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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6064815" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CJI9sTF7yKdRudoVCHLkQRYjHyJm2ibLxnqrQFYrY2WBhCVtXbEpjTaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 2px none rgb(255, 202, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(125, 146, 160);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-53202-1534475045474" style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文需阅读 - 28分钟</p></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 60%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(95, 156, 239, 0.69);background-color: rgb(195, 192, 192);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-shadow: rgb(81, 111, 180) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(76, 27, 157);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(81, 111, 180);background-color: rgba(201, 199, 199, 0.62);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(58, 53, 53);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sustainable</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(201, 199, 199, 0.62);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(58, 53, 53);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cities &</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgba(201, 199, 199, 0.62);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgb(58, 53, 53);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mobility</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 2px solid rgb(179, 179, 179);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(179, 179, 179);padding: 0px 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划与发展战略</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">城市综合交通</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通与非机动化出行</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">活力街区、街道与城市设计</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(244, 10, 10);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">量化城市与大数据</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(206, 171, 38);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(76, 27, 157);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">「」</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2019年<span style="color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"> | 11月20</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">日期</span></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 70%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0234604" data-w="682" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8RhBVCwoIibibuRPgQ2a2icTqF1SyiapG8Yh61Xbibk1B7IkFrQXicB2VznBhUvflj5aic0VjFNe0S8miaJA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: -20px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 17%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CoOiaTHaMicDfWataLoH0ZJYRjINHr5dqMbDKareXaPvAxvud1YpiagG2A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(94, 164, 178);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 5px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -20px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CoOiaTHaMicDfWataLoH0ZJYRjINHr5dqMbDKareXaPvAxvud1YpiagG2A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -20px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CoOiaTHaMicDfWataLoH0ZJYRjINHr5dqMbDKareXaPvAxvud1YpiagG2A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;transform: rotateZ(7deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(7deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(7deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(7deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;width: 100%;border-width: 4px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 3.2px 3.2px 8px;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;height: auto !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CH7LO6hnKdBia5oLicZth8cmU4iaXlicTiaeEicO2BpVrTNHzAYkpgTKK0p7A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;transform: rotateZ(350deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(350deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(350deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(350deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;width: 100%;border-width: 4px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 3.2px 3.2px 8px;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;height: auto !important;"><img data-ratio="1.0234375" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8RhBVCwoIibibuRPgQ2a2icTqymDhMvicPy40CkAib5Wlib5mbibX9qibF4rgp2dBNCFCAlPNVwuLO8DgUDA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 12%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CoOiaTHaMicDfWataLoH0ZJYRjINHr5dqMbDKareXaPvAxvud1YpiagG2A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;padding: 0px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文 |</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong>Robert Steutevilee  </span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译 | </strong></span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">杨绿野</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑 | </strong>众山小 <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">    校核 |</strong> </span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">相欣奕 </span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文献 |</strong> </span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">王琛芳</span><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">    </span><strong style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">排版 |</strong><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 黄云萍</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(128, 178, 188);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">微博 |</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(128, 178, 188);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"> weibo.com/</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: 10px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 7%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CoOiaTHaMicDfWataLoH0ZJYRjINHr5dqMbDKareXaPvAxvud1YpiagG2A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 12%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CoOiaTHaMicDfWataLoH0ZJYRjINHr5dqMbDKareXaPvAxvud1YpiagG2A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: -55px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 27%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8RhBVCwoIibibuRPgQ2a2icTqJucXeUchRNLpNyTm8wJVSVkVic16tE45MxmBdlR4D8Bm3XQQ0Pu2ltA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 0px 30px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none solid;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(76, 27, 157);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;padding: 0px;line-height: 1;color: rgb(94, 164, 178);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">导读</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: 10px 0% -40px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 40px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-left: 10px none rgb(255, 115, 115);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-right: 10px solid rgb(244, 10, 10);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">街道是不是越建越宽就能提高交通的承载能力呢？事实上并非如此，作者Robert Steutevilee通过四个主题对街道的承载能力进行了详细的解读，说明了方格密路网街道相对于树形街道在街道承载能力上的优势。它先后通过伊萨卡的街道网络案例、TND和CND模式比较、Hawthorne公式计算和连贯的街道网络切入分析了影响街道承载能力的因素，良好的街道承载能力能带来土地面积的高效利用、出行路线多样化、提升步行可达性和安全性等优势，有效推动可持续城市发展。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -40px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 40px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-left: 10px solid rgb(58, 53, 53);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.637963" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2Cd3YknjYly1A9xbQjUH0cRxCnNmBXZYhuicCv8vqvIhr5uMpWFVXTicBQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、伊萨卡下城的Commons广场。Wikimedia Commons</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">传统的方格密路网街道可容纳大量各种类型的交通工具，为什么我们不能多修建这样的街道呢？</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 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border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一、方格密路网街道所带来的充足承载能力</strong></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Robert Steutevilee </span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 杨绿野 </span>  </p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.0613333" data-w="750" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Tic1dMVYhZKUlc0rcPybm7e0z5AMeZ2Ixwh21b9T9ZzuIfvJvbdLNbIwfndibNhRQG0KTH5p6LoNLq2sbYicW8SIg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">基于我的经验总结来看，目前为止还未曾有人科学研究比较过现代道路系统与传统方格密路网街道之间的承载力差别。如果他们做到了的话，这种差别是难以察觉的---这令人感到惊讶，因为美国履行街道格网能承载更多机动车辆的原则，已投入了数几万亿美元在以机动车为导向的街道网络的建设上。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">反过来，我假设传统方格密路网街道拥有更强大的容量以承载所有类型的交通工具，包括摩托车。如果你认真思考的话，就会发现这些结论是明显成立的。这些传统方格密路网街道能在最大程度上增加选择余地并分流交通。而现代道路系统则大大地限制了选择余地并使道路交通过于集中，这意味着道路交通在更低的密度和活动情况下无法有效地运转。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在这里，我以家乡纽约州的伊萨卡为例说明。伊萨卡是一座人口超过3万的老城，其城市布局基本上1950年前就形成了。伊萨卡的步行率已超过40%，是全美最高的步行率记录，这主要和当地的紧凑规模、步行可达性及当地最大雇主康奈尔大学位于当地大部分地区步行可达范围的地理位置等因素有关。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">有八条州际高速公路交汇在伊萨卡，且那边溢出的就业岗位越来越多---这在经济一向低迷的纽约州北部并不常见。每天有将近15000人往返在从其它城市和城镇前往伊萨卡的上下班通勤路上，伊萨卡还吸引了许多游客和参会学者的光临。它是一座人口达105000的大都市的集地理、经济和文化于一体的枢纽---几乎所有人都频繁进出这座城市。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">按现代标准来说，伊萨卡的每平方英里5700人的人口密度是相对较高的。它的人口密度比俄勒冈州的波特兰市要高30%，比美国的第四大城市休斯顿市还要高55%。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">伊萨卡的城市布局主要沿拥有100多年历史并专为马匹、四轮马车、行人和有轨电车而建的网格状街道发展形成。Tompkins镇的人口在过去100年里已经翻了三倍，机动车数辆也在猛增。也许你觉得伊萨卡已经很拥挤了，事实上并非如此。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">这是来自于伊萨卡Tompkins镇交通委员会发布的长期规划里的近期城市主干道拥堵状况图。请注意地图上仅有少数街道显示以黄色（将近拥堵状态）和红色（拥堵状态）</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.025" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CiacP2O2k82yJY6KWRhkzicxI5Zv7F6ZUyJ0vLuP3G1uamEJnfaaQpkLQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、伊萨卡Tompkins镇交通委员会发布的长期规划里的近期城市主干道拥堵状况图</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在伊萨卡，“拥堵的”是一个相对性用词。我经常驾车经过地图上东南角上标注为96B的红色路段---在过去20年里，除了暴风雪、道路维修建设等其它特殊情况外，已开车经过了至少一千次，从未有任何超过一两分钟的延误状况出现，尽管这条路被贴上“拥堵”的标签，但我从来不避开它驾车，因为不管是在白天还是晚上任何时间沿着这条路开车都不会受罚。位于城镇西边的13号公路的红色路段，按伊萨卡当地标准来说是达到“拥堵”的程度了。当地人都会尽量在下午晚些时候避开这条路，即使在最差情况下其延迟一般也不会超过5分钟至10分钟。由于有条醒目的河流在城镇西边穿过（醒目超过地图上的显示程度），加上连接两岸的桥梁数目有限，该地图也显示出了小程度上东西方向的拥堵状况。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此伊萨卡很少出现交通拥堵状况，你可以在几乎不受堵车的影响下，一天任何时候自由开车到任何地方。交通拥堵的存在并不是因为可有效应付交通流量的方格密路网街道。这座城市被陡峭山地和一个大湖所环绕，穿越这些地区需要驾车穿过城区，而交通拥堵往往只出现在少数几个地理节点上。</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果伊萨卡在郊区</strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如果伊萨卡的城市布局像任何广阔的新建郊区一样发展，就需要原先两倍甚至两倍以上的土地面积，才可容纳同样多的交通流量和街道活动。即使城市布局在不断扩张，我预测其交通拥堵状况仍会比今天的伊萨卡还要严重。这种预测是基于大型郊区的长期驾驶经验判断出来，郊区的所有交通都分流到几条布满红绿灯的主干道上。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在伊萨卡，从点A到点B就有许多条出行路线供选择。如果某一地区比较拥堵，司机可以从这些路线中选择一条行驶。方格密路网街道还有其它优点，其中一点就是步性可达性。绝大部分步行道位于城市内，并得到充分的利用，较高的步行上班出行率就证明了这一点。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1188889" data-w="900" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CJbbQltSx9ibtXJGtOneHB5r5eryaxQnkpBrbIduETOHWJic8tfofib8rQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、伊萨卡市的带有人行道的街道</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">市民因各种目的步行出行。就我住的街区而言，儿童们可走路去小学、初中和高中。当地街区的小学生有70%选择步行。当地居民的步行习惯正使机动交通慢慢从街道上消失。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">除了山地外，我们也经常骑车出行。伊萨卡已经建立了一种深受欢迎的共享单车系统，起名为Limebike。我们还有拥有共享汽车系统，但服务范围仅限于城里密集的方格密路网街区。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">公交巴士是当地的唯一公共交通工具。几乎所有的公交路线都会穿越城区，而市中心的两个公交停靠站的设立占用了当地大量空间。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">方格密路网街道为拓展交通出行提供了更多选择。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">其它城市的方格密路网街道是否也发挥同样的作用呢？针对此问题，人们总会引用曼哈顿案例，它的方格密路网街道于1811年规划而成，是城市拥堵的典范。虽然曼哈顿非常拥堵，但它是每平方英里72000人的家园。每个工作日有150万通勤上班族涌到曼哈顿岛上。游客也从世界各地涌向曼哈顿，时代广场成了世界上参观人数最多的景点。如果曼哈顿的城市布局像加州的欧文一样建设，它会需要原来面积的20倍以容纳同样数目的居民---而这还不包括庞大的劳动力和游客。虽然曼哈顿方格密路网街道非常拥堵，但它能承担各种形式交通工具带来的惊人交通流量。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">直到1950年，美国的每个城市和小镇都在交通和建筑开发上采用方格密路网街道设计---同样用作公共生活的场合。这些方格密路网街道拥有不同形状和大小规模。一些城市的方格密路网内带有丰富的小广场---如佐治亚州的萨凡纳。有些城市采用非常小的街区模式---如俄勒冈州的波特兰，像洛杉矶一样的大城市则采用较大的街区模式。但总体上来说，方格密路网的设计在各个城市是标准化的。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在新街道体系里，曾经的街道生活和社区生活氛围都消失了。有约90%的都市区域基于建该体系建设。私人建筑表面上看起来很光鲜，但缺少公众粘性和社区生活氛围，也缺乏能与伊萨卡和曼哈顿媲美的灵活交通出行选择。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">过去将近40年的时间，没人能建立像方格密路网街道一样的体系。在20世纪的末期，新城市设计师建设了少量近似于方格密路网的街道网络---他们中的大多数人曾为了争取批准建设方格密路网街道而四处奔走。马萨诸塞州的马什佩市中心的开发商允许将街道改造为通向停车场的通道。在波特兰，当地方格密路网街道被拓展以建设珍珠区，尽管这一措施遭到强烈反对。不过方格密路网街道在很大程度上已经消失并还未还原。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">设计“树形”的街道网络---即把街道结构如树枝结构般的背后原因，是为了更好地提供机动车和交通出行服务。这些机动车受到美式交通的影响，且我们需要为社区设计出适合机动车出行的道路系统。小汽车象征着非常私人的交通出行方式，我们的现代城市也是为私密性而建的。主要干道是专为时速40英里及更快的车辆而设的，并不利于公共生活的构建。树形街道系统汇集了大量的交通，并极大满足了小汽车的需求。这些因素加起来导致街道在一般密度情况下变得更为拥堵。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">当方格密路网街道被摒弃后，在后面长达50年时间内一直未有人去质疑呼吁，去研究新式而不连贯的街道网络是否有更好的作用。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">有些问题的答案可在过去10年里对加州24个中小型城市进行的相关研究案例里找到。有12个城市的布局在1950年就基本成型了，因此它们的主要肌理以连通的方格密路网街道为主。另外12个城市的布局于1950年后才成型，以大型街区构成郊区的主要肌理。因此，方格密路网街道与树形街道进行同步测试。第一个案例</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(76, 27, 157);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请后台留言联系我们下载）</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">说明了与郊区城市相比，老城的人均交通死亡人数不到前者的三分之一。第二个案例</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(76, 27, 157);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献2，请后台留言联系我们下载）</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">则说明了较低的肥胖、心脏病、糖尿病等健康问题并发率与当地老城的街道网络密切相关。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">运输工程师协会---针对街道和道路设计师而设的专业机构，它编撰出的一本新手册，展示了街道的最佳措施的不断变化。《在多式联运实施环境的敏感设计》</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(76, 27, 157);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献3，请后台留言联系我们下载）</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">一书为工程师们提供了提高街道网络连通性的建议，并得出高密度方格密路网街道更加安全的结论，这里还会引出另外一项研究</span><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(76, 27, 157);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献4，请后台留言联系我们下载）</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">（我在书里撰写了相关的案例研究，尽管我未参与其它部分内容的撰写）。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">这本手册指出，方格密路网街道有助于减缓交通拥堵状况，但它未有讨论方格密路网街道的承载能力。对街道承载能力的相关研究的缺失反映了我们还未完全反思在20世纪中期犯下的错误。方格密路网街道的存在对司机和行人意味着更为安全，可以更好地处理多模式的交通运输。我们若在没有科学研究情况下，去停止建造方格密路网街道，会令人难以理解。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此现在我们有更好的机会从过往错误中吸取教训，为什么我们不去建设更多方格密路网街道呢？</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.637963" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2Cjiahv71UU2DesEwLOjjuDBaBwIyAI8wRZlHu2TkKafaCCfYms7rC6hA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p 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Robert Steutevilee 翻译/ 杨绿野</span><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">  </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.0613333" data-w="750" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Tic1dMVYhZKUlc0rcPybm7e0z5AMeZ2Ixwh21b9T9ZzuIfvJvbdLNbIwfndibNhRQG0KTH5p6LoNLq2sbYicW8SIg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">先驱明智开发工程师Walter Kulash认为，连通性良好的街道网络往往会带来更强的承载能力和交通运输效率。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我最近发表的题为“方格密路网街道所带来的充足承载能力”一文，举例说明了传统街道网络不仅有利于步行、骑行和宜居性，还能提供更大的机动交通承载能力。有人在评论栏发出了Walter Kulash很久以前的一次演讲链接。Walter Kulash是一位最早提倡步行友好的城市规划理念的交通工程师。在1990年的年度步行会议上的一次演讲，Kulash解释了“传统街区发展”的优点，这被视为传统意义上郊区发展的一个初步替代方案。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Kulash对步行友好的城市街道设计的研究深度已远远超出我所了解的其他交通工程师和交通规划师，甚至三十年后依旧如此。他的研究出发点清晰明确：“完整街道”可容纳所有街道使用者，不仅限于机动车。完整街道更加公平，并鼓励将交通模式转移到步行、骑行或公共交通---因此大大释放了街道的承载能力。他还提倡了街道安全性---完整街道经数据统计证明是更加安全的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">虽然“完整街道”在每人看起来有理有据，但因未提到这一点---机动车必须减速以保证行人的安全舒适出行（车速越慢，街道也越安全）而碰到困难。即使一些交通方式转向其它出行模式，带来了对驾驶时间增长和司机的出行体验的降低带来的担忧，司机担心的是行车速度减慢问题而不是撞车的潜在危险。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Kulash用一种更复杂的方式来维护完整街道的理念。完整街道在各方面的表现已超越传统的郊区大道，甚至从司机角度来看亦如此。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">虽然完整街道的理念主要集中在单一的街道上，但Kulash同样把关注点放在整个街道网络体系上。传统邻里街区设计的作用和交通运输效率亦是考虑因素之一。在一个步行友好的邻里街区，街道的方格密路网赋予了每人更多出行选择。Kulash采用了当时的专业术语---“传统邻里社区发展”（TND），这与当时的传统郊区发展（CSD）的主流模式相对抗。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Kulash所说的一切适用于所有的都市主义理论，不仅仅是新都市主义。此外，Kulash的过往三十年的研究成果也支持了他关于街道连通性网络作用的观点<span style="color: rgb(76, 27, 157);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请后台留言联系我们下载）</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一般传统社区街道网络的通行效率更高、承载能力更大，是因为它的设计简化了转弯车道，并大大地减少复杂的多相交通信号灯的设置需求，Kulash解释道。举个例子，在拥堵情况下如工作日的起始和结束时，司机可以决定走哪条路，以有效分流并缩短出行时间。这些优势已超过对完整街道的一般认知：步行友好、安全和多模式交通。这篇文章非常长，长达11000词，我将在下面作简短的摘录。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 4px;box-shadow: rgb(58, 53, 53) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VB7LuN3ib6arlNKCrOian44HtmvcK5r5H1wSMHcDPINsKwibPEEmQic8nwspWJQBdQ4SeTInUcV5jJVOOVh1D2mjaQ/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(58, 53, 53);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">TND模式的众多优势之一是“两相位交通信号灯”---信号灯整体变为绿色，并不显示箭头方向。</em></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">他们大多位于密集的街道网络里，因在那里有更多左转交通的选择余地。传统的郊区发展模式将左转交通集中在少数几个主要道路交叉口，多相位交通信号灯的需求应运而生。两相位交通信号灯给司机和行人传递了一种小尺度空间的感觉，与重型的多相位交通信号控制形成了强烈对比。两相位操作可大大缩减周期时间。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">“与街区面积一样但分布稀疏的大型街道相比，由连贯的小尺度街道组成的街道网络的承载能力更强。这种优势突出的街道承载能力和降低的交通出行需求因素或由TND模式缩减的出行距离因素无关。机动车出行总量的下降也是TND模式带来的重要优势，但我们应在分析TND模式的交通流量时注意把它们隔离出来。我们要关注的特点是，对于指定的交通需求（即相同数目的机动车出行），TND模式将会大大超越传统的街道设计。”</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">“高密度的小尺度街道超越分布稀疏的大尺度街道背后的一个关键因素是，当街道的尺度越大其功效会相应地降低。因此随着街道尺度的扩张，其空间功效不但没上升反而会碰到开发规模不足的问题。”</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">“此问题的原因出现在十字路口。十字路口决定着任何街道网络的承载能力，包括密集街道或稀疏街道。请认真思考下---若没有十字路口的存在，基本上每条街道可达到等同于高速公路的承载能力，理想情况下每小时能通过2000辆车（vph），在路面存在一定磨损情况下，其承载能力也可在1500vph至1600vph之间。”</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">“但不幸的是，地面街道往往须与其它地面街道共享十字路口。因此它们的承载能力立即降低了一半。此外，街道还需进一步与左转弯方向共用地面空间。如果街道空间足够大的话，左转弯空间可在任意方向上设置。不管十字路口空间有多大，在每个小时都只有60分钟情况下，左转弯方向需设置专用的十字路口交通信号灯时间。”</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">让我们以两种不同类型的街道布局举例说明交通流的特征。第一条街道属于典型的传统郊区发展模式，是个由四车道和六车道交叉构成主干道的十字路口：每个十字路口都有左转车道及受保护的左转交通信号灯。换言之，是一个精心设计过的主要十字路口。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们假设该十字路口在临近高峰时期时，其交通服务表现开始明显受到车辆拥堵的影响。这相当于十字路口的服务级别（LOS）中的D级别，分别相当于六车道街道的3000vph交通流量和主要左转车流量的300vph，四车道街道的2000vph交通流量和主要左转车流量的200vph。少数的左转车辆往往在主要车流中的交通信号灯时长中被覆盖，因此它们的影响在这次分析中不予考虑。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">上述的十字路口是在LOS中的E级别限制下运营的。LOS若未降级到F级别等其它不可接受的级别时，是不会在任何主要方向下增加更多交通流的。现在让我们在相同数目的车道上设置相同的交通流量，但会分配在不同的道路系统上---一条双向两车道与三条平行两车道相交。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">从交通走廊的意义来说，东西方向和南北方向的街道上的车道总数量和传统郊区开发实例中一样，其人行道的总量也是一样的。两个不同开发模式里的根本区别在于每个体系里的十字路口数量---TND模式的数量是CSD模式的六倍。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">大量十字路口的存在减少了任何一个十字路口的转弯总量，相当于传统郊区开发模式中转弯总量的一小部分（如1/6）。因此，整个系统可在同等的交通服务水平条件下承担更多交通流量。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">Kulash提出了一个论点，街道系统能分流交通并提供多样性选择（伴以减慢的速度）---如步行友好的城区或TND模式，集交通、限制条件的选择、更高速度的目的，换言之是可驱动的郊区及传统街道设计，依旧是现实问题存在。Kulash还详细解释了为什么连贯的街道网络能带来更多出行选择和交通分流，并提升通行效率以创造更大承载力。符合人工尺度的、小型而频繁设置的十字路口是建设城市和城镇公共空间的关键要素。人和街道活动的密度缩短了出行距离并提升更多出行模式的灵活性。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">上世纪中期，几乎美国各处的交通规划师和工程师在未做科学研究情况下，放弃了街道的方格密路网设计，这是历史学家未来会继续思考的问题。连贯的街道网络并未延续建设，这是当前公共基础设施专业人员的失败和谜团。</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.637963" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2C5kuVVnVGBB0RrMwRAhLspPz7Py4b6fCvkTWwjRibcIwM4ibfiaCbib65vA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、位于下城北边波特兰珍珠区的高密度街区</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 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0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三、方格密路网街道的路径多样性</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Robert Steutevilee 翻译/ 杨绿野  </span></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.0613333" data-w="750" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Tic1dMVYhZKUlc0rcPybm7e0z5AMeZ2Ixwh21b9T9ZzuIfvJvbdLNbIwfndibNhRQG0KTH5p6LoNLq2sbYicW8SIg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">数学公式有助于解释城市的无限多样性及传统郊区千篇一律的一致性。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">当Public Square杂志刊登了关于方格密路网街道承载力承担交通流量的文章后，开发商Vince Graham给我们发了一道能解释方格密路网街道作用的数学公式。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">Graham 把这道数学公式称为Hawthorne公式---是一道由名叫Casey Hawthorne的数学天才命名的公式，它反映了在一个指定街道网络里能从点A到点B且不会原路折返的路线数目，其结果会令你感到惊讶不已。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">Hawthorne公式可推算出从点A到点B的路线总数= (x+y)!/(x!)(y!)</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在一个典型的2 x 2街区方格路网里，有6条路线可从点A到达点B。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">在一个3 x 3街区方格路网里，从点A到点B有20条路线。在10 x 10街区方格路网里，则有184756条路线可供选择。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">怎样把这道公式用于实践操作呢？我分析了四个地方（分别是俄勒冈州的波特兰市、纽约州的伊萨卡市、弗吉尼亚州弗吉尼亚海滩及加州的尔湾市），面积均为半英里见方或160英亩范围内，相当于一个街区的大小，可在10分钟内匀速从一端步行到另一端。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">我选择了自己居住的伊萨卡市Fall Creek区域。我对弗吉尼亚湾同样很熟悉，因为在过完30年里我总去那边探望家人。波特兰市的街区是我知道的全部城市中最小的，尔湾市则是一个典型的建于1960年代的新城镇。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">借助Hawthorn公式运算及从网上H&T指数下载的数据，可得出如下结果：</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4324074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CeHrF2dl1j9gSGicGGliafPZJs7D9rOdd8TicufAQibFEgUPcryqpcLTTAg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图六、街道网络的路径选择</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">当街区数量增加时，与此对应的出行路线数目也会大量增加。波特兰市与同面积的伊萨卡市相比，它的出行路线比后者多37倍。即便如此，伊萨卡市街区依然拥有庞大的出行路线---比我走过的路线还要多。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">波特兰市和伊萨卡市均为混合用途区域。混合用途的性质突出了波特兰市和伊萨卡市的特点，混合用途如指纹一样---没有两个是完全相同的。街区用途上的分离给街区带去了一刀切的效果。Hawthorne公式反映的用途和出行路线的多元性---赋予了城市的无限多样性。居住在波特兰市、伊萨卡市等类似地区的街区居民会惊喜地发现他们的步行、骑行或驾驶路线正在不断变化。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">Hawthorne公式还可测算邻里街区的分布数量，独立街道尺度越小，其交通流量也越慢。故出行距离越短，机动交通会慢慢被移出街道，代以步行和骑行。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">尔湾市的出行路线数目比伊萨卡市少了近两倍。弗吉尼亚湾的发展比尔湾市晚了30年，其出行路线选择也更少。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">如果要找出具体区别，那就是尔湾市和弗吉尼亚湾之间的路线选择可能被夸大了，虽然有几种方式可通过居住区或商业区，但你总会回到同一条主干道上。短途出行中，基本上有一条路线可从这里到那里，加上用途上的分离，故总产生相似感。这种相似感可通过开车在郊区行驶一段距离来减缓，如果你驾驶出行足够的远，就会产生一定的出行路线选择和多元性。弗吉尼亚湾有个市中心，郊区的居民只需开出居住区就可在那体验城市的感觉。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">方格街道路网产生的出入相对自由度及多元性会带来经济和社会两方面的影响。Graham指出，简.雅各布的《美国大城市的生与死》一书强调了小型街区对于增强步行渗透性和偶遇交汇机率的所发挥的作用。她把其与郊区路网进行了对比，说明郊区路网在这方面的缺失：</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 4px;box-shadow: rgb(58, 53, 53) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VB7LuN3ib6arlNKCrOian44HtmvcK5r5H1wSMHcDPINsKwibPEEmQic8nwspWJQBdQ4SeTInUcV5jJVOOVh1D2mjaQ/640?wx_fmt=png");background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(58, 53, 53);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">“那里没有公众熟悉的人物，没有公众信任的基础，没法与重要的人物交叉联系---也没法在较低层面上运用城市公众生活的最基础的技术”。</em></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">据城市研究学者Joe Minicozzi 和 Charles Marohn的研究，拥有小型街区和充分混合用途的城市往往与高经济价值的产出密切相关。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当我在发布这篇文章解释时，我还在简化这道问题。Graham已进一步钻研这个议题，他还列出了另一道数学公式---请在Strong Towns网页上浏览这篇文章以获取更多细节，但背后的总体原理是一样，小型街区和密集的街道网络为一个街区提供了丰富的出行路线选择，其出行路线的选择远远超出生活在传统的郊区街道网络中的想像。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.637963" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CWx8N5wxZbPfZRwushuzkmtZpG5poWzHMLBUD6ib21EicTVJBMcGXvY0A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七、连贯的街道网络应对交通拥堵问题。来源：Strong Towns</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 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style="box-sizing: border-box;">四、连贯的街道网络应对交通拥堵问题</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Robert Steutevilee 翻译/ 杨绿野</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.0613333" data-w="750" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Tic1dMVYhZKUlc0rcPybm7e0z5AMeZ2Ixwh21b9T9ZzuIfvJvbdLNbIwfndibNhRQG0KTH5p6LoNLq2sbYicW8SIg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="line-height: 2;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">主干道上分流出的道路分层系统是“解决交通拥堵的良药”。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">如今Strong Towns提倡用连贯的街道网络来解决交通拥堵问题。连贯的街道网络---方格路网或经过调整的方格路网---会有效分流交通流量而不是只集中于一点。分层的街道网络---从主干道上分岔出来的环路和死路，会把所有交通流量汇集一起，因而容易引起超载现象。就如Daniel Herriges的描述：“一种分层的街道网络，能把大量的机动交通分流到少数的主要街道上，从而形成应对交通拥堵的最佳良药。连通性强的街道路网，也同样是解决交通拥堵的永久良药。”</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">CNU推崇连贯的街道网络已有相当长的时间。它们被称为1996年的新城市主义宪章，也是1980年代以来新城方案和规划模式的一部分。不久之前，Public Square杂志刊登了一系列文章，是关于为什么方格密路网街道承载能力强过树形街道网络设计并引领主导1950年代后的交通规划。连贯的街道网络是的Great Ideas interview的主题。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">伟大的交通工程师Walter Kulash在1990年一场关于针对传统街区的交通工程的演讲中，解释了为什么方格密路网布局在处理机动车左转上更有优势---建立主干道备用街道的主要起因。交通工程行业正在改变对这一话题的看法。交通工程师协会（ITE）于2018年出版了《多式联运大道上实施综合敏感性设计：从业人员操作手册》，在手册内对连贯的街道网络进行了充分讨论。ITE提到，“虽然不是每条街道都能满足所有的功能，但位于连贯的街道网络内的一条设计完善的多式联运大道能支持各种功能，如通勤、娱乐、社交和相关企业等，同时保证机动车和货运的可达性，”</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">如ITE所强调的，这些优势并未因承载能力、为解决大量交通流量而提升的处理能力及系统中断问题的影响而受限。连贯的街道网络布局促生了小型地块和各种街区规模，推动了增量和混合用途的开发。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">尽管这种解决方案看起来不难，但并非如此。我们的地铁项目大多建立在分层模型的基础上，且一个系统的运行往往需要很长的时间。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">冒着进一步加剧该问题复杂性的风险，这里要探讨交通拥堵的好坏影响之分---就如胆固醇病症的好坏程度之分。美好的交通拥堵会吸引人愿意驻足留下，美丽的城市主干道或热闹的市中心就是典型的例子，那里通常人头涌动---行人、骑行者、汽车司机和公交巴士乘客。你总会在令人愉悦的地方体验到美好的交通拥堵。当遇到糟糕的交通拥堵时，你只想快速通过离开，但你往往因为堵车限制了你的出行速度而无法及时撤离。糟糕的交通拥堵往往出现在不如人意的地方，比如公路环线或沿街建有大型购物中心和大型商店的交通干道上。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">当面对区分美好的/糟糕的交通拥堵问题上，方格密路网布局仍有一定的优势。连贯的街道网络更有可能形成美好的交通拥堵，但如果你仍想避开美好的交通拥堵，方格密路网布局会为你提供多种绕路选择。在街道等级分层系统里则是截然相反的情况，交通拥堵情况变得非常糟糕且能绕开的路径选择有限。</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.0344828" data-w="580" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/QwwtFCvz0iccFB8EibYIGhMiaCys3wUTho5OhkUhxELFpcug1avjMugzgUZ1Q8AFC4sMqkfSfPT2aYEGaZEDibdVXg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(65, 117, 161);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1、《街道网格类型与道路安全 – 加州24城案例研究》</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2、《社区设计、街道网格和公共卫生》</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3、《在多模式完整街道实施环境的敏感设计 – 实践者手册》</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">4、《城市蔓延是机动车乘坐者和行人死亡的危险因素》</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">请联系我们微信号@</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">或电邮daizongliu@qq.com索取 </span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-radius: 8px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(126, 83, 183);overflow: hidden;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 10px;line-height: 1;box-shadow: rgb(216, 202, 233) 0px -3px 0px inset;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(126, 83, 183);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);margin: -1px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 16px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 90%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 38.4 26.9" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M6.5,0c0.1,0,5.5,0.6,4.9,5.9c-0.9,7.8-4,14.1-8.5,19.3c11.8-2.8,19.6-9.6,24.2-19.1  c0-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2C29.9,0.7,37.2,0,38.4,0" fill="rgb(216,202,233)"></path><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M0,26.9l2.1-2.3c4.7-5.3,7.4-11.1,8.3-18c0.1-1.2-0.1-2.2-0.7-2.9C8.5,2.2,6.4,2,6.4,2V0  c0,0,2.9,0.2,4.7,2.2c1.1,1.2,1.5,2.8,1.3,4.6c-0.7,6.2-3,11.7-6.7,16.6c9.3-2.8,16.2-8.5,20.5-16.9c0-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3l0,0  c3.2-6,12-6.2,12.1-6.2v2c-0.1,0-7.6,0.3-10.3,5.1c0,0.1-0.1,0.2-0.1,0.3l0,0c-5,9.9-13.3,16.2-24.9,18.8L0,26.9z" fill="rgb(126,83,183)"></path></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">街道网格类型与道路安全 – 加州24城案例研究</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.6206897" data-w="493" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2C9SAtj3oM0SIsNh9Er3q02CaeUIo6sfKYUtxQxqCgCSlQ5vHFwgXicyw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8748044" data-w="639" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CC0dBwA4fbia2MW0B2IeekmeKAlTgIgnL64EcG1iaOnibhKBOwnOQUrqjA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0885496" data-w="655" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CynzrWyn2icRSosfJdKQcwwFZSR9zLIIzJicx4xz8EWITJ6OULLlQf0icg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3549921" data-w="631" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CLSdDBN1DKel6ia9YOVlibaB3QAiaqjwNTjK3KoInN3y7aZAnWhF7ohib5A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-radius: 8px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(126, 83, 183);overflow: hidden;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 10px;line-height: 1;box-shadow: rgb(216, 202, 233) 0px -3px 0px inset;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(126, 83, 183);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);margin: -1px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 16px;height: 20px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 90%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 38.4 26.9" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M6.5,0c0.1,0,5.5,0.6,4.9,5.9c-0.9,7.8-4,14.1-8.5,19.3c11.8-2.8,19.6-9.6,24.2-19.1  c0-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.2C29.9,0.7,37.2,0,38.4,0" fill="rgb(216,202,233)"></path><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M0,26.9l2.1-2.3c4.7-5.3,7.4-11.1,8.3-18c0.1-1.2-0.1-2.2-0.7-2.9C8.5,2.2,6.4,2,6.4,2V0  c0,0,2.9,0.2,4.7,2.2c1.1,1.2,1.5,2.8,1.3,4.6c-0.7,6.2-3,11.7-6.7,16.6c9.3-2.8,16.2-8.5,20.5-16.9c0-0.1,0.1-0.2,0.1-0.3l0,0  c3.2-6,12-6.2,12.1-6.2v2c-0.1,0-7.6,0.3-10.3,5.1c0,0.1-0.1,0.2-0.1,0.3l0,0c-5,9.9-13.3,16.2-24.9,18.8L0,26.9z" fill="rgb(126,83,183)"></path></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社区设计、街道网格和公共卫生<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3459215" data-w="662" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CkHultmO3NAGEEOl3LvK1QXbZHZ3lzH5BrGYk8Iy1CedWRMOtumpPfQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3632219" data-w="658" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CkHKibNAwqGv2LcYIzClzJw8sx48cMdtcvlA7tfuu3WUgB7xgOKsvQug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3424658" data-w="657" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CPxYuN2HWnmn5c1Kc8pcVjH97hgPSB7kqk5pxbqFebQaPVEaemUCz1w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3780864" data-w="648" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2CTuMI2iaWFlEX0DVTiavHbTyaicednD3jgymeTTYHbPQiaI2YwDvhYjHtVw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3614089" data-w="653" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicKRkpxfB5LCQ1nLawf6ic2C4RXtE3Q8L8Fhqc9iaNVuRND0eZeNibJSlSex6xk1j8LY8bp4VeQO0PjA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-radius: 8px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(126, 83, 183);overflow: hidden;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 10px;line-height: 1;box-shadow: rgb(216, 202, 233) 0px -3px 0px inset;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(126, 83, 183);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: 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style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width: 1px;border-radius: 8px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(126, 83, 183);overflow: hidden;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 10px;line-height: 1;box-shadow: rgb(216, 202, 233) 0px -3px 0px inset;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(126, 83, 183);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 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center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 85%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0234604" data-w="682" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8RhBVCwoIibibuRPgQ2a2icTqF1SyiapG8Yh61Xbibk1B7IkFrQXicB2VznBhUvflj5aic0VjFNe0S8miaJA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 85%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="500" 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