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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4489247" data-w="744" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia953IspE6BkruHMmZ9iaS5bVCt3zicO2ItE6oD4WADCmnMicXA9BMdnp7VrQjs6y3mic8xZMEbwUSdC0Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 2px none rgb(255, 202, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(93, 91, 91);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-53202-1534475045474" style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(182, 182, 182);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文需阅读 - 13分钟</p></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0%;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 60%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(95, 156, 239, 0.69);background-color: rgb(182, 182, 182);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众</span></strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">山小</span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgb(182, 182, 182);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sustaina</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">ble</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgb(182, 182, 182);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cities</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> &</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(97, 208, 167);background-color: rgb(182, 182, 182);padding: 10px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 27px;color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mob</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">ility</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 2px solid rgb(179, 179, 179);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(81, 111, 180);padding: 0px 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划与发展战略</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">城市综合交通</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通与非机动化出行</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(200, 166, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">活力街区、街道与城市设计</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">量化城市与大数据</span></p></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(93, 91, 91);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">「」</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(93, 91, 91);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2019年 | 11月27日期</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 70%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0234604" data-w="682" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vKAicNaGwINH69Qhu29QTmNp2cNOh7z7qVsYZ5AdDK2YsAp6pWOiblqC53srB9boFQy4kaAg4EBHg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: -20px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-60px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 17%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/X0sK6ibhKN3ibdTOeichF7coch07auC0oN5ykjI3Biacic7uZ8976Mjr8uH95kW3xZA3scBic5ZpjN35p8n5zWYoIZng/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(255, 202, 0);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 24px;color: rgb(128, 178, 188);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">团队成员</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -20px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/X0sK6ibhKN3ibdTOeichF7coch07auC0oN5ykjI3Biacic7uZ8976Mjr8uH95kW3xZA3scBic5ZpjN35p8n5zWYoIZng/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -20px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/X0sK6ibhKN3ibdTOeichF7coch07auC0oN5ykjI3Biacic7uZ8976Mjr8uH95kW3xZA3scBic5ZpjN35p8n5zWYoIZng/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;font-size: 24px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 48px;margin: 10px 0%;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: -5px;width: 3em;height: 3em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);padding: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;border-radius: 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3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 0px 10px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 原文 |</strong> Tanzil Shafique   <br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译 |</strong> Tracy</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">（美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学公共卫生专业）</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong 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0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 7%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/X0sK6ibhKN3ibdTOeichF7coch07auC0oN5ykjI3Biacic7uZ8976Mjr8uH95kW3xZA3scBic5ZpjN35p8n5zWYoIZng/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 12%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/sz_mmbiz_png/X0sK6ibhKN3ibdTOeichF7coch07auC0oN5ykjI3Biacic7uZ8976Mjr8uH95kW3xZA3scBic5ZpjN35p8n5zWYoIZng/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: -55px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 27%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8vKAicNaGwINH69Qhu29QTmuQtnbuG7IQKDP5METHs4pdomgNQuqa8vzOfHp2adY8ibnlJxxyy08wA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(249, 110, 87, 0.5);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(66, 94, 142);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(18, 18, 18);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(14, 14, 14);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览导读</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 2px;line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当今社会，有越来越多的澳大利亚人正在承受或是面临孤立感的威胁。伴随社会老龄化，高龄人口是这一问题的高风险人群。城市与此问题有着千丝万缕的联系：低效拥堵的城市交通网络会占用人们大量的时间用于通勤，于是越来越少的时间可以留给与家人或朋友交流相处。如果社区中有邻近的操场，大家组织一场体育活动是很容易的事情。而拥有邻近的公园也为时不时的集体野餐提供了可能。以汽车为导向的街道设计为开车通勤提供了便利，但是居民区挤入的交通同样会阻碍邻里间的交流。我们倾向于快速地通过一个街区的想法实际上正在我们与街道间构筑起一道隔阂的高墙，而开放的空间却为人们停下、交谈创造了可能。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: 10px 0% -40px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 40px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-left: 10px none rgba(255, 202, 0, 0.75);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;border-right: 10px solid rgba(255, 202, 0, 0.75);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(121, 121, 121);padding: 0px 20px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -80px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 40px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-left: 10px solid rgba(255, 202, 0, 0.75);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0% -45px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 80px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6572104" data-w="423" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/PdCtl8Vmuj0KsWByNXZlz5dR43pMhdM1xmdcoW48f0aSzYZFbualT1pOILUYOL7AbMRfRBcaBKqRjhrlBQw5ow/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45px;height: 45px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 55px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);background-color: rgb(186, 191, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: -25px 0% 27px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 5%, rgb(125, 133, 151) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 95%);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(82, 103, 139);line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一、什么是社会联接？它的重要性体现在哪？它与城市的关系是怎样？</strong></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社会联接是指我们与他人的关系。更确切地说，社会联接是与他人有意义的积极的互动。我们与他人的联系通常拥有3个纬度：亲密的个人和家庭关系，与朋友、亲戚和同事在一个更广义的人际网中的联系以及联接的集合——我们对于所在社区的归属感。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究表明社会联接对于身心健健康起着关键作用。而其更真实的重要性正体现在当其缺失的时候：孤独感可以对健康造成非常严重的损害。孤独感可以对身体造成和高血压、缺乏运动、肥胖或是抽烟类似的后果。孤独感同时会对我们如何评估我们自己的健康造成负面影响。正如图一中显示的那样，那些平均一天或者一周有一次感受到孤独感的人，与会相对于那些平均一个月或是一年有一次感觉到孤独的人，对自己的健康给出更低的评分。</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6746303" data-w="879" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia953IspE6BkruHMmZ9iaS5bVBJkhv7ctXZ0r2ZAANiaJDyQicbtILhYTJ66VqeX7xKjGfJRzzL5QmpVQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、感受到孤独的频率和自我评估的健康状况间的关系，澳大利亚，2009 图：Franklin and Tranter (2011)</em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">也有越来越多的事实证明拥有较强社会联接的人容易活得更久。例如，在芝加哥的热浪对于高龄人群影响的研究中发现，社会联接强度的不同，可以带来生或死的差别。任何可以增强社会联接的活动：身为社会社团的一员或是拥有一只宠物，都会提高生还的可能性。针对澳大利亚人的一项研究也表明，高龄但拥有更强大社交网络的人往往活得更长久。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社会联接对于身心健康的重要性也表明，对于许多人而言，通过提升人际关系的方式带来生活体验的提高要比提升收入实际的多。而根据伊斯特林悖论（Esterlin Paradox），当GDP达到了一定水平之后，收入的提升并不能显著地提升幸福水平。虽然这一悖论仍充满争议，但这与在富有的社会群体或者个人那里观察到的现象相一致。这也促使一些国家，如英国和法国，呼吁一种可以替代GDP的衡量国民发展状态的参数。健康或是幸福这些概念或许很难被量化，但是，有逐渐增强的声音要求我们重新定义分析测量的工具以便理解如何构建一个成功的社会。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们正在面临的问题是：不论澳大利亚还是其他国家和地区，社会联接正在呈现逐渐削弱的态势。一项美国的研究表明，从1985 年到2004年， 回答“没有人倾诉重要的事项”的人数从10% 增加到25%，增长率超过2倍。即使是那些对这些数字持反对意见的批判者也承认：美国人的核心交流人际圈（知己圈）已经缩水了约1/3，并且更加限制于家人的范畴之内。在英国，近半数的老年人将电视作为他们最主要的日常生活陪伴。在澳大利亚，平均每人的朋友数量在最近的20年已经下降。而且不仅仅是社会联接在一些层面呈现下降趋势应当引起我们的重视，更重要的是，这种下降在人群中并不是均衡分布的。低收入者，有残疾的人往往对于他人有着更低信任感。对于这些已经有着其他劣势的人群，这往往为他们产生社会联接造成阻碍。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">许多被认为是加重孤立感的因素都在变得普遍，因此，社会联接的削弱趋势可能继续。反社交的科技正在变得普遍，我们的人群正在变得老龄化、民族多样化，并且单身者和单身父母在居民中的比例正在急速增长。单身居所是澳大利亚上升数量最快的一种住宅类型。而正如图二所示，相比于住在一个大的房子的人们而言，独自居住的人会多出三倍的可能性在一天之内不只一次地感到孤独。身为带孩子的单身父母是孤独感的另一个风险因子，而这样的家庭数量也在不断上升。英语语言能力的局限性同样会增加被社会孤立的可能，同时也会限制他们在户外与人面对面交流的机会（图三）。</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5761958" data-w="899" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia953IspE6BkruHMmZ9iaS5bVCg5jRYWeOGFOMl3Kefy0fEZtzxme5f9tNMnRia5CrZ0Zwrp6qTOZqPA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、感到孤独的频率和住宅类型的关系，澳大利亚，2009 图：Franklin and Tranter, 2011</em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6117909" data-w="899" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia953IspE6BkruHMmZ9iaS5bVm23uSiaEYJMLKF1C65eTicfCpYYW1adFRsCgQMicNJXUbv3x73dpGLnRA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、在过去的一周没有和不住在一起的家人或朋友交流的受访者比例，澳大利亚， 2010 图：Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0% -45px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 80px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6572104" data-w="423" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/PdCtl8Vmuj0KsWByNXZlz5dR43pMhdM1xmdcoW48f0aSzYZFbualT1pOILUYOL7AbMRfRBcaBKqRjhrlBQw5ow/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45px;height: 45px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 55px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);background-color: rgb(186, 191, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: -25px 0% 27px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 5%, rgb(125, 133, 151) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 95%);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(82, 103, 139);line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二、这些问题与城市的关系</strong></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市的架构</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市的架构决定人与人的交流是会更加简单或是困难。从移动性的角度而言，交通承担着比“仅仅将人们从一个地点转移到另一个地点”更为重要的意义。它可以给人们以掌控感和自主性，从而拥有足以与更大范畴的人们和社区产生联系的能力。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在墨尔本，四个居民中便有一人因为交通方式受到限制，所以难以维持社交活动在一周至少一次的频率。在澳大利亚的许多城市，没有车辆会对人们的移动性造成很大限制。居住在城郊以及拥有低收入的家庭，只要有车，往往不会因为交通的原因而错过任何活动。而对于许多买不起车或是无法开车的人群，公共交通往往不足以满足他们的需求。正如图四所示，那些对于公共交通有着更强烈需求的人往往有着更有限的渠道获取这一资源。而尽管可以搭乘公共交通，这并不代表你在更广范畴下的移动性可以得到保障，例如在城郊地区可以搭乘公共交通抵达的地点是很有限的，且乘坐公共交通也往往会耗费大量的时间。同时，另一个问题则是关于周末搭乘公共交通，因为在这一时间会有许多社交性质的旅行以及见面发生，尤其是对于年轻人而言。而周末搭乘公交车在相对较短的时间内所能移动的距离往往不远。</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9020737" data-w="868" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia953IspE6BkruHMmZ9iaS5bVe9U2RiauW6nDa7ftIpCpUXg1ZibfQ1fdbf1sJvicFWea3T9oQm65r26KA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、公共交通的供给与有需求的人群间的分布，墨尔本，2006 图：Currie et al., 2009</em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">移动性同样决定了上班的通勤时间以及能够剩余给其他事情的时间。许多研究都探索了拥堵的经济损失和环境损失，但很少有人提到通勤对人际关系的影响。在美国，Robert Putnam发现了一个非常简单的经验法则：每十分钟的通勤就会导致10%的社会联接的下降。在澳大利亚，通勤时间正在侵蚀人们的人际关系：通勤时间的上升往往使得家长有更少的时间和他们的孩子交流。更长的通勤时间同样也意味着更少的社交时间，更不可能成为体育团体或是社区组织的一员。而且与减少社交时间有相同的效果，更久的通勤与更低的个人健康和对生活更低满足感有着联系（图五、图六所示）。开车通勤本身是一件与社交相对立的行为，但搭乘公共交通同样可以造成消极的效果。拥挤的乘车环境往往使乘客更容易产生防卫的行为以避免与人交流。</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.632537" data-w="879" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia953IspE6BkruHMmZ9iaS5bVribGq6GLF458TaqYiaP6roib6RibExJkWb0PbeUgbxntemgtz9bdeMnm5Q/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、通勤时间和对生活的平均满意程度，德国，1985-1998 图：Stutzer and Frey, 2008</em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5272525" data-w="899" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia953IspE6BkruHMmZ9iaS5bVpQx4ZVfJIGWAd3NnXRVHiaVtBKHPwItwyMMj5lcsv8gOs3StalmoJZw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图六、通勤时间和健康程度，美国，2009 图：Crabtree, 2010</em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市的发展方式，不同区域的功能划分，正在进行的开发和变化进行抉择同样会对社会联接造成巨大的影响。这些因素决定了人们空间上的分布，以及拥堵或是移动性的空间分布。例如工作的地点与住宅相关而住宅位置本身又与其他很多工作都息息相关。因此，只有当新的工作地点与公共交通网络相隔不远时，将一些工作地点移出城市中心地带才可能减少通勤的时间。土地的使用方式同样决定了人们要花多长时间才能到达一处可以社交的场所，例如咖啡，图书馆等等。如果人们可以在邻近的街区很容易地找到这样的场所，将很容易让他们产生一种归属感。而如果商店，服务设施，工作和社区设施彼此之间离得很近，那么一次出行就可以解决多个事情。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国的一项拓展性的研究探索了如何令人们拥有归属感。这一研究的核心在于人们是否本能地感受到被接受并因此产生联接。它可以帮助解释为什么一些常驻居民不再感觉到他们被社区、城市所接纳，而在一些地方，新来者却会有家的感觉。一个关于培养归属感的一个例子是，2010年墨尔本在一系列针对印度学生和出租车司机的种族歧视事件后作出的回应。社区和政府组织了一系列的积极活动对抗这些事件，网站设计者Mia Northrop 组织的活动见证了17，000名居民在同一个晚上在印度餐馆吃咖喱以示与印度裔社区团结一致。40张大幅的印度裔澳大利亚人的肖像被展示在联合广场，以示这个城市重视印度裔澳大利亚居民的存在和贡献。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">街区</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">街区是由空间产生的。这些用以产生社会联接的空间称为公共资源，他们包含了公园、图书馆、社区中心、公共运动场所。体育设施是产生社会联接非常重要的场所，这是由运动和锻炼本身的性质所决定的。在加拿大，经常参与运动活动的人往往与家人和朋友有着更多的联系，同时他们也拥有更多可以依赖的朋友（图七）。公园也是一个重要的可以与家人和朋友度过空闲时间的地点之一，特别是当私人的室内空间有限的时候。公园还提供了将我们与在家人和朋友圈子之外的人联系的机会。而且不只是公园的数量，公园的品质同样有着影响，一个有水，有花园，有树荫，有舒适的椅子和活动场地的小公园其使用率将远远高于一个更大但是更“不友好”的公园。而有一些成功的公园案例正是迷你公园甚至是“口袋公园”。在1980年的英国，城市规划师Alan Teulon开创性地邀请当地居民参与到选址设计和维护小型的本地公园中。而这一项目成功地将100处被忽视的公共场所转化为绿色空间。极高的公众参与度和志愿活动将维护费用降到了较低水平，而修建这些公园的过程也促使本地居民聚在一起构建彼此的社会联接。当然公共空间的存在并不足以产生社会联接，更多的努力应当放在研究社区中已有的设施以及如何利用它们。</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1112347" data-w="899" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia953IspE6BkruHMmZ9iaS5bVAJzsJNftuCMSYibzvGxyaJKbSeIZaGIa29Z5TYdl1fp5K3FemudT57Q/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七、体育运动和社交网络的关系，澳大利亚，2006图：Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009</em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">商铺，咖啡厅，餐馆，购物中心以及理发店等私人空间也是社会联接的组成部分。与其他人交流的可能性可以提升人们的购物体验，从而决定他们愿意去哪家商铺。小型的本地店铺可以更好地给人一种身份认同感，而离家更近的商铺更容易拥有回头客，而且人们对商铺和其中的工作人员会更加熟知。本地的商铺同样可以帮助认识我们自己和我们所在社区的一部分：<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“当你在这样一个区域生活，当商铺和办公室以及住宅彼此离得很近，它会形成一个良好的纽带…那就是，它构成了一个可爱的社区”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一种本地人的身份认同感与信任感的增加与健康的提升以及更加积极的社区参与度密不可分。一个社区的布局可以让人们感觉到其风格，从而给人以归属感。实质的边缘如河流、小山等可以用以标明街区的边界，从而营造一种共识，但同时欢迎外来者的到访。可以明辨的风格同样可产生相似的效果——它可以促使人们聚集在一起。一些当地的活动同样可以使人们聚集起来，并赋予他们一种集体的身份认证。例如露天的音乐会以及剧院表演，大街上的节日庆祝，农贸市场等等。社区的节日庆典可以增强居民的身份认同，从而增加其志愿和其他活动的参与度。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">增加人们做出决策的机会也可以增强人们的身份认同感。2008年青年基金会发布的一项报告表明“号召当地居民参与进来从而为他们的街区创造可见的变化的本地项目是一种可以创造街区间有意义的联接的良好方式”。创建本地居民邮箱联络簿，街区间的社交网络，以及一些多街区合作的网站，都是一些分享信息并让居民参与到决策过程中来的方法。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">街道</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">虽然在澳大利亚这种以汽车为导向的城市，街道的主要功能是作为交通线路，但是实际上街道同样应当承担与他人联接——玩耍、分享食物和饮品、交谈、购物、观察世界的运行——的责任。也正因如此，商业街和居住街区对于社会联接有着极为重要的作用。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">商业街一定要是一条拥有活力的街道，因为人们会被街道上行走的他人所吸引，并且总是趋于与同类型的区域同步，所以我们停下聊天往往时是被最为拥堵的小径或是开放空间所吸引。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">拥有有活力的街道需要具有可步行性。树荫，公共座椅都会吸引更多的行人。步行街道的好处也体现在行人所赋予他们的价值。英国的一项研究变表明提升步行环境可以带来每年高达43亿英镑的公共效益。但尽管车辆交通设施的建设往往会考虑收益和指出，这种评估模型还没有被广泛应用于步行设施的建设。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一个好的街道需要有多样性。多种商业类型，用于浏览的橱窗以及个性化的店面促使人们徘徊。这种踟蹰本身增加了街道的活力，因为“人们总会走向人群所在的地方”。有着多个门面的建筑则为街道的多样性带来视觉上的感受，孩童可以玩耍，街头艺人们则可以在那里进行表演。虽然寻找交通，行人和商业活动间的平衡并不是一件容易的事。在美国则有一项名为“更好的街区”的社区活动，旨在发掘那些可以成为更好的步行场所，但是本身有着废弃的房屋和破旧的步行街道设施的街区。社区活动者和组织会提供临时的座位，场景布置，照明，自行车道以及步行区域。他们同样会组织快闪商店，货摊和公共表演。这些举措展现了街道改造所可能带来的改变，也促使当地政府做出一些永久性的改进。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0% -45px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 80px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6572104" data-w="423" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/PdCtl8Vmuj0KsWByNXZlz5dR43pMhdM1xmdcoW48f0aSzYZFbualT1pOILUYOL7AbMRfRBcaBKqRjhrlBQw5ow/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 45px;height: 45px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 55px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);background-color: rgb(186, 191, 201);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: -25px 0% 27px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 5%, rgb(125, 133, 151) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 95%);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(82, 103, 139);line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 10px;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三、结论</strong></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.7em solid rgb(243, 212, 185);border-left: 0.45em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.45em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">正如葛拉顿研究所（Grattan Institute）的一篇报告<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 168, 250);box-sizing: border-box;">(参考文献2，请后台留言联系我们下载）</span></strong>中提到的：“我们建造和组织城市的方式可以帮助或是妨碍社会的联系”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">想象一下满载乘客却无人交谈的电梯中令人尴尬的沉默。再来想象体育场---是家长们经常开启对话交流的场所。我们虽然不能说建成环境是制造人与人互动的原因，但是很显然，建成环境可以促进或是抑制潜在互动的可能。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Winston Churchill 曾经观察到(https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/palacestructure/churchill/)：我们创造建筑，而建筑改变我们。我同样在其他地方提到过(https://www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com/journal2-lonelitopia.html)，即使在不知情的请况下，建筑师和城市规划者如何“串通一气”，建造出一座对于居民的精神健康不友好的城市。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">可是，是否可以让我们畅想一下城市的其他可能？一种城市拥有可以治愈孤独感的架构的可能？(https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/letters-from-the-editor/editorial-could-architecture-play-a-role-in-curing-loneliness/10000071.article)</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以这个问题作为出发点，我最近在墨尔本大学设计学院开展了一个面向研究生的项目实践课程。学生被要求利用设计作为研究手段，从建筑层面或是城市设计层面出发，探索对抗孤独感可能的对策。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">你是否曾经在火车站无聊等待过，通过各种方式打发时间却不曾和你旁边的人有任何交流？Diana Ong 通过翻新阿斯科特谷（Ascot Vale）的火车站，添加了提升社会参与度的小道具，从而提高人们的交流频率和活跃程度。Michelle Curnow 提议将列车的车厢转变为“聆听过往的客舱”，以吸引乘客探索列车自带的旁听席，并利用通勤的时间聆听其他人的故事——谁说通勤一定是无趣的？</p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 2;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section 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border-box;">一览众山小</strong></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20px;height: 3px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(65, 155, 139);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 1.3;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="opacity: 0.28;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(65, 155, 139);font-size: 10px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2019/11/19</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 40%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgba(32, 11, 111, 0.74);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: 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0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.77;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 42px;color: rgba(230, 236, 239, 0.7);letter-spacing: 7px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4613003" data-w="646" 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