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<p><br  /></p><p>梳理全球城市的发展脉络，其对应的空间层次也在不断拓展，大致可分为以下三个空间层次的内容：一、<strong>城市本体—作为节点的全球城市</strong>：强调全球城市作为中心的控制能力或处于全球城市网络体系中的节点位置，突出城市中心区域和单个城市本体。二、<strong>向更大尺度拓展—巨型区域</strong>：强调全球城市及其经济紧密联系的腹地。三、<strong>向更微观尺度深入—具有全球属性的微环境</strong>：强调全球化对小尺度空间的作用或小尺度空间在全球联系中的作用。</p><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: 15px 0% -15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 1 auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 211, 171);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 222, 23);border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(255, 211, 171) rgb(255, 211, 171);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px inset;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 1 auto;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(240, 176, 121);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;transform: rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 1 auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 211, 171);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 222, 23);border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(255, 211, 171) rgb(255, 211, 171);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px inset;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-color: rgb(255, 211, 171);border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none solid solid;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(240, 176, 121);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding-right: 20px;padding-left: 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">作为网络节点的全球城市</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p>弗里德曼提出的世界城市（1982）强调跨国公司总部的集聚地和对全球经济的控制力。萨森（1991）认为全球化导致经济活动的地理分散。企业中央功能的复杂性促使全球公司总部将相关功能外包。卡斯特尔提出“流的空间”（1996），认为世界城市就是信息城市，世界城市就是“流的空间”。泰勒的世界城市网络（wordcity networks）（2004）关注城市之间的关系和网络特征。全球城市被视为全球网络上具有不同能级和功能特征的节点。</p><p><br  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: 15px 0% -15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 1 auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 211, 171);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 222, 23);border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(255, 211, 171) rgb(255, 211, 171);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px inset;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 1 auto;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(240, 176, 121);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;transform: rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 1 auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 211, 171);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 222, 23);border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(255, 211, 171) rgb(255, 211, 171);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px inset;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-color: rgb(255, 211, 171);border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none solid solid;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(240, 176, 121);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding-right: 20px;padding-left: 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">全球城市巨型区域</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p>彼得.霍尔认为全球城市作为节点看时，仅指明了单个城市的属性特征，忽视了城市体系内个体的相互联系，继而提出巨型城市区（mega-city region）（1999）概念。斯科特（2001）认为在高度全球化背景下的后福特主义时代，全球城市更多地表现为全球城市本身及其腹地内经济实力较为雄厚的二级大中城市扩展联合所形成的一种独特空间现象。</p><p><br  /></p><p>萨森（2011）则认为巨型区域能够容纳一个企业或一个经济部门的业务链中的高、中、低端各组成部分。与此同时，巨型区域有足够大的规模来自我优化，多样互动给高收入与低收入群体都带来好处。城市-区域的关注生产体系本身的完整性，涵盖了管理控制、研发、生产三个维度劳动过程的空间内涵，而不是仅仅强调生产服务业的控制功能。越来越多的全球城市被视为是以巨型区域的方式发挥着全球的经济影响。</p><p><br  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;margin: 15px 0% -15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 1 auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 211, 171);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 222, 23);border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(255, 211, 171) rgb(255, 211, 171);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px inset;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 1 auto;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 20px;color: rgb(240, 176, 121);letter-spacing: 3px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 0 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="align-items: center;display: flex;transform: rotateY(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateY(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateY(180deg);-o-transform: rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 1 1 auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 211, 171);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: auto;flex: 0 0 auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;border-width: 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 0px;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 10px;height: 10px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 222, 23);border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(240, 176, 121) rgb(255, 211, 171) rgb(255, 211, 171);box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px inset;line-height: 0;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-color: rgb(255, 211, 171);border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none solid solid;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(240, 176, 121);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;padding-right: 20px;padding-left: 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">具有全球属性的微环境</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p>全球城市与全球经济网络持续发生高强度联系的空间并不是全覆盖式地分布在整个城市，而是集中在其中的特定地区，这些地区的经济、社会活动或者人群与对外与全球保持着密切联系，具有突出的全球属性。</p><p><br  /></p><p>萨森提出了全球化的微环境（2006）概念，认为微环境是本地化的实体，具有场所化的物质性，又拥有全球跨度。微环境也是全球数字网络的一部分，数字网络给予其即时的远程跨度。佐金研究了全球城市之地方商街（2015），认为地方商街（包括住宅和星罗棋布的小商店）在国际社会交往和文化交流功能不容忽视。这些具有全球属性的微环境往往包括：被技术和经济变化深刻重构的中央商务区；现实和数字空间往返交织的最先进类型“中心”的功能承载空间；跨国移民社区、贫穷社区等等。</p><p><br  /></p><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-top: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 545.217px;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-bottom: 5px;text-align: left;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 17px;height: 3px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 31, 15);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-bottom: 5px;opacity: 0.51;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;text-align: left;color: rgb(218, 183, 135);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>作者信息</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgb(218, 183, 135) 0%, rgba(231, 222, 204, 0) 95%);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="margin-top: 3px;margin-bottom: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(218, 183, 135);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;">上海同济城市规划设计研究有限公司 </span><span style="font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 1.8px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间规划研究院副院长 王颖</span></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="transform: rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgb(218, 183, 135) 0%, rgba(231, 222, 204, 0) 95%);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" powered-by="gulangu" style="font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><p><br  /></p></section><section style="margin: 20px 0% 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 0px;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 17px;height: 3px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(233, 31, 15);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgb(218, 183, 135) 0%, rgba(231, 222, 204, 0) 95%);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: 3px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="color: rgb(218, 183, 135);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.8px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">本文根据上海政府发展研究中心委托课题《全球城市指标设置的空间尺度研究》的相关内容整理。本课题组的成员还包括：刘学良、潘鑫、朱盼。</p></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;transform: rotateY(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgb(218, 183, 135) 0%, rgba(231, 222, 204, 0) 95%);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="1.180354267310789" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/E4LhH9HickWCfvoAPX8RME86J8MqUo8sWntPr4EO3oZ9l6TSw1WwnMkpyQzV9uy3pQTicSAMliaeOBdTx0z7Y7b3Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1242" style=""  /></p><p><br  /></p>
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