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                        <section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border: 3px solid rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333);"></section><img id="ledtxt.com" style="width: 1.5em; margin-top: -0.8em; margin-left: 0.3em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwibRvHnc3c4j5xJv7VfuibEKAYqpnPibraxTBpc5icdJVPglXpJd7Q72oBQ/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="24" data-type="png"  /> </section><section style="float: right; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: right; width: 0.6em; margin-left: -0.3em; height: 0.6em; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333);"></section><img id="ledtxt.com" style="width: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwb9CviaP3Aoia8kXwentdEqplFTO8Pk9IKClnWxNI14kvotow2FvdR3aw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="24" data-type="png"  /> </section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; margin-top: -30px; padding: 10px 15px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">2008 年以来，针对全球周期性经济危机和国内经济过热等形势，中国政府进行了一系列理论和实践尝试，影响了城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">市规划长期的变革方向和“十三五”近期的规划工作重点。作者清华大学建筑学院副教授于涛方在《规划师》2016年第3期撰文，在归纳不同国家和地区应对经济危机的新自由主义模式的基础上，对中国城市规划的变革方向提出建议：首先，城市政策和规划需尊重与遵循城市发展( 包括当前的判断) 的多元交织和复杂性客观规律。其次，长远来看，应正确处理好市场调节与城市规划等政府干预的“最优和平衡”矛盾统一关系；近期来看，“十三五”是中国城市经济发展的重要调整期和机遇期，城市规划变革和城市政策应注重三个“侧”回归，即“回归东部地区”“回归城市中心区”“回归特大城市和地区”。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -25px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><img id="ledtxt.com" style="width: 1.5em; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 0.26em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwZqtegSy3Qu4CBZFrpbXTWzs5qDCHUFGc3DhgX1GlGBVgtdjziaqhyww/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1.0434782608695652" data-w="23" data-type="png"  /> <section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333);"></section></section><section style="float: right; box-sizing: border-box;"><img id="ledtxt.com" style="width: 1.5em; margin-right: 0.3em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwH3X3eV3ezS9NOe9rQgria3IM9jw9ATUIMUFa2yUY2bxoebsjR3zXk9A/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="24" data-type="png"  /> <section style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-top: -0.3em; margin-left: 1.2em; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333);"></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-left-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); border-right-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0em 0.2em 0.2em; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">新自由主义的发展导致20 世纪60<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">年代以来城市规划的深刻变化，主要经</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">历了三个阶段：① 20 世纪60 年代～ 70</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">年代早期，属于由高度福特主义主导的凯</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">恩斯主义城市规划。② 20 世纪70 年代后期～ 80 年代，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划思潮开始向后凯恩斯主义过渡，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">新自由主义出现</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">。③ 20</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">世纪90 年代以后，转变为后福特主义和</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">新自由主义交织的城市规划（图1）。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwVORAICWuAvKficMXVmWdGialXLr1af2ITJqyj3h9vt4Uek6x2x64RDicQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-ratio="0.7414448669201521" data-w="526" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-radius: 1em; padding: 0.3em 0.8em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2008 年后新常态下的城市发展</strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">和规划变化</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; border: 0.14em solid rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); float: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; border: 0.14em solid rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); float: right; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="padding-right: 0.68em; padding-left: 0.68em; margin-top: -0.1em; margin-bottom: -0.1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 0.14em solid rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">2008 年后，为应对经济危机，中<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">国政府采取了鲜明的应对措施：①通过</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城镇化刺激内需。与国外其他国家地区</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">一样，凯恩斯主义经济刺激计划是政府</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的重要措施。2008 年中央新增的1　200</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">亿元资金主要用于保障性安居工程、农</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">村民生工程和农村基础设施建设、铁路</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">公路和机场建设、科教文卫等社会事业</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">发展、节能减排和生态建设工程投资以</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">及扶持自主创新和产业结构调整。②在</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">稳定汇率的条件下，提高出口退税率以</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">刺激出口。③农村建设。经济危机不可</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">避免地影响了城市的就业岗位的增长数</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">量和速度，农村成为剩余劳动力和失业</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">农民工的“蓄水池”。</span></section><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2008 年后，中国的经济刺激计划导</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">致了第二轮的经济过热，产能过剩、债</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">务危机的情况更为严重。虽然2010 年中</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">国政府退出了宽松政策( 同年4 月份通过</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">严厉行政手段实行房地产调控限购)，但</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">是产能过剩、债务危机的问题仍然紧迫。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">中国发展的新常态成为城市规划变革的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">重要理念标杆。新常态下城市更新与治</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">理、规划师的角色、大数据时代的城市规</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">划研究得以创新和突破，规划开始更多</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">关注“供给侧”改革( 图2)、多规融合、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">存量规划、社区参与及PPP 等新内容。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwPRzTvIfL1dPY6C9R2hFgMwUUahZwPDoTbZGwU7LDT4zHbGibnjcUNCw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-ratio="0.6945337620578779" data-w="311" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; border: 0.14em solid rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); float: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></section><section class="" style="width: 0.8em; height: 0.8em; border: 0.14em solid rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); float: right; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 0.2em 0.5em 0.15em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国远期及“十三五”期间的</section></section><section style="margin-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; font-size: 21px; color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 254, 0.992157);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市<span style="line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;">发展和规划变革思考</span></section></section><section style="margin-top: -1em; margin-bottom: 1em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.55em; margin-bottom: 0.55em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 3em; color: rgb(249, 110, 87); width: 3em; border-radius: 50%; border: 3px solid rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="line-height: 1.5; font-size: 21px; color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section></section></section><section style="float: left; margin-top: -2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.8em; border-radius: 1em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333);"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 2em; margin-left: 5px; float: left; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">遵循城市发展( 包括当前的判断)<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的多元交织和复杂性客观规律</span></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 2px dotted rgb(23, 138, 67); padding: 10px; border-radius: 15px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">工业化、城市化、全球化、信息化<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">及市场化交织在一起，深刻影响中国</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">的城市发展——</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">中国的城镇化进程伴随着市场化、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">全球化、法治化和信息化，不是一个独</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">立的过程，由此决定了中国的城市规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">变革是一项无先例可参考的系统工程，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">但同时，又不得不依据中国经济和社会</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">转型的特征以及面临的实际问题，有针</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">对性地进行变革，因地制宜、因时制宜、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">因事制宜。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">积极认识城市的本质和客观规律——</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在经济危机漩涡中，城市被认为是</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">危机的中心，也是发展的中心，“危”“机”</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">共存、相互转化，带来制度革新。城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">是人类最伟大的发明，城市在促进经</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">济专门化、鼓励社会互动、传播知识和</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">思想以及创造经济增长等方面发挥了关</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">键作用。在这一过程中，基础设施、建</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">筑物和空间形态布局仅仅是一种手段与</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">工具，而不是主导力量。城市放大了人</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">类的力量，高密度、近距离地让人们面</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">对面地聚在一起，使学习更加深入和彻</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">底；城市也提供了合作的可能，人们愿</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">意忍受城市里的高房价，正是为了与各</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">行各业的精英人才生活在一起。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">新中国成立以来，中国城市政策经</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">历了曲折波动。例如，城市化的逻辑是</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">人群的集中，向有规模报酬递增的地方，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">即向大城市集中，虽然2000 年后国家战</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">略开始高度重视大城市和城市群，但仍</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">存在对城市本质认识不足和“规划失灵”</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">的问题。又如，由于城市化战略的偏差，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2014 年前后大房产商开始到四、五线城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">市拿地，致使小城镇住房过剩问题加剧。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.55em; margin-bottom: 0.55em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 3em; color: rgb(249, 110, 87); width: 3em; border-radius: 50%; border: 3px solid rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="line-height: 1.5; font-size: 21px; color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></section></section></section><section style="float: left; margin-top: -2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.8em; border-radius: 1em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333);"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 2em; margin-left: 5px; float: left; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“最优和平衡”：正确处理好市场<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">调节与城市规划等政府干预的矛盾统一</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">关系</span></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 2px dotted rgb(23, 138, 67); padding: 10px; border-radius: 15px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市发展的市场调节和城市规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">政府干预——</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在市场经济中，集聚经济和规模经</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">济、范围经济的机制发挥使得城市具有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">自组织的作用。城市及其体系在演化过</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">程中形成了一套有效利用社会资源和自</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">然资源的循环方式。因此，在新自由主</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">义城市规划学者的眼中，私有化、去管</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">制等尤为重要。但城市要产生合理的自</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">组织结构，最重要的是要具有构筑自组</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">织结构的条件和环境。现实中，信息不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">对称、公共品问题、外部性和不完全竞</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">争使自由市场的作用不能积极发挥，出</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">现所谓的“市场失灵”问题，如污染、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">噪音、公共品缺乏、拥堵及垄断经营等。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">在这种情况下，城市规划等政府干预尤</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">为重要。但政府干预仅仅起辅助作用，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">需要进一步界定哪些市场无能为力，要</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">由政府去做，如公平界限、公共品界限、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">伦理界限、生态界限、城市防灾界限及</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">城市风貌保护界限等。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">城市经济学原理和城市规划学原理</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在实践中的矛盾统一——</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在上述情况下，制定有效的城市和</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">规划政策越发具有挑战性。如能将更强</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">大的经济理论贯穿于政策设计和实施过</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">程中，城市规划政策将会被不断改善：</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">通过对城市的有限资源( 土地、劳动力、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">资本) 进行最优分配和组合，实现社会</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">福利的最大化；通过解决市场失效问题，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">减少城市交易成本( 与城市病相关)，实</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">现城市集聚效益的最大化；通过合理和</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">科学地进行政府与市场( 经济杠杆和价</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">格规律) 的分工，实现社会经济发展目</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">标的协同发展。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">从不健全的市场经济到未来完善</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">市场配置资源：中国城市规划的长期</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">变革方向——</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">党的“十八大”确定了市场资源配</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">置起决定作用的理念，利用市场机制提高</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">资源配置效率，达到帕累托优化目标；但</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">毕竟中国市场还很不健全，因此城市规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">还需要维持一定的范围和作用。随着市场</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">化的不断深入，中国城市规划长期的变革</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">方向不仅要弥补市场失效，还要强化与城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">市经营的协同性。毕竟相对而言，规划</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">着眼于长远利益，城市经营着眼于眼前利</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">益。中国的城镇化速率越来越快，发展动</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">力越来越大，因此对城市治理的精细化水</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">平、科学化水平要求就越来越苛刻，以保</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">障城市规划的强可控性。反过来，由于市</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">场经济的不健全和处于转型期的限定，城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">市规划等也会出现“失效”，诸如对公共</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">利益的冷漠、忽视少数人或弱势群体的利</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">益、官僚作风和管制滞后等。因此，城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">规划的重点应该放在克服“市场失效”上。</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">凡是“市场失效”的那些领域，都是城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">规划要关注的重点。市场机制能发挥作用</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">的，企业能有效处理的，政府都不必去关</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">注，也不必发挥调节功能。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 0.55em; margin-bottom: 0.55em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 3em; color: rgb(249, 110, 87); width: 3em; border-radius: 50%; border: 3px solid rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" style="line-height: 1.5; font-size: 21px; color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</section></section></section></section><section style="float: left; margin-top: -2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.8em; border-radius: 1em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(33, 117, 124, 0.933333);"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 2em; margin-left: 5px; float: left; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“十三五”期间中国城市规划和<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">政策焦点的战略思考</span></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 2px dotted rgb(23, 138, 67); padding: 10px; border-radius: 15px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwSIKiaanPWjJ9NAQ7K0DYIxxiaz2mDh6H5KKbpCdlQ3Hxy9ibeOvYQcDwA/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="40" data-type="png"  /> <img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; width: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwJGSkAqlw59HQ4x5REUh0iacN3tRtJv8l8rjsKgCzNySTGQ7YozfdiaKA/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="40" data-type="png"  /> <section class="" style="margin-top: -2.4em; margin-bottom: -2.2em; margin-left: 1%; width: 98%; padding: 10px 30px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(68, 192, 217, 0.933333);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;">☆清醒认识当前中国城市规划面临的周期性衰退和结构性调整问题。</section><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;">经济发展及生产生活模式、城市体<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">系和城市形态、城市治理体系都受制于技术创新与变革，有一定的周期性规律( 图3)。</span></span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwk2BoWibrrIA63fn3G4F3ibDFIuicRwBDvRpjibhLIy0HBqfcj3kbqOmq4w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-ratio="0.9978354978354979" data-w="462" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;">每一轮的经济周期本身还有亚周期：在50 ～ 55 年的康德拉季耶夫长波之中，镶嵌着两个20 年左右的库兹涅兹城市和基础设施建设亚周期，分别是后萧条库兹涅兹周期和后滞涨库兹兹</span><span style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">周期( 图4)。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwyc8Loep9XSh12LUYnDnribXbTk7XXtrGzuHk4ouSHabIb8CSzYSWSog/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.3354632587859425" data-w="313" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(39, 8, 8); line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在2008 年后，全球各</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;">个国家往往都是采取凯恩斯主义的经济刺激计划，希望通过基础设施投资、城市建设投资的刺激来拉动出口和内需，也就是通常所说的需求导向的政策趋向，中国进行4 万亿元的投资实际上就是受这一逻辑的影响。当宏观固定资产投资产出的边际收益急剧递减后，大规模投资适得其反，可能进一步激化问题，于是开始转向供给导向或“供给侧”的政策制定( 降税、去管制、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;">去库存等)。</span></section></section></section></section></section><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwvsmk8ONrdIDHZzuZgfTTG9RXKtSXU6icESic5vP0elzF5e4LhIn6C4Lg/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="40" data-type="png"  /> <img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; width: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwFZKQpDsfwAHKPicPwyVlQz1sYhb8kQzCQYM3ib37Cc2mpJ8OG7aW8TwA/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="40" data-type="png"  /> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwSIKiaanPWjJ9NAQ7K0DYIxxiaz2mDh6H5KKbpCdlQ3Hxy9ibeOvYQcDwA/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="40" data-type="png"  /> <img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; width: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwJGSkAqlw59HQ4x5REUh0iacN3tRtJv8l8rjsKgCzNySTGQ7YozfdiaKA/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="40" data-type="png"  /> <section class="" style="margin-top: -2.4em; margin-bottom: -2.2em; margin-left: 1%; width: 98%; padding: 10px 30px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(124, 215, 226, 0.933333);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box;">☆<span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">三个“侧”回归：“回归东部地区”“回归城市中心”“回归特大城市和地区”。</span></section><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(1)“回归东部地区”城市发展政<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">策。中国的东部地区是自然条件、社会经济条件最佳的地区，聚集了最成熟的巨型城市地区，拥有最便利的交通条件。从《中国城市统计年鉴》数据看，2008～ 2013 年，中国固定资产投资的边际收益率整体轨迹波动明显，但东部地区的投资投入产出最稳定( 表1)。2008 年后，以4 万亿元为代表的固定资产投资在全国层面相对布局均质，高铁建设等基础设施投资在东中西和东北地区都相对快速发展，由于集聚经济和</span></span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">规模经济的作用，实际上持续的投资边际收益率</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在东部等地区普遍较高且稳定不足为奇。“十三五”期间，融资难、去库存需要投资等政策更进一步向东部地区倾斜，适度加强非均衡区域政策。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwxAQS7WYOqAE2od4Or3icwlBUevozDKw2wGnAB5CZsayNWk6y49CKJ7w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-ratio="0.35064935064935066" data-w="462" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(2)“回归城市中心区”发展政策。在经济危机发生之后，由于固定资产投资的全国层面和市域层面呈现相对“撒芝麻”式的分布，加上“小城市、小城镇”的房地产等政策取向，2007 ～ 2011 年，中国地级市的市辖区GDP 总值占地级市GDP 的比重呈现显著的下降趋势；同样道理，受集聚经济、经济过热后的效益问题以及规模经济等影响，2011 年以来这一比重开始显著上升( 表2)。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwHGyKkOszXXAqGVOib24zofpcnPAqhBmyt9sn2yVsCtjfp2H5GZs9CMA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-ratio="0.4458874458874459" data-w="462" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">城市化经济主导的中心城区在应对外在冲击、促进经济增长的创新驱动转型等方面，比地方化经济相对突出的外围县市、小城镇更具有能力。在经济危机后，伦敦等国际城市更加注重对中央活力区(CAZ) 的塑造；另外，由于面临低经济成长、高失业率与高社会安全支出的困境，荷兰逐渐转向新自由主义，政府更多引入市场友好的政策，更加强调市场的自由竞争，其中阿姆斯特丹在2011 年制定的《2040 年结构远景规划》(Structure Vision 2040)中将发展的希望寄托到投入产出率高的地域( 所谓的“特权城市空间”)：内城核心区、河岸区、南翼—机场区，并注重对大都市景</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">观的打造。</span></section><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(3)“回归特大城市和地区”发展政</span></section><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">策。特大城市地区在集聚经济作用下，无</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">论是在成本节省还是在效率提高，乃至在产品—服务生产以及在创意思想生产等方面，都有着其他规模类型城市不可替代的优势。也正是如此，特大城市地区的发展在各个领域得到高度关注。随着交通技术、信息技术的发展，曾有学者提出“距离的消失”(Distance Dies) 和特大城市地区的逐步解体假说，但客观上，纽约、伦敦、东京等典型的特大型世界城市仍</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">在集聚人口和经济活动，其中枢地位进一步强化，尤其在创新和思想生产、控制和命令等方面更加明显，“距离即死亡”(Distance is Death)、“密度、距离、割”(Density，Distance, Division)</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">等成为新经济增长理论的重要理念。巨</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">型城市和地区无论是从经济绩效还是从</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">要素吸引( 图5)、经济控制等方面，都</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">占绝对主导地位，而且这种“掌控”的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">地位在中国还在不断强化。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUw8Qdohial1uQGic45ppLo4WCwYY00g7GDJNqpSn1zj9WtBI8V1Eo9eMyg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-ratio="0.9524886877828054" data-w="442" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">从2008 年以来不同规模城市的投</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">资边际收益分析看( 表3)，城市的规模</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">越大，其投资回报率越高，在未来促进</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">创新等方面，特大城市和以其为中心的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">巨型城市地区最有可用武之地。特大城</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">市和地区在新自由主义的实现中扮演了</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">重要的角色，未来非生产性资本的积累、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">高端服务业的发展、创新经济的推动也</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">必然更依赖这些城市的市场潜力。在这</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">种情况下，北京、上海、广州、深圳等</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">城市可能面临更严峻的人口规模增长、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">经济活动集聚以及由此带来的区域差异、</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">阶层差异与其他外部性引发的交通、环</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">境、生态等负面问题。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUw3tLwaJjJD7ByXiaxLicBfq7fTMzHxaau8HIicVdJ1Y12Z8ibGoTW5x9Gcw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-ratio="0.4134199134199134" data-w="462" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(39, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">因此，一方面，</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">需要培育其他的经济中心城市成为新的</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">增长极( 如成都、重庆、武汉、南京等</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">沿江城市，天津、青岛、宁波、大连等</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">沿海城市，西安、郑州、哈尔滨、沈阳、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">济南、乌鲁木齐等省会城市)；另一方面，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">需要以巨型城市为中心构建系统性的巨</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">型城市地区或GlobalRegions，可</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">构建“3+1”的中国巨型城市地区框架体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">系：“3”即长三角、珠三角和京津冀3</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">个沿海核心巨型城市地区；“1”即“成</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">渝地区”。在此基础上，进行中国城镇</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">化的战略性空间安排( 图6)，形成以港</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">口门户城市和省会城市为双核心的沿海</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">四大次级巨型城市地区，以武汉和郑州</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">等省会城市为中心的沿长江、沿黄河“双</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">子共轭”次区域，以及以省会城市为核</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">心的西南、西北、东北沿边次区域。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwpWztFMFsgmejxAm7ppz1HwyLHSTMEn4HSDeMSSkdIEjhRHW76WVxJQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-ratio="0.7943722943722944" data-w="462" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/j8bTq15u0miaaG673xsGusBtKmNapglUwvsmk8ONrdIDHZzuZgfTTG9RXKtSXU6icESic5vP0elzF5e4LhIn6C4Lg/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="40" data-type="png"  /> <img id="ledtxt.com" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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