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The attraction of urban cores: Densification in Dutch city centres
城市核心的吸引力:荷兰城市中心的致密化
Dani Broitman(以色列理工学院,以色列)
Eric Koomen(阿姆斯特丹自由大学,荷兰)
首次出版时间:2019/9/9|研究论文
Abstract: Urban growth is typically considered a processof expansion. As population grows and transport costs decrease urban densitygradients are expected to gradually flatten. This is a basic feature of cities, explained by urban economic models and empirically supported by a plethora of studies about urban density development from all over the world. However, additional forces, such as changes in demographic composition and locational preferences of the urban population acting at local levels, may counteract the flattening tendency of urban gradients. In this paper, we suggest a methodology to test the impact of local density changes on urban gradients, looking at spatio-temporal developments in terms of housing and population. Using highly detailed data on individual housing units and inhabitants in major Dutch cities, we first assess and compare urban density gradients during the period 2000–2017. In all the analysed Dutch cities, both dwelling and population density gradients are becoming steeper over time, contradicting standard predictions from urban economic literature and empirical reports worldwide. The observed trend of steepening urban gradients is partly explained by the presence of historical monuments and urban amenities.
摘要:城市发展通常被认为是一个扩张的过程。随着人口增长和运输成本降低,城市密度梯度预计将逐渐扁平。这是城市的一个基本特征,由城市经济模型解释,并由世界各地关于城市密度发展的大量研究实证支持。然而,额外的力量,如在地方一级行动的城市人口的人口构成和位置偏好的变化,可能抵消城市梯度的扁平趋势。在这篇文章中,我们提出了一种方法来测试局部密度变化对城市梯度的影响,即从住房和人口的角度来看时空发展。我们首先使用荷兰主要城市的个人住房单元和居民的非常详细的数据来评估和比较2000—2017年期间的城市密度梯度。在所有被分析的荷兰城市中,随着时间的推移,居住和人口密度梯度都变得越来越陡,这与世界范围内城市经济文献和经验报告的标准预测相矛盾。观察到的城市梯度变陡的趋势部分是由历史遗迹和城市便利设施的存在来解释的。
Keywords: agglomeration, built environment, development, historiccities, land use, residential density gradients, urbanization
关键词:集聚, 建筑环境, 发展, 历史城市, 土地利用, 居住密度梯度, 城市化
原文地址:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019864019
Local environmental governance and policy implementation: Variegated environmental education in three districts in Tianjin, China
地方环境治理与政策执行:中国天津市三个城区环境教育的多元化
Outi Luova(图尔库大学,芬兰)
Abstract: Variation in the implementation of environmental policies in urban China has received widespread scholarly attention, but the extensive heterogeneity in local governance frameworks has remained under-studied. Leaning on the abundant, new institutionalism theory, this article suggests that the concept of institutional configuration can bring structure to the analysis of local complex governance frameworks and help identify factors that create different approaches to environmental policies. This study analyses the construction of approaches to new environmental education policies in three urban districts in Tianjin to illustrate how the suggested conceptual framework applies to centrally administered Chinese cities. The findings show that different combinations of formal and socio-cultural factors emerge as decisivein the institutional configuration of each district. This study also reveals new interesting nuances in the motivations behind environmental policy implementation.
摘要:中国各城市环境政策执行的差异受到了广泛的学术关注,但地方治理框架的广泛异质性仍未得到充分研究。本文以新的制度理论为基础,提出制度配置的概念可以为地方复杂治理框架分析带来结构,并有助于确定产生不同环境政策方法的因素。本研究分析了天津三个城区新环境教育政策的方法构建,以说明所建议的概念框架如何适用于中国中央直辖市。我们的研究结果表明,正式因素和社会文化因素的不同组合在每个城区的制度配置中起决定性作用。本研究还揭示了环境政策执行背后的动机中新的有趣的细微差别。
Keywords: China, district, environmental education, governance, environmental policies
关键词:中国, 城区, 环境教育, 治理, 环境政策
原文地址:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019862230
How collectively organised residents in marginalised urban settlements secure multiple basic service enhancements: Evidence from Hyderabad, India
边缘化城市住区中集体组织的居民如何争取多种基本服务的改善:基于印度海得拉巴的证据
Gregory Pierce(加州大学洛杉矶分校,美国)
首次出版时间:2019/9/12|研究论文
Abstract: Residents of marginalised urban settlements in low- and middle-income countries jointly experience multiple short-term basic service deficits which impair their health and broader wellbeing. A wide range of bottom-up strategies has been identified and employed to enhance basic service access in these contexts, but few scholars have attempted to conceptually organise these strategies. This study synthesises the disparate means identified in the literature to effect jointly experienced basic service access enhancements. It draws on fieldwork conducted in four notified slums situated in Hyderabad, India, to create a typology of the full range of strategies employed by collectively organised residents, illustrate how strategies interact in practice, and suggest a prioritisation of strategies with reference to the extent of pressure they exert on the local urban state to improve service provision over time. The study finds that high-pressure strategies which alter the incentives of public agencies and align them with those of residents appear the most promising to mediate the tension between short-termand long-term service needs.
摘要:中低收入国家边缘化城市住区的居民共同面临多重短期基本服务短缺,这损害了他们的健康和更广泛的福祉。在这些情况下,人们已经确定并采用了各种各样的自下而上的策略来加强基本服务的可及性,但很少有学者试图从概念上组织这些策略。本研究综合了文献中确定的,以实现人们能共同体验到的、基本服务可及性的增强为目的不同方法。本研究基于在印度海得拉巴四个有名的贫民窟进行的实地研究工作,对集体组织的居民所采用的各种策略进行了分类,说明了此等策略在实践中是如何相互作用的,并根据这些策略对当地城市政府的压力程度建议了策略的优先次序,以便随着时间的推移改善服务提供。本研究发现,改变公共机构激励因素并使之与居民激励因素相一致的高压策略,似乎最有希望调解短期和长期服务需求之间的紧张关系。
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