 26);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">但对于那些真正的房屋共享房东呢？</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);height: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不可否认的是，对于那些被纽约不断上升的生活成本压得喘不过气的人来说，Airbnb确实是个好东西。布鲁克林威廉斯堡的Charlotte Harris利用她租住的四居室公寓在Airbnb平台上赚点外快。从去年夏天开始，Harris和她的室友尝试在出去旅游时，使用Airbnb平台把公寓临时租出去。在此期间，他们赚了大约5000美元，足够支付9月份的房租，而且不需要花费时间将房子进行短期转租。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“尽管租金不是非常多，但是考虑到房子空着也是空着并且我们也拿到了点钱去付房租，这么一想也还不错。” Harris说到。她认为对于租房这个事情并不用想太多，“如果你不太喜欢每天都得给自己的房子付房租，或者你觉得并不需要每天都呆在你的公寓内，那么借助用Airbnb你就可以获得一笔很可观的收入。”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">借助Airbnb在一个拥挤的城市里帮你解决一部分账单问题？这有点像利用一台空调去对抗全球气候变暖。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">关于Wachsmuth教授认为的纽约市商业运营商数量，Airbnb公司表达了不同的意见。根据公司自己的数据<span style="color: rgb(0, 172, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献2，请后台留言联系我们索取）</strong></span>，在2017年-2018年期间，有92%的房东共享了自己的主要住所，79%的房东将租房挣来的钱用于还自己的房租。Airbnb公司同样对AirDNA的数据获取方法有质疑，他们认为这种方法会高估每年人们实际租出房屋的次数，因为当房东不想租自己的房子，将房子设定为不可租时（这表示房东在家，不想接待客人），AirDNA的数据也认为这部分人租出去了房子。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">同样值得注意的是，Wachsmuth教授研究的资助者之一是公开宣布反对房屋共享、由住房和出租倡导组织联合发起的纽约市酒店交易委员会。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对于Wachsmuth教授来说，更为重要的数字是那些人数占比不高的商业运营商赚取的实际利润。总体而言，他的数据显示，有一半的Airbnb租赁活动集中于前10%的房东，这部分人获取了去年纽约48%的租赁利润。这意味着，大约5000人获得了3.18亿美元。相对的是，后80%的纽约房东，即大约40400名真正的房屋共享房东，在2017年的获利仅占全部利润的32%，约 2.09亿美元。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这些商业运营商运用经济手段迫使那些个体房东不得不依靠降低价格来竞争市场份额。考虑到Airbnb平台提高了整个租赁市场的平均租房价格，因此这意味着这部分人获得的利润变得更少。基于Zillow的租金指数，Wachsmuth教授和他的团队估计，在过去的三年内，Airbnb使得纽约长租租金提高了1.4%。由于短期房租的增长，比起三年前，租房者租一套公寓每年需要多付384美元。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">换句话来说，在拥挤的城市使用Airbnb帮助解决账单问题有点像利用空调去解决全球气候变暖：这或许补贴了你的公寓租金，但是却使整个租赁环境恶化了。</p></section><section style="text-align: right;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 102.13 70" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><rect x="55.42" y="0" 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border-box;" width="23.33" height="23.33" fill="rgba(104,171,249,0.5)"></rect><rect x="23.37" y="46.67" style="box-sizing: border-box;" width="23.33" height="23.33" fill="rgba(130,171,218,0.5)"></rect></g></g></svg></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);padding: 0px 25px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 0% 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);height: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 26);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">绅士化</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);height: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Airbnb房源大多集中在城市区位最好的区域，这些区域的原本租金就非常高。Wachsmut教授发现曼哈顿中城、中城西部和下东区的曼哈顿街区是Airbnb租赁活动最为集中的区域。前文提及的Harris，她所居住的威廉斯堡是该岛上唯一一个Airbnb租赁活动相对集中的区域。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.483871" data-w="620" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNFRib9MZl8RyPkJBdXMQbFmrKz1QU2YD4X8WLic3wKClVPjr5PYhZ5LLg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、从2014年9月到2017年8月，纽约的Airbnb租房活动收入增长情况。图David Wachsmuth麦吉尔大学</strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不过在最近的两年，新的Airbnb活动热点越来越多的出现在了飞速绅士化的布鲁克林社区，例如布什维克和贝德福德-斯泰森特。在曼哈顿的上西区和哈莱姆区、甚至在新泽西的泽西市也是如此。Airbnb随着房价的提升逐渐渗透到城市中各个角落。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在这一过程中，种族平等程度、Airbnb在非白人区增长带来的影响，一直都是争论的焦点。Airbnb公司在2016年出台了反种族歧视政策以减轻房主的种族歧视偏见。在此之前，公众曾强烈抗议Airbnb平台允许房主歧视非白人租客，认为这鼓励了种族歧视。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">总的来说，Wachsmut认为在Airbnb平台，白人社区比非白人社区赚了更多的钱，这不仅仅是因为很多受欢迎的社区大多数都是白人居住区。（例如，在整个纽约城，仅仅只有39%的家庭是白人家庭，而在曼哈顿中城，这一数字为68%。）还有很大的原因是白人更多的从事Airbnb租赁互动，他援引就职于Airbnb的数据学家Murray Cox2017年的研究<span style="color: rgb(0, 172, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献3，请后台留言联系我们索取）</strong></span>，这个研究表明，在那些主要的黑人社区中，有74%的Airbnb活动是由白人经营的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然而Cox的研究却遭到了哈佛大学肯尼迪学院教授Robert Livingston、前费城市长Michael Nutter等人的强烈反对。事实上，除了Airbnb平台原因之外，黑人较低的住房拥有率使得其根本无法像其他族群一样租出房屋，在一定程度上这才是上述现象的罪魁祸首。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">但是无论如何，白人房东正在推高非白人社区的短租价格，这又推动了整体租房价格的上升。Wachsmuth和他的团队估计，在2014年至2017年间，Airbnb平台推动布鲁克林中北部地区一些社区（比如贝德福德-斯泰森特 和皇冠高地）的租金价格上涨了约1.42%。对于一个刚成为Airbnb集聚区域的社区来讲，1.42%这个数字已经很高了。要知道，那些长期高收入的社区例如切尔西, 克林顿, 和上西城，房租也仅仅涨了这么多。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6112903" data-w="620" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNqJCgFSp88Q5PG79vpE7Wr2ibyXGUv5NsuqzzdojPeato636WBNCLoPQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、2014-2017年间由于Airbnb而导致房租上涨的估算图David Wachsmuth麦吉尔大学</em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不仅如此，去非白人社区当Airbnb房东对于很多人来说有巨大吸引力。根据Wachsmuth的说法，纽约这座城市中有着非常多的高回报区域，在这些区域从事Airbnb的租房活动可以获得200%或者超过长租租金的利润；值得注意的是，这些区域有72%是非白人社区。这就产生了一种激励效应，很多房东把整个房子卖掉，置换成有色人种社区中的Airbnb出租房。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);padding: 0px 25px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 5px 0% 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);height: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(0, 0, 26);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">打击幽灵宾馆</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 8px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(29, 29, 29);height: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据Cox的报告<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 172, 255);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献3，请后台留言联系我们索取）</span></strong>，纽约的黑人居民是最有可能因为Airbnb无房可住的群体：在纽约的72个黑人社区中，黑人居民受到Airbnb影响而流离失所的可能性是白人居民的6倍。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不过，这个问题在其他的纽约居民身上也同样存在。长期租房基本上在纽约消失了，因为那些本可以用于长租的房源在一年大部分时间都被短租出去了，这导致长租客无法租到房子。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Wachsmuth将Airbnb平台上所有标记为“整房”的房源记作把整个房子都出租的行为，这里的“整房”可能是一栋房子或整个公寓单元。（译者注：Airbnb上有三种不同类型的房源，官方的翻译是：Entire place，整房；Private room，单独房间和Shared room，合住房间。）”但是很难计算，就算没有Airbnb这个平台，这些房子有多少会被放到长租市场上去出租。一方面，如果没有Airbnb，那些每年有大量时间出差在外的房主可能会闲置他们的房子。另一方面，还有一些人出租的空间本来就不可能在长期租赁市场上出租，这些房源多数像一个临时住所。（比如，报废的出租车（译者注：有人在Airbnb上出租废弃的出租车来供游客休息））</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这种活动在纽约有着悠久的历史。近100年来，人们一直在努力解决短期出租问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然而，目前对于“全时出租房”并没有法律上的定义。Wachsmuth和他的团队运用两种手段去区分这些房屋：一年中有多少天是被租用的，以及一年有多少天是可租的。如果一个房子一年被租用了120天并且有240天及以上是可以被租用的，Wachsmut就把其定义为“全时出租房”。运用这个测量方式，他的团队发现，在过去的一年内，有5600个“整房”可以被视为“全时出租房”。（其他一些研究者对于“全时出租房”的定义标准有所提高<span style="color: rgb(0, 172, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献4，请后台留言联系我们索取）</strong></span>，例如认为纽约全时出租房的标准是216天，马萨诸塞州的剑桥则为176天。）</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Wachsmuth认为这5600个频繁出租的房屋已经从传统租房市场上除名了，因为这些房屋要么已经被短租出去，要么一年中至少8个月是在被出租。这些房屋中的绝大部分都集中在曼哈顿中城和曼哈顿中心区，此外布鲁克林周边此类房屋的数量也在快速增多。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6048387" data-w="620" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNvhK88sPG7rzmSicpKsw8EMHjKlpB03oUc2aSdpAbmKoVokiaTBVgj1tg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、由于Airbnb造成的租房流失现象综合统计（人口普查区划）图David Wachsmuth麦吉尔大学</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">出租单独房间同样也会导致“由Airbnb引起”的租赁市场房屋流失。例如，当一个租户将他租住公寓的一间空房间长期列在可租列表上，或者一个房东选择将房屋租给Airbnb的客人而不是长租租客，必然导致租赁市场房屋流失现象。其中最为恶名昭著的就是“幽灵宾馆”：一些公寓或者住房将一个个独立卧室作为“单独房间”添加到Airbnb平台。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“大量私人运营者看起来一点都不像商业运营商，但是其实他们就是商业运营商。” Wachsmuth说到。“我不认为商业运营商的租房和个人把房子全时租出去行为有太大的差别，他们在某种程度上就是一样的。”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6790323" data-w="620" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNic9hSwhclSMnehTsfBwNawYibYUibHbmiaCOGCRg8WOxICdpfqHZ2Gt1Pg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图六、向左走，向右走。（左边：不是Airbnb；右边：是Airbnb）图Alastair Boone/CityLab</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Wachsmuth将Airbnb的幽灵房比作20世纪初在纽约和旧金山等美国城市流行的廉价酒店。（这里有一篇来自CityLab 的漫画叙述作者Ariel Aberg-Riger 关于SRO（Single Room Occupancy ，一种北美的租房，类似于中国隔间房）的文章）不过，廉租房可以为城市中的各类居民提供住所，例如移民，工厂员工和少数民族，而幽灵房基本只提供给游客。并且，由于这类房东通常只出租房屋中的单独房间，并没有出租整个房屋，因此他们更容易避开行政监管。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">运用空间分析方法，Wachsmuth的团队识别出了纽约市4700个属于幽灵宾馆的房源，这些房源分别属于1200个幽灵宾馆，占全市所有“单独房间”房源的16%。这些房间每个的年收入是6400美元，比其他的“单独房间”高27%。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0875" data-w="480" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNhvsYKO2rYiaH4p8D9SsTBRBrLibvPy6t21mvIQaHgqIXovUSXoTcAYIg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七、纽约1200个疑似幽灵宾馆的位置。图David Wachsmuth麦吉尔大学</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2015年，整个城市幽灵宾馆的数量只有670家，这一数字在这两年里增长了79%。去年，纽约市的幽灵宾馆在Airbnb平台上的收入为3040万美元，这也极大程度上导致了纽约市的可租赁房屋流失。从幽灵宾馆到长期、整体出租的“整房”，这种租赁活动一共使得纽约市减少了至少7000个可租赁房屋。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为了减少幽灵宾馆并且降低房屋共享带来的负面影响，Wachsmuth提出了三个步骤。第一个步骤目前正在实施，即严格遵守“一个房东，一套房屋”的政策。自2016年开始实施这个政策以来，Airbnb已经在纽约市封禁了4800个非法发布的房源。并且从2016年11月份开始，Airbnb平台只允许纽约的房东发布一个租房地址（当然也有例外）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">此外，Wachsmuth还建议，适度放宽多重住宅法可能对纽约的房屋共享有很大的帮助。“我认为对于纽约而言，最基本的解决方法之一就是将低于30天的短期租房行为合法化。” Wachsmuth认为，“现行的法律根本就不适合目前流行的整房短租、闲时出租的趋势。”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Airbnb目前正在支持修改该州的多重住宅法，该法案自2010年以来从未被修改过。纽约州参议院John Bonacic发起提案，该提案将修正法律，允许居民进行30天以内的房屋短租。除此之外，它还会将“一个房东，一套房屋”的政策纳入州法律，并且在纽约实施“直通登记”。这种注册系统已经在新奥尔良，芝加哥和旧金山等城市使用，它会要求房东在平台上注册，并且把这一注册信息集中到城市注册中心。总的来说，这些手段有助于城市打击违法租赁。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“Airbnb支持通过立法的方式限定住宅共享的住宅数量（一家只能共享一套房），这会驱使执法部门去关注违法商业中介，同时保护那些正真希望通过房屋共享的方式、在生活成本日益增加的纽约城里赚取一些外快的人。” ——Airbnb的东北地区政策主管Josh Meltzer。</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Wachsmuth提出的第三个措施是城市应该完全取消整房全时租赁。Wachsmuth 认为：“对于出租整套房屋的这部分人，应该限定他们每年可以出租的天数。”已经有其他城市采取了类似的措施，比如在阿姆斯特丹，房东只能给Airbnb的客人提供60天的租赁服务（并且已经有计划将这一时间进一步缩短至30天）。伦敦的限制是90天，巴黎的限制是120天。一旦房东在超过限定的天数时间申请房屋出租，系统将会自动将他们的封禁到下一年。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过这些限定的措施以及“一个房东，一套房屋”的政策，Wachsmuth认为，“房屋商业运营商的日子应该不太好过了。”如果没有这些措施，他认为，商业运营商将会最终主导租赁市场，并且逐步提高整体的租金水平。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“如果你认为我们只需要这么一个平台进行房屋共享，而不需要什么监管，那你会发现寡头化的趋势将越来越明显，最终只剩下最大的那几个操盘手”，Wachsmuth继续说道，“事实上，我们正在经历这些。”</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" 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1px;"></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(81, 111, 180);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -30px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.77;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 42px;color: transparent;letter-spacing: 7px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(249, 110, 87, 0.68);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 95%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3143275" data-w="684" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNsYcicu3UibnWRldfsj4NrJZoAgicINiaQZb0rHTMvHsNNFd0fkzKECcj6w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;height: 1px;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.2994186" data-w="688" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNqbiaxn9MoFJ9BzmbEzdiaXAJfC9EnZ7ichZmKTnrehCmGwqw6HraWR6fQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: rotateZ(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(180deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% -30px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);opacity: 0.77;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-65127-1536720080432" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 42px;color: rgba(249, 110, 87, 0.68);letter-spacing: 7px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">免费下载<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 2px none rgb(255, 202, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(125, 146, 160);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-53202-1534475045474" style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">免费下载一览众山小提供的原文资料：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">微信公众号 后台留言<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">或电邮 Daizongliu@qq.com </p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(81, 111, 180);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">01</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">《纽约市短租房的高成本》</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3143275" data-w="684" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNsYcicu3UibnWRldfsj4NrJZoAgicINiaQZb0rHTMvHsNNFd0fkzKECcj6w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3304094" data-w="684" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNibicVQVmUubOU6jYKia4QKhiaaPfzeIm5mlkzibjMeVAx7AQ4TQhPe07kibQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3259587" data-w="678" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNTzEdtnLI9O5iaW6XeEWrjJtzxbuwWVLwyibdmbHbW4UVDbZTbTH5DM7g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3264402" data-w="677" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNhOkQ29VagWp8GAwESAj0PKG9HVan6fo55xUTJe0oxKz8iawq8UfZz9A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3185841" data-w="678" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNOfbVLibHo8umZ971kzMm1XBBiajZBlYx6ZQ2NdPx0ibCHIh9SxQeD9k9Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3298969" data-w="679" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoN0tZ87Gwb8ia90n5uI1FPWicJFNGU9uCZBghXjGJ06Kad17O1wZYO9BQw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3254438" data-w="676" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNTcazTiaU9DlVKLPp7LnyomrynHAUxBv89NQoUUHW3F4Jsnu9jbZl0xQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(81, 111, 180);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">02</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《Airbnb: 一主一家，2018年的更新》</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3550388" data-w="645" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNpgbYjYcOAdrIOlkjgcdbvFMDshLpibUyHOQYZKbamQYuBYavRrlRXsw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4314961" data-w="635" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNiapto7fJR2b7j6gadMa7oDq8eClzIkjAofD96kYwg07WxSJIevAafIQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4345719" data-w="619" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNXQ3ko4Z9IyCguVJx8AkLicEoGzSUgYWpKXZkE7hR7XDUYlgCKSPUVxQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(81, 111, 180);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">03</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《Airbnb的内幕：Airbnb的另一面-作为种族绅士化的工具》</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.2994186" data-w="688" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNqbiaxn9MoFJ9BzmbEzdiaXAJfC9EnZ7ichZmKTnrehCmGwqw6HraWR6fQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3592814" data-w="668" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNUhhvNSFBkSLllXYicFS4icna1ib5VvTggQibFGcIn7oQE9XSFEQhgYiaxzw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.341791" data-w="670" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNc0bOwaTjKNr5wNYIRQZHS2Svo9tqSeafdBZwNxnXa1CzeNiaT4RNNZQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3650075" data-w="663" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNQGA1Qqqt7pibQ6lb4LCNialAFmQseO0V6cEtlGMpAXuDInm4dxkGjFyg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(81, 111, 180);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">04</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;">《剑桥市的Airbnb与 住房》</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0295139" data-w="576" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNzD5bstzDwZvkok5b69QQiaYxibf1kJve7DnnQT0GsbTicrhoGm1dmgy3A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.371567" data-w="619" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNY3seKnDT1mlgQQK3e2OIhGsmic1TXkGFicdlGYWDNMhQARmyiaWZmu9FA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3947798" data-w="613" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicWDhicWfNmM5xknmsaqvkoNiaZuMmhgqrCQMS8dGEPY5cicMicFTLXhEXfa6m3XScBSAIS1wOgwBicjZA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.384" data-w="625" 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100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-70557-1536724153639" style="font-size: 22px;color: rgb(62, 63, 58);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: right;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;">—  ABOUT US<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 80%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们作为独立的专业志愿者团体，秉承专业理想与价值观，不依托任何机构，信守非盈利原则，帮助中国城市可持续发展。我们关注的领域包括但不限于：城市规划与发展战略、城市交通、公共交通与非机动化出行、活力街区、街道与城市设计、量化城市与大数据。至今我们已经拥有遍布全球近410名志愿者网络，并推送1800篇专业微文。作为微信公众号平台最大的线上专业志愿者团体，我们感谢您对我们的关注和支持，并欢迎加入我们！</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-71749-1534493157832" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(93, 91, 91);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p 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