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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px) rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px) rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px) rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px) rotateY(180deg);opacity: 0.4;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="flex: 1 1 auto;height: 2px;background-image: linear-gradient(270deg, rgb(48, 117, 153) 0%, rgba(48, 117, 153, 0) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;height: 10px;width: 10px;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(48, 117, 153);border-radius: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="letter-spacing: 2.4px;padding: 0px;font-size: 12px;color: rgba(48, 117, 153, 0.46);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">文章来源：cityif</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者：郭婧</p></section><section style="margin: -4px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.4;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="flex: 1 1 auto;height: 2px;background-image: linear-gradient(270deg, rgb(48, 117, 153) 0%, rgba(48, 117, 153, 0) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="flex: 0 0 auto;height: 10px;width: 10px;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(48, 117, 153);border-radius: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(135, 135, 135);padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(88, 191, 234);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎</span></strong></span>，作为一个有着强大魅力和吸引力的浪漫之都，对于每个规划人来讲都既熟悉又陌生。熟悉是因为我们对巴黎的建筑和历史人文古迹都有着鲜活的认知；但由于语言的障碍等原因，我们对巴黎的了解或许远比不上英美城市。作者有幸在2018年与大巴黎规划院展开了深入的交流，在不断的沟通与合作中，对巴黎有了些许清晰的认识，了解到巴黎正在发生的变化，在此与大家共享。</p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 15px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 93%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(238, 146, 156, 0.26);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -5px 0% 4px;transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(238, 146, 156, 0.26);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 15px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(95, 104, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">这组巴黎和北京的双城记散想以连载的形式，共包括5篇。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1. 当你谈论巴黎的时候，你到底在说哪儿？</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2. 巴黎是由什么人构成的？</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3. 巴黎的公共交通有多方便？</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4. 巴黎是古老的城市还是创新的先驱？</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">5. 巴黎面向全球的吸引力体现在哪里？</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(48, 117, 153);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 5px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">今天，为大家发布的是</span></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">第4篇</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: -30px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;opacity: 0.84;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1" data-w="144" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/WuZlntzHCBy4vANpbj78gkhcRia6CwlbZUicN9Cvc1NvCEOt0mcWg9icKzWxXVyQVHDGyyxibLwmqxA3IzTf7s1yIA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;opacity: 0.41;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% -15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgba(48, 117, 153, 0.34);padding: 2px;background-color: rgba(48, 117, 153, 0.18);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 巴黎是古老的城市还是创新的先驱？</strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(199, 199, 199);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: -2px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg class="svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 9 9" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><polygon style="box-sizing: border-box;" points="0,0 0,9 9,0" fill="rgb(192, 214, 231)"></polygon><polygon style="box-sizing: border-box;" points="7.6,0 1,6.6 1,0 0,0 0,9 9,0" fill="rgb(48,117,153)"></polygon></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0% 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 0px;margin: 0px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 17px;height: 3px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 5px;opacity: 0.51;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;padding: 0px;color: rgb(218, 183, 135);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">答案当然是：<span style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;">both！</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgba(88, 191, 234, 0.25);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎是一个非常非常古老的城市，她的神奇之处在于，她一直在用前沿创新的规划建设手段并拥有时代当下最时髦的建筑，但这个城市仍旧成功地保有古老的气息，稳重又充满朝气。正是如此，巴黎才能散发出如此独特的气息，吸引着最文艺的青年、也吸引着有活力的科技人才。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">今日之巴黎，既来自于她悠久的历史，也来自于她在城市建设进程中的几次伟大变革。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;transform: rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgba(88, 191, 234, 0.25);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 8px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">古老城市的三次规划巨变</strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(199, 199, 199);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(135deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(135deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(135deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(135deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.85;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.6;margin: -6px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(213, 178, 122);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;line-height: 1.2;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第一次 豪斯曼改造</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（1853~1870年）</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(315deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(315deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.85;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.6;margin: -6px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6248432" data-w="797" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNqPll6uFyxuBTeY9xbGDCSwM9W1wG1bhjm2EqeEJam0X3AnraON2wQA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);text-align: left;letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图1 今天，从这个角度看到的巴黎，基本在大轮廓上都是乔治-欧仁?豪斯曼男爵先生的杰作了。</p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">豪斯曼改造是拿破仑三世时期的一次城市改建行动，主要改造范围大约就是现在的小巴黎。在这次改建行动中，巴黎兼并了周边大片的郊区，从原有的12个区扩大到如今的20个区。通过道路格局的重构、公共空间的建设、建筑风格的塑造和基础设施的系统性构建奠定了巴黎市的基本结构和空间形态。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7650919" data-w="762" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNLryGUNBgWQhibtA2qwUeBsKz8d19TI5BQ4CcjClPmnWnfzG4ob746zw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);text-align: left;letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;">图2 1821年的巴黎</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（地图左上角隐约可见凯旋门，右下角隐约可见星形广场）</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">来源：扫描自Les Plans de Paris-Histoire d'une capitale</p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5393701" data-w="762" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNQZQW6ewBgdC0sCqtZlNQic5JjFhSBnaRYz9WeULqESSCej0CAdeAhDQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图3 1878年的巴黎</p><p style="text-align: left;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（放射性结构和环状结构清晰，东西两侧分别是文森森林和巴加特尔公园）</p><p style="text-align: left;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">来源：扫描自Les Plans de Paris-Histoire d'une capitale</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77);box-sizing: border-box;">道路格局的重构：</span></strong>豪斯曼将几何对称的理念应用到极致，在狭窄、弯曲的旧街道路网条件下，开辟了通达的放射性路网。基于此项行动，形成了巴黎穿越市中心的“大十字”林荫干道，分别是穿越凯旋门的城市南北中轴线和沿塞纳河展开的东西向轴线，并形成了两个环路。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5821678" data-w="572" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNQaOseAgCvLRF8fzMj1PicyEfGlK8ls1TictXHPxfjqVEEiasStejBibXqg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 70, 70);box-sizing: border-box;">图4 放射状的道路格局</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77);box-sizing: border-box;">背景知识补充：</span></strong>有观点认为，豪斯曼在街道改造中的真实目的是想保证巴黎城免于暴动，即使巴黎街道上永远无法设置街垒。新的街道将在兵营和平民区间提供最短的线路。因此，豪斯曼的这一举动被称为“战略美化”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5801105" data-w="724" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNlmIFpJ42fHCJEib0xbE98zmkJtOPHibHqswR7IAjsNQfICRib2sh361Gg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 70, 70);box-sizing: border-box;">图5 街垒实景图</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77);box-sizing: border-box;">公共空间的建设：</span></strong>豪斯曼在全市各区都修筑了大面积公园，宽阔的爱丽舍田园大道向东和西两个方向延伸，把西郊的布轮公园和东郊的维星斯公园的巨大绿化面积引入市中心；同时，塞纳河沿岸的滨河绿地和宽阔的花园式林荫大道两种带状绿化大大提升了城市的绿化景观环境品质。而在城市中，又遍布着由纪念性碑柱和雕像装饰着的广场，大大丰富了城市的公共环境和面貌。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77);box-sizing: border-box;">建筑风格的塑造：</span></strong>豪斯曼为了使街道两旁的建筑能够相互融合、整体和谐，对建筑立面进行改建，甚至对部分建筑进行了拆除后重建，严格要求建筑物原材料和高宽度比例，同时他把诸多沿街房屋加建了一层。此外，他还修建了歌剧院、名人纪念碑、火车站和政府大楼等，这些建筑都融入了新古典主义风格。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77);box-sizing: border-box;">基础设施的系统性构建：</span></strong>豪斯曼将下水道和供水设施进行大幅改建，原本臭气熏天的城市变得洁净起来；新建了照明系统、开办了出租马车等城市公共交通事业。这些改造让巴黎“改头换面”，从一个陈旧的中世纪小城一下子变成了崭新的工业革命时代的现代都市。而巴黎的地下水道至今还是观光热点。</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6684932" data-w="365" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibN0iahAZVZKervQEBkjtGsvDOh2lTViaibcoUsDWxqktI4egFZ9Z54NYy4g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.665" data-w="400" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNnn8C8MJokAnib2nx9sctTwBficWokHrdmcnVODrYZ9sfFlpjEClWtGiaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);text-align: left;letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;">图6 巴黎地下水道实景照片<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（都是网图，作者在法期间，地下水道关门整修，所以作者一张照片都没拍到）</p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">豪斯曼改造工程无疑是塑造今日之巴黎的一次重要转折点，这次改造烘托了旧帝国时期的辉煌，也为巴黎的现代化建设奠定了基础。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">但是（重点来了），没有任何一项规划是没有争议的，即便是受到广泛喜爱的规划建设成果，也总能被数出那么几点遗憾。何况豪斯曼先生的这项壮举又是极为庞大的工程，难免在后世受到功过评论。比如“豪斯曼最大的败笔是对巴黎市中心、巴黎圣母院所在的城岛的拆建，众多小房子被夷为平地，代之以当时流行的石头大房，城岛成了一个死气沉沉的行政中心，由警察局、法院和医院组成。而原本那个堪称中世纪建筑艺术博物馆的城岛已不复存在，这也使得法兰西文化的摇篮被消灭。”再比如“豪斯曼拆掉了巴黎三分之一的中世纪和文艺复兴时期的建筑、10%的私人宅邸，这些消失的建筑，令人惋惜不已。”还有更加直白的“豪斯曼干的事儿是创造性破坏，他粗暴地折断了巴黎的历史”。（豪斯曼哭晕在棺材）</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">功过是非，着实难判。作者只知今日之巴黎实为可爱，旧日之巴黎是否更加可爱已不得而知，便随着历史潮流滚滚向前吧。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(135deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(135deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(135deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(135deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.85;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.6;margin: -6px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(213, 178, 122);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;line-height: 1.2;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第二次：大巴黎地区规划建设</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（1982年至今）</strong></p></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(315deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(315deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.85;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.6;margin: -6px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7321652" data-w="799" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNMWGNibvouWknULNONxrUPmBdr9nYUvPALZ50QvVOl7yPiaicpWsIyxcyw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);text-align: left;letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;">图7 2001年的巴黎</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（在公共交通和绿化建设的烘托下，城市结构愈加清晰清晰，并且已经向外蔓延）</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">来源：扫描自Les Plans de Paris-Histoire d'une capitale</p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">豪斯曼大改建之后的巴黎，并没有停下她前进的脚步，人口不断增加、城市不断蔓延。1982年之所以成为一个节点，是因为在这一年，法国政府将“大区”确立为一级行政区，“巴黎大区”成立。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在巴黎大区的发展过程中，国家和大区政府展开了紧密的合作。在《地区（大区）发展计划》和“协议开发区”（ZAC）制度的作用下，国家对大区发展仍旧有着极强的掌控力。要理解这一点，其实很有必要先去理解法国规划体系。这里做一个简（啰）要（嗦）的背景知识补充。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77);box-sizing: border-box;">背景知识补充：</span></strong>在西欧国家中，法国的城市规划立法进行得相对比较晚。但在短短几十年时间里，法国从传统的农业国发展到今天高城市化水平的工业化国家，其过程中的许多阶段与我国当前的快速城市化进程颇有相似之处。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3304348" data-w="805" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNpLYeDabf7YVZBasVyticOPa5xT2YicPngMQHEOpXNGWiciaSmGAwj6yGoQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 70, 70);box-sizing: border-box;">图8 法国城市规划发展历程示意</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">法国城市规划管理主要涉及城市规划的编制(含审批)、实施、监督检查等三个方面的管理工作，中央政府和各级地方政府分别拥有不同的管理职权，同时也分别享有不同的管理资源包括人力、技术和资金等。法国城市规划的变迁，实际上是规划管理权限的不断重新分配。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">目前，法国城市规划管理权限主要集中在中央和市镇两级政府手中，大区和省级地方政府所掌握的城市规划管理权限非常有限。具体来说，中央政府主要负责制定与城市规划相关的法律法规和方针政策，对地方城市规划行政管理实施监督检查，通过向地方派驻技术服务机构参与编制和实施城市规划，对尚未编制“土地利用规划”的市镇发放土地利用许可证等；大区地方政府主要负责编制和实施区域性的国土整治规划等；省级地方政府主要负责编制辖区内的农业用地整治规划和向公众开放的自然空间的规划等；市镇地方政府主要负责直接或间接组织编制当地的主要城市规划文件(如“指导纲要”和“土地利用规划”)，在审批通过“土地利用规划”的前提下发放土地利用许可证书，以及参与行政辖区内的修建性城市规划和土地开发活动等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">法国城市规划不断发展的过程，也是规划相关法律不断完善的过程。与我国不同的是，在法国并不存在单独成文的《城市规划法》法律文本，被称为“城市规划法”的法律文本往往是指一系列与城市规划相关的法案，是国家权力机构根据社会经济发展形势制定的城市发展指导方针。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在法国，规划体系与相关法规的关系极为紧密。而国家拥有建立司法框架掌控导向的权力，因此国家对城市规划的掌控力非常强。以大巴黎地区为例，编制法兰西岛总体规划纲要时，就需要充分遵循国家层面的蓝绿经纬国家方针、城市规划法、自然与农村区域公共服务纲要、能源公共服务纲要等文件的要求，符合大区国土整治与水资源计划纲要、洪水风险管理规划、国家自然公园公约、区域生态连贯体系纲要、区域性可持续农业蓝图等的要求，而在大区内的各项发展规划编制过程中，还要充分对接采石场纲要、水务规划与管理、地方交通规划、地方住房规划、大区气候能源规划等专项规划。</p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5304348" data-w="805" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNVp9Du2iccOf61POu09mYH3tsm4JibqjfochVSlSlIxETzLjY2zibmzlCA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 70, 70);box-sizing: border-box;">图9 巴黎大区规划体系示意</span></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 70, 70);box-sizing: border-box;">来源：根据大巴黎规划院研究资料绘制</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这一时期是人口不断增长和外来人口大量涌入的过程，为此，巴黎大区不断扩张建设，在小巴黎外围新建了五个新城。为了支撑城市的不断生长，巴黎做出了非常多的努力，而在所有努力之中，公共交通建设、住房建设和环境改善一直是巴黎大区的规划主题，这一点至今也没有变。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通建设：</span></strong>巴黎在过往的公共交通建设上有着令人佩服的远见。简单概括其策略包括三点：一是严厉控制机动车流量；二是大力发展公共交通；三是鼓励步行和自行车。这三点教科书式的策略在这个城市里得到一以贯之的落实。而中途差点被抛弃的有轨电车，现在用实际效果证明了其对于城市交通、景观等的极度友好性，而得以不断加强建设（在很多法国中小城市，有轨电车甚至成为公共交通的主角）。在这些举措之下，巴黎的机动车保有量在人口不断增长的背景下得以缓慢下降。不过，在近些年，巴黎政府对机动车的控制遇到了重重阻碍，不仅收取拥堵费的提案被诟病缺乏社会公平考虑，其提升油价的决策更是引发了一系列暴乱，与之形成对比的则是伦敦减少市区停车设施、收取高额拥堵费等一系列举措的顺利推行，不禁让人感叹，革命老区不好整啊！</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77);box-sizing: border-box;">住房建设：</span></strong>上个世纪末，巴黎的建设速度非常之大，每年大概建成10万套住宅，而这些住宅大多都是国家负责建设的，国家建立规则、整体规划、提供资金、负责生产，一气呵成。而到世纪之交，随着各级政府权力的分散，国家确立规则、提供部分资金，市级政府拥有地产权，省级政府负责社会保障，大区政府负责地区规划等，每年仅能建设3.5万套住宅。而如今，这个数字就更小了。为了吸引更多年轻人来巴黎，巴黎政府大力鼓励住房建设，尤其是社会住房建设，因此巴黎住房机构Paris Habitat成为一个非常有存在感的机构，每一个新区建设、每一次老城更新都有他的身影，并且在巴黎之外的城市也有非常广泛的业务。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77);box-sizing: border-box;">环境改善：</span></strong>从巴黎大区规划体系的梳理可以看到，有一半的专项规划都与环境改善相关，巴黎的公共政策制定往往更加重视保证城市建设与经济发展不会带来环境恶化和生活质量的下降，这似乎成为全社会的共识。更多的绿地和森林、步行和自行车道要更方便地通往河边和公园，林荫大道已经满城都是，更不要说这里有最早的高线公园。如今，巴黎又开始大力建设城市农园和屋顶绿化，我们访问的巴黎邮政局，作为一个“夕阳产业”部门着力转型做屋顶农园，在自家楼顶开始创业，现在已经能够开展原材料供应、产品定制、技术培训、运营管理等一系列服务，着实是牛。能做起来，也是因为省政府、大区政府和中央政府的大力扶持，真是给了不少支持资金的。而这样的屋顶农园在巴黎已经非常常见了，在54公顷的Clichy-Batignolles新区建设中，巴黎市政府甚至对其提出了1.5万平方米的屋顶绿化要求（刚性）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7503608" data-w="693" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNMgmzsIxsjcYMBCp0LfgFon7Oud1XQ4BwM0oxbznet7fFgpsmakbcwQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;">图10 巴黎高线公园Petite Ceinture（人称小腰带）规划示意图，作者自摄</p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7503608" data-w="693" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNfdyYFC6CbZVRESgbj6kl5iaEt5tRW9vVRWECnboshRMThIVLFgvg4aQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图11 巴黎高线公园实景图，作者自摄</p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7503608" data-w="693" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNXHD0Umrrh20IShndqQTwJg6xukCbRTicNTS6ciacaj5ia9mbdjXxezJDQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;">图12 邮政局屋顶农园实景图，作者自摄</p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(135deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(135deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(135deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(135deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.85;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.6;margin: -6px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(213, 178, 122);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;line-height: 1.2;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第三次：重塑巴黎计划</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（一次难能可贵的畅想）</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(315deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(315deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.85;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.6;margin: -6px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">正如密特朗在巴黎留下了卢浮宫玻璃金字塔、拉德芳斯大拱门、法兰西国立图书馆，萨科齐留下了塞纳河塞甘岛（Ile Seguin），巴黎现任市长Anne Hidalgo也提出了雄心壮志，她希望通过“重塑巴黎”行动，使巴黎走在时代前列，“我们拒绝一个怀旧的‘化石’巴黎，也竭力避免巴黎淹没在当代标准化运动中。我们将打造一个面向明天的城市：一个开放创新的、生态可持续的、充满活力和多元包容的地方。”</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“重塑巴黎”行动旨在启动一些城市更新项目。为此巴黎政府甄选了巴黎的23 个地块，从 18 世纪的私人宅邸到废弃土地，针对这23个地块搞了一个国际竞赛。这23个项目，恰恰反映了巴黎正在面对的城市挑战的缩影。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这次竞赛选取了产权归巴黎市政府所有的城市地块，并且政府在“土地出让协议”中作了规定，获胜的项目将由开发商或房地产经理购买，同时参赛选手也都全程参与实施。在合同中，购买用地的开发商承诺在自己所承包的项目中实施创新理念，例如建造材料、对邻里开放的公共设施等。此外，政府部门还发起了一项承诺计划，即在未来15年中，每一年都会对公众参与和新产权所有人应尽的责任进行检验，并制定惩罚措施，保证实施效果。基于以上种种条件，我们认为这些竞赛项目非常有落地实施的可能性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.725" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNOn2cC8r6Xbdiat2cfO9ic6TrkHbV92O5M5D4QaeicSe6Whr37lVvkKReA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="display: block;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;">图13 “重塑巴黎”行动涉及到的地块分布</p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);text-align: left;letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">而这项计划的实施，究竟是否会延续巴黎一贯的审美功力和战略定力，我们不妨拭目以待。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(199, 199, 199);box-sizing: border-box;">如果想要了解更多，官网在这里：</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(199, 199, 199);box-sizing: border-box;">http://www.reinventer.paris/en/home/</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 8px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(30, 78, 121);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">老城更新中的创新探索</strong></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(199, 199, 199);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎的老城无疑是她最具魅力的一部分，曾经的她也有过疲态，也曾面对衰败的风险。而怎样的创新探索，使得这个老城区一直如此有活力和生命力呢？这里想跟大家介绍我比较感兴趣的两件事儿：过渡性规划和规划发展合约。在我看来，这两个都是城市规划意图落实的好帮手儿，值得我们学习借鉴。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(135deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(135deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(135deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(135deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.85;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.6;margin: -6px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(213, 178, 122);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;line-height: 1.2;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划形式创新：</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">开展“过渡性规划”</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(315deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(315deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.85;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.6;margin: -6px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在巴黎，市政府主张开展了一系列过渡性城市规划，即在等待某个地块上的建筑被拆除或者更新的过程中，政府允许非营利组织临时性地运营这个地块，赋予其临时的功能。这一方面减少了土地管理成本，避免闲置浪费，并在低成本条件下植入公益项目和公共服务设施，增强街区吸引力；另一方面也为地块未来的更新提供一些功能和运营管理上的探索，为社区参与地块更新提供良好的契机。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2012年以来，巴黎都市区共开展了47项过渡性规划。这些规划类型多样，涉及到文化艺术、创意共享办公、商业休闲、公共空间与公园、城市农场与园艺、体育设施、公共服务设施等功能。以巴黎14区“大邻居”项目为例，2012年，在古老的圣文森德鲍尔医院关闭后，政府对其留下的3.5公顷用地和5.2万平方米建筑物尚没有明确的利用计划，于是允许公益性机构“曙光协会”临时性占用和运营该地块。项目期限是2年，须充分考虑公益救助功能。曙光协会将该地块主要用于社会紧急救助住房，接纳有住房困难的人群，提供约600个床位。此外，曙光协会与在地居民、房屋产权所有人协商，在地段中安排了艺术家工作室、小企业入驻场所、工匠工作室、艺术画廊、商店和酒吧餐厅等。在一系列活动策划之后，该地段吸引了250家协会、团体、创业企业入驻，500多名员工在此工作，成为极具特色和吸引力的街区，平均每天接待游客350人次。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1476846" data-w="799" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNJ9VyDyLLkg6Yq0fzjyt2FSlAZRtltKLu5toWfoJp02Sc812M8CbySA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;">图14 巴黎都市区的过渡性规划项目分布</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;">（2012年至今）</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">来源：作者根据大巴黎规划院资料翻译。</p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(135deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(135deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(135deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(135deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.85;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.6;margin: -6px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(213, 178, 122);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px;line-height: 1.2;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">地区协作的创新政策工具：</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">实施“规划发展合约”</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotateZ(315deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(315deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(315deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.85;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;opacity: 0.6;margin: -6px 0% 0px;transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(4px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12px;height: 12px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgba(254, 255, 255, 0);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(213, 178, 122);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);box-sizing: border-box;">地域发展合约（CDT）于2010年6月3日针对大巴黎确立，既是合约文件，也是城市规划文件。该合约需纳入国家、市镇及相关组织。其中，国家可由大区区长代表。巴黎大都市区、大巴黎国际工作坊和巴黎大区市长联合会应纳入该合约框架。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);box-sizing: border-box;">截至2013年，地方发展合约的制定涉及到20多个地区。这些合约的制定伴随着城市项目的实施，旨在落实巴黎大区指导纲要中提出的目标，推动功能区划分，优化城市规划与交通的关系，实现住房规划目标，发展经济、促进就业、保护好开放区域。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);box-sizing: border-box;">地域发展合约制度可以说是巴黎大区指导纲要的重要实施手段。地方发展合约的实施能够提高地域团结和凝聚力，实现巴黎大区城市、经济和社会的更好发展，避免投机、同质化竞争，避免区域之间的隔离。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0286494" data-w="733" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9JEmVdTM90JcZjK9CO75XibNiarzO43EwL5sXnd56tOBIcictfocnRLkteOqCvuyJ1ibemkg4EChlXKjw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 70, 70);letter-spacing: 1.8px;line-height: 1.5;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;">图15 地方发展合约区分布情况</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">来源：作者根据大巴黎规划院资料翻译。</p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);box-sizing: border-box;">总的来说，在近半个世纪的巴黎大区建设过程中，整个城市最宝贵的精神一直得到延续，城市古老的韵味得以强化，这需要城市建设拥有极大的功力和定力。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎能够在多轮城市更新中确保没有出现太过奇葩的转折，这个来源于贯穿民族上下的美学通识教育，使这个城市的人们有着群体性的审美功力。巴黎能够在长久的创新探索中保持城市的规划建设定力，得益于完善而不断修正的法规体系的宏观调控与支撑，以及“当权者和专家共同的强烈的城市战略感”（米歇尔·米劭）。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(255, 129, 36);padding-top: 3px;width: 100%;margin-bottom: -3px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);margin-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);margin-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);margin-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);margin-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7650933" data-w="911" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9KGHWJmk0EUfF16eutQWuDXwibic11a2WfngVicEY6N9qOpF2iaI0GpNADJ1ib3Q27va00tsQwZQfnx8dg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section>
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