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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 15%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.91" data-w="100" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibOSxVoTMVzE4fjjWzY0X7ZLF1icgtp8fOoTSBkrWLKZQDd7P3vfibk7lA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 70%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(153, 166, 171);line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.4;box-sizing: border-box;">欢迎点击以上蓝色字体</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">关注</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 15%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.91" data-w="100" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibOSxVoTMVzE4fjjWzY0X7ZLF1icgtp8fOoTSBkrWLKZQDd7P3vfibk7lA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 50%;border-width: 3px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(254, 193, 192);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="padding: 5px 4px;clear: both;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者北京大学深圳研究生院城市规划与设计学院硕士研究生丁恺昕，北京大学深圳研究生院城市规划与设计学院、北京大学建筑与景观设计学院副教授韩西丽在《规划师》2019年第15期撰文，国内外大多数儿童户外游戏场地都未能成功吸引并促进孩子的生理、心理和情感的发展。城市公园中的游戏场地的空间特征及其对儿童行为和综合发展的影响仍然未知。根据Sara Smilansky关于功能性游戏、构建性游戏、想象性游戏、规则性游戏4个游戏形式的有关理论，文章选取深圳市8个当代儿童游戏场地，采用行为注记法对2604名1～12岁儿童的游戏行为进行调查，并分析其在不同户外游戏场地空间特征类型上的差异。根据研究结论，重点从规划布局、空间设计和安全维护3个方面提出设计建议，以期提高户外儿童游戏场地对儿童综合发展的促进作用。</p></section><section style="width: 50%;border-width: 3px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(42, 118, 162);float: right;margin-top: -6px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 12px;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 关键词 ] 儿童户外游戏场地；空间特征；游戏形式；儿童发展；场地设计</p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(56, 30, 5);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 文章编号 ]1006-0022(2019)15-0087-06</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 中图分类号 ]TU984.181</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 文献标识码 ]B </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 引文格式 ]<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">丁恺昕，韩西丽．深圳市户外游戏场地空间特征对儿童游戏行为和综合发展的影响研究[J]．规划师，2019(15)：</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">87-92．</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/0SLDiaibw5BSQKdZrbiaXzHNbGLicykA4F41sqKRzSmRZD0bcsS40XelibnDBYVlMOmNhiaymowNibf92ZbEY6KdNFVYg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 1em;background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 0.3em 0.8em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究方法</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）研究场地</p></section><section style="height: 2px;width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本研究选取深圳市不同区域的8个</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">当代儿童游戏场地(表1)进行调查。其中，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">3个场地建成于2003～2007 年，分别</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">为梅林公园、儿童公园和大沙河公园，5</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个游戏场地建成于2017年，分别为香蜜</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">湖公园的4个儿童游戏场地与人才公园，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">可充分代表当代中国不同时期的儿童游</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">戏场地设计。每个游乐场地都完全对公</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">众开放且广受周边社区儿童的欢迎，具</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有较高的使用率并提供一定的基础性服</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">务。每个场地的大小、设计和游戏种类</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">不尽相同，但是都有可以进行不同活动</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的游戏区域以提供足够的数据。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3303226" data-w="775" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibFPRdFfSDOCf1wicIzYvW2hhMshegq5RM5SQJx7nY0q1NkeIbJVgkiawA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）研究对象</p></section><section style="height: 2px;width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究对象选取1～12岁儿童，根据<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年龄段分为幼儿(1～3岁)、学龄前儿童(4</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">～6岁)和小学生(7～12岁)3个年龄组。</span></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）数据收集</p></section><section style="height: 2px;width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本研究在天气晴朗的工作日与周末，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">通过在城市公园游戏场地中观察儿童的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏行为，通过服装、身高及家长的陪</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">伴情况判定儿童的年龄段。研究人员携</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">带记录表格和计时器，在上午10时左右</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">到达儿童游乐场，坐在一个有利位置上</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">装作在阅读或涂鸦，从而避免儿童因为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">知道自己被观察为实验的一部分而改变</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">他们的行为。在实际观测之前，观察员</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">多次到访该场地，并且每次花20～30</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">分钟记录场地的初始数据。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">工作日正式观测时间为17：30～</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">20：00， 周末为09：30～20：00。每</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">次观察10分钟，每隔20～30 分钟进行</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一次。在每10分钟的观察周期开始时，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究人员记录每个分区的儿童人数、活</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">动地点及活动内容。每个儿童个体的观</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">察，以最初记录的行为为结束，或者离</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">开最初记录的区域为结束，以先发生者</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">为准。每个儿童的代码记录包括儿童的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">年龄组、性别、活动区域及游戏形式、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">持续时间和交往情况。由研究人员一人</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">进行观察和数据记录，用字母代码来记</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">录和描述活动的类型，有助于隐藏个人</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">信息。在观察结束后对儿童及家长进行</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">访谈，避免访谈对于儿童游戏行为的干</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">扰。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/0SLDiaibw5BSQKdZrbiaXzHNbGLicykA4F41sqKRzSmRZD0bcsS40XelibnDBYVlMOmNhiaymowNibf92ZbEY6KdNFVYg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 1em;background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 0.3em 0.8em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究结果</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）儿童户外游戏场地的空间特征</p></section><section style="height: 2px;width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据绿篱、铺装等景观元素的界定<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">将8个游戏场地分为42个独立游戏区，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">并根据游戏设施配置情况分为5类游戏</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">特征区：①复合功能区，既具有多层结</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">构及多种设施能够支持不同类型的游戏</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">行为，比如沙池上有秋千、滑梯等人工</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏设备；②单一功能区，只有单一的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">用途，比如秋千、滑梯等，通常由塑胶</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">铺装界定；③开放空地，没有摆放游戏</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">设备，通常是草地或者硬质铺装 ；④沙</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">坑，限定出专供儿童玩耍的沙地；⑤连</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">接区，环形的通道或者是不同区域之间</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的连接过渡区域。独立游戏区以单一功</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">能区(15 个) 占主导，其次是复合功能区</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">(10个) 与连接区(9个)，沙坑(4个) 与</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">开放空地(4个) 较少。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本研究累计观察了2604名儿童的<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏行为，其中男孩1229 名(47.20％)，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">女孩1375名(52.80％)。统计在场地上</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">进行游戏的儿童的年龄构成(图1)，最</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">常见的是幼儿(61.41％)，其次是学龄前</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">儿童 (34.02％)，小学生的人数占比很低</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(4.57％)。儿童游戏场地更加吸引和支持</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1～6岁低龄儿童，对于小学生的吸引力</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">较弱。经访谈可知，小学生认为现有的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏设施过于单一和静态，故转而在运</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">动场及面向大人的健身器材区活动。各</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">类游戏特征区对小学生的活动吸引力均</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">较低(图2)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.9870968" data-w="310" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibENjCiaGgkbZKicjKVIrosVVclHwbiao4chGeWe7uxQu6TBicmPTibXgmDzg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6495726" data-w="468" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibEstEBEJrLYLrYIGvMhbC8IQ9fzz5z8aPHTDiak1mJyvQImeojqvc8zg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">深圳市城市公园内的儿童户外游戏<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">场地上，儿童发生体力活动的人数占比</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">为92.13％，发生非体力活动的人数占比</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">为0.46％，无活动的人数占比为7.41％</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(图3)。其中，体力活动包括构建性游戏、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">功能性游戏、想象性游戏和规则性游戏4</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">类游戏形式，对于儿童体力的发展与身体</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">素质的提高有一定的促进作用。复合功能</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区是儿童进行体力活动的热点区(图4)，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">其次是单一功能区与沙坑。儿童在复合</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">功能区与单一功能区依靠人工的游戏设</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">施如秋千、跷跷板、滑梯等进行高强度</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的体力活动，在沙坑则主要进行堆沙等</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">活动，体力强度稍低。开放空地虽然支</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">持的活动类型最为丰富，但对儿童的吸</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">引力较低，只有少数儿童会选择在此进</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">行活动，而连接区域在有座椅的情况下</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">会吸引家长与低龄儿童在此休息、交谈、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">饮食及观察其他儿童的活动，但很难吸</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">引儿童停留并产生体力活动。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0126984" data-w="315" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibHD2G4e5icxufKnDHllgyKs1865s98Tp2OXfrQjCeIJaxkIuZ59nNpOA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6761488" data-w="457" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibD0BBhUibX8OsR2GTYn0gRZUUjwlz014KdGsdoA4B43Ttaic3CYKZOOBg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）场地设计对儿童游戏行为与儿童发展的影响</p></section><section style="height: 2px;width: 100%;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">儿童的游戏行为以功能性游戏占主<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">导，功能性游戏人数占发生游戏行为儿</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">童人数的71.72%；构建性游戏的人数占</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">比则要低很多，仅占25.7%；在所有观</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">察中想象性游戏和规则性游戏的人数比</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">例很低，规则性游戏人数占比为2.16%，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">想象性游戏的人数占比仅0.42%(图5，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">图6)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0095847" data-w="313" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibowjVx0QgVZXnDK7nSXvOibK3rtO0k2mBjtgjN2y2Nicibo7YBgqcWxSicA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7" data-w="460" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibq4mJfAiaLbW8m2Gprb3dqTNDfRPL6Lt3dp9Licib9Od7rCo1zz6kWJuYQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 40px;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="padding-left: 8px;padding-right: 8px;color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.功能性游戏</p></section><section style="width: 40px;text-align: right;margin-left: auto;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">复合功能区和单一功能区是儿童发<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">生功能性游戏最高的区域，儿童的功能</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">性游戏主要由这两区的游戏设施所支持，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对儿童体力活动量的提升有较大的促进</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">作用(图7)。复合功能区主要分为两种，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区别在于一种是不同种类的游戏设施组</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">合布置在塑胶场地上，而另一种则是布</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">置在沙地上。布置在沙地上的复合功能</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区，儿童除了借助设施发生功能性游戏</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">外，还会使用场地的沙和水等自然元素</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">进行游戏对儿童游戏行为的支持度更</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">高。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0323741" data-w="278" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibCVRdOrvh10pGGjibOmPOuSD4wXd1SKennAXURlfTL1vjuZ2RQOMHYkQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">观察发现部分单一功能区由于设施<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">重复且视觉上有隔离，虽然儿童发生功</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">能性游戏的频率较高，但儿童活动的时</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">间远远短于复合功能区相互连接的设施。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">儿童在相互连通设施中开展活动的时间</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">更长，在设施相互隔离的游乐场地则活</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">动的时间短。研究与Bruya在1985年对</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">幼儿园儿童游戏行为进行调查的研究结</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">果相似，相互连接的设施有助于儿童在</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">设施间穿行流动，而分离的游戏设施则</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">阻碍了流动。因此，游戏设施的聚集程</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">度越高，各分区的聚集程度越高(即连接</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区越小)，儿童活动的持续时间越长。此外，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">我国的一项研究发现，环形小径将各个</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏设施区连接起来，不仅延长了儿童</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在游乐场里的活动时间，其本身也更多</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">支持骑车、追赶等体力性活动和社交性</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">活动。单一功能区应考虑集中布置并</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">设置环形小径相互连接，以延长儿童进</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">行功能性游戏的时间。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 40px;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="padding-left: 8px;padding-right: 8px;color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.构建性游戏</p></section><section style="width: 40px;text-align: right;margin-left: auto;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究发现儿童仅在独立沙坑与复合<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">功能区的沙坑中使用沙子与雨天的积水进</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">行构建性游戏，对促进儿童创造力的发展</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有一定的作用但形式比较单一(图8)。自</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">然元素能够激励更多的游戏形式，如构</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">建性游戏与社交性游戏；而人工的游戏</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">环境则更多促进儿童依赖身体灵活性在</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏过程中建立同伴交往等级，不利于</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">促进平等共享意识。研究认为，自然游</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">戏空间有助于拓展儿童的活动形式，促</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">进儿童多方面的发展。87％的家长认为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">自然景观对儿童体力和创造力发展有很</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">好的促进作用，植被和水体是最受欢迎</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的自然元素，其次是沙、石、地形、昆</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">虫和小生物，良好的植物配置能促进儿</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">童的求知探索欲。有学者研究发现，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">儿童主要使用那些可以拆卸和移动的物</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">体开展建构性游戏。而灵活的材料可以</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">保持儿童对儿童场地的兴趣。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0576923" data-w="260" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhib7As0Ww9CYbJwJdUtm5ADgwWia7aCHVnDJBBKp85j4zCrkxR7cvCxOew/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">深圳市及中国的大部分城市公园中</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">目前建成的都是由塑胶材料所主导的儿</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">童游乐场地，这些游乐场地内配置了多</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">结构的活动设施，包括滑梯、台阶和平</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">台等，并将其布置于安全的彩色塑胶铺</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">装之上。这些场地具有的挑战性不高，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">仅支持儿童进行功能性游戏，不足以满</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">足儿童活动的多样化需求。虽然公园的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">绿化率很高，但是大部分绿地都是作为</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">草坪、绿篱等绿化存在，给使用者的心</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">理暗示都是不可进入的。当前儿童游戏</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间偏硬质，游戏设施过于人工化，儿</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">童游戏场地内除沙坑外没有专供儿童进</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">行游戏的自然游戏空间，需要增加使用</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">自然元素的游戏设施与可拆卸、移动的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏设施，以支持儿童发生更多的创造</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">性活动，促进儿童的全面发展。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 40px;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="padding-left: 8px;padding-right: 8px;color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3.想象性游戏</p></section><section style="width: 40px;text-align: right;margin-left: auto;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">儿童通常使用叶片、石子等道具来<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">进行医院、餐厅等场景模拟，虽然在带</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有微地形的空地上能少量地发生想象性</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏，但由于整体上开放空地对儿童的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">吸引力非常低，游戏场地对儿童想象力</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">发展的促进作用非常有限。研究认为，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">应当将开放空地的环境设计得更加自然，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">并为儿童提供进行想象性游戏所需要的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">道具，如砂石、泥土、水等。在环境不</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">允许的情况下，最少也要对自然环境做</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">出模拟，如塑造微地形并提供可移动的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏零件，以便激发儿童的想象力。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 40px;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="padding-left: 8px;padding-right: 8px;color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">4.规则性游戏</p></section><section style="width: 40px;text-align: right;margin-left: auto;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规则性游戏同样仅在部分开放空地<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">非常少量的发生，并且仅发生在有一定</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">熟悉程度的儿童(如相伴来公园玩耍或者</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">已经在功能区共同玩耍过一段时间的儿</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">童) 之间。这就对一个儿童游戏场地不同</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间分区的布局与聚集程度提出要求。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">当开放空地与功能区保持近距离或相互</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">连接不存在明显界限时，能够增加儿童</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">与同伴一起从功能区转移到开放空地进</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">行规则性游戏的可能性。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 40px;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="padding-left: 8px;padding-right: 8px;color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">5.社交活动</p></section><section style="width: 40px;text-align: right;margin-left: auto;height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 30px;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(58, 140, 226);border-right-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-bottom-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);border-left-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">被观察的儿童中有46.37％在游戏过<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">程中会与其他儿童发生社交活动，社交</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">时长占总游戏时长的40.12％。数据表明，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">复合功能区的整体社交度(每个分区平均</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">发生社交行为的人数占儿童游戏场地总</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">人数的比例) 最高，是场地上的社交热点</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区(图9)，要远高于同样支持儿童发生</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">功能性游戏的单一功能区。单一功能区</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">中单独存在的秋千与滑梯等设施鼓励儿</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">童独自游戏，会促进儿童建立交往等级，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">培养儿童的竞争意识。而复合功能区中</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">具有互动性的游戏器械如跷跷板、转盘</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">等，以及沙坑等自然元素，能够促进儿</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">童发生社交行为，帮助儿童在游戏进程</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">中培养平等共享意识。开放空地的整体</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社交度偏低是因为其吸引儿童进行游戏</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的程度低。但由于开放空地支持儿童发</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">生如老鹰捉小鸡等规则性游戏与过家家</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">等想象性游戏，其分区社交度(发生社交</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">行为的人数占分区总人数) 是5个空间类</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">型中最高的。连接区则基本不存在儿童</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">之间的社交行为。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.144" data-w="250" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibkwRL0tibPCz3GHBhAkdBdticfic6CLv8wvUeXalXhUBpWkEGVicaNduq6g/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;white-space: normal;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">观察发现，47.35％的家长会对儿童<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">进行看护，而有家长陪护的儿童很少与</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">其他儿童发生社交行为。对儿童的分区</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社交度与陪伴度进行比较发现(图10，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">图11)，社交度与家长陪伴度呈现显著负</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">相关(R2=0.82)，家长陪伴度越高，分区</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社交度越低。并且家长并不会陪同儿童</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">进行游戏，只是在儿童使用游戏设施时</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">保持近距离的看护以避免儿童摔倒。该</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">情况既无法促进儿童与父母之间亲子关</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">系，又降低了同龄儿童之间发生交往的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">可能性。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4830729" data-w="768" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibCaCHUr45dEO386Cdmz3ZQt1UejtDBZ7QkgeOyJAVibVtvuGLkt9LleQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4804688" data-w="768" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibctbE1OVJClfNxvpsH0YUvia2aMXyfXfNCayOYxubV737YWlmk1WMs9g/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">开放空地由于视野开阔，儿童在家<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">长的视线范围内，陪护程度最低。而沙</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">坑由于是软质的自然游戏空间，安全性</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">较高，儿童被家长看护的程度也相对较</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">低。复合功能区与单一功能区的儿童主</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">要在单独使用游戏设施时需要家长看护。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">同时观察发现，玩秋千时的社交行为会</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">大于玩滑梯时，这与Naylor 在1985 年</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的发现相一致。家长通常会在连接</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区等待儿童或照顾儿童饮食与看书，故</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">看护程度最高而社交度最低。研究认为，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">首先，应当在功能区增加互动性游戏设</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">施以激励儿童广泛参与并开展多样的社</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">交活动；其次增加自然元素以提高游戏</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">设施的安全性，扩大家长休息座椅的视</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">线范围，能够降低家长的基本陪护以避</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">免其对儿童社交行为的影响。</span></p></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/0SLDiaibw5BSQKdZrbiaXzHNbGLicykA4F41sqKRzSmRZD0bcsS40XelibnDBYVlMOmNhiaymowNibf92ZbEY6KdNFVYg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 1em;background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 0.3em 0.8em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究结论</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本研究对深圳市公园内儿童户外游<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">戏场地的2604个儿童的游戏行为进行</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">观察记录并针对不同空间特性的差异进</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">行分析，对儿童游戏场地设计对儿童综</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">合发展的影响力做出评估后，得出以下</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">结论：①复合功能区与单一功能区中的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏设施能够吸引儿童发生体力活动，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对儿童体力的提升有较显著的促进作用。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">单一功能区由于设施重复且视觉上有所</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">隔离，儿童活动持续时间短。复合功能</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区由于游戏设施的连接性高，便于儿童</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在不同设施之间流动，儿童进行功能性</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏的持续时间长。②复合功能区互动</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">性强的游戏设施如转盘、跷跷板及沙子</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">等自然元素能够鼓励儿童进行集体玩耍，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有利于培养儿童的社交能力。单一功能</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">区的秋千、滑梯等独立玩耍的设施则会</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">培养儿童的竞争意识，玩秋千的社交程</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">度高于滑梯。③沙坑中的自然元素(如沙</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">子和水)能够支持儿童发生构建性游戏，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有助于培养儿童的创造力，但场地上缺</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">乏其他的自然游戏空间，对儿童创造力</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的培养的促进作用有限。④开放空地是</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">唯一支持儿童发生想象性游戏与规则性</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏的场地，但由于缺乏游戏设施、自</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">然元素或与功能区连接较弱导致对儿童</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的吸引力很低，所以对儿童想象力与协</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">作能力的促进作用很小。⑤儿童通常只</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">在连接区进行休息与饮食等非体力活动，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">连接区过大会导致儿童独自游戏并且缩</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">短游戏时间。⑥不同分区的家长陪伴度</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">越高，则发生社交活动的可能性越低。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">家长的看护程度表现为连接区＞单一功</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">能区＞复合功能区＞沙坑＞开放空地，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">而社交频率表现为开放空地＞沙坑＞复</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">合功能区＞单一功能区＞连接区。儿童</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏设施重复且视觉分隔的布局导致家</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">长对于儿童的看护程度过高，而儿童之</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">间的交往程度偏低。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/0SLDiaibw5BSQKdZrbiaXzHNbGLicykA4F41sqKRzSmRZD0bcsS40XelibnDBYVlMOmNhiaymowNibf92ZbEY6KdNFVYg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 1em;background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 0.3em 0.8em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划设计建议</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本研究基于对深圳市儿童游戏场地<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">现状与儿童游戏行为特征的调查分析结</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">果，从规划布局、空间设计和安全维护3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">个方面提出设计建议，以期提高户外儿</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">童游戏场地对儿童综合发展的促进作用。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1) 在规划布局方面，应综合考虑不<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">同年龄层儿童的活动需求及活动特点，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对公园内的活动空间进行合理布局，更</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有效地利用空间资源，满足儿童开展不</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">同类别户外活动的需求。首先应保证复</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">合功能区的存在，以保证儿童游戏场地</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">对儿童进行高强度、长时间体力活动的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">促进作用。各单一功能区之间应采取紧</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">凑式的布局以提高游戏设施的聚集程度，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">开放空地应与功能区相互连接或保持近</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">距离及视线的通达，以促进儿童与同伴</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">一起从功能区转移到开放空地开展规则</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">性游戏。连接区的面积应尽可能小，并</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">提倡采取环形小径的形式。场地应增加</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">自然游戏空间，如沙坑、自然式浅水池等，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">并提供自然元素供儿童开展构建性游戏。</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">考虑在现有儿童游戏场地旁增加健身区</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">或运动场等成年人与儿童能够互动的活</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">动空间，通过成年人引导儿童尤其是小</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">学生进行技能的提升与发展。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2) 在儿童游戏场地的空间营造方<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">面，复合功能区和单一功能区布置的游</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">戏设施应该能够被不同年龄和兴趣的孩</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">子以不同的方式所使用，以促进儿童的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">多方面发展。应增加体力活动强度高的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏设施以吸引小学生进行游戏；选用</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">互动性强的游戏设施，如转盘、跷跷板</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">等，并减少滑梯、秋千的单独布置，从</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">而降低儿童的竞争意识，促进其协作意</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">识。开放空地鼓励采用微地形等模仿自</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">然的场地设计，并增加水、沙子、石头、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">叶片等自然元素或可拆卸移动的游戏零</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">件( 如积木、泡沫块等)，让儿童可以尽</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">情发挥想象力，进行盖房子和过家家等</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏。场地应保持开阔，并将家长休息</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">座椅的地点设置在视野开阔的区域，以</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">便于家长能观察到并监护儿童的活动，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">降低家长贴身陪护儿童进行游戏的比率，</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">促进儿童在游戏过程中与同龄孩子进行</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">社交。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(3) 儿童游戏场地设计在安全维护方<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">面应注重材料的无害性、尺度的适宜性及</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">独立游戏空间的稳定性。游戏空间应避免</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">离机动车道太近，注重道路安全防护的设</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">计及无障碍设计。地面铺装应选用橡胶、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">碎木屑、草坪与沙地等软性铺装材料，设</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">施的材料与尺度应强调针对儿童安全的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">特殊设计，如圆角的城市家具、高度低的</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">秋千与木马等。入口区、集散区的种植设</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">计应考虑交通安全视距和通行便利，儿童</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">游戏区域宜选用冠幅较大的苗木，庇荫面</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">积尽可能地覆盖活动场地。整个游戏场地</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">的植物配置应力求多样，但避免选用带刺、</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">有毒的品种。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/0SLDiaibw5BSQKdZrbiaXzHNbGLicykA4F41sqKRzSmRZD0bcsS40XelibnDBYVlMOmNhiaymowNibf92ZbEY6KdNFVYg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 5px;background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: white;padding: 10px;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章全文详见《规划师》2019年15期</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《</strong>深圳市户外游戏场地空间特征对儿童游戏行为和综合发展的影响研究<strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.45;box-sizing: border-box;">》</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(181, 180, 180);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -5px 0% 5px;transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(252, 221, 93);padding: 5px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="color: rgb(100, 100, 100);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">来源：2019年15期《规划师》杂志</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(181, 180, 180);height: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(100, 100, 100);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新媒体编辑：刘晓莹</p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(100, 100, 100);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">审读：刘芳</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: 24px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="float: left;margin-top: -1px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 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16px;margin-left: 8px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px;height: 8px;margin-top: -8px;margin-right: 18px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 0px;height: 8px;border-right: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);border-left-color: rgb(156, 94, 21);border-bottom-color: rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin-top: -1px;margin-left: 24px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(156, 94, 21);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/0SLDiaibw5BSQKdZrbiaXzHNbGLicykA4F41sqKRzSmRZD0bcsS40XelibnDBYVlMOmNhiaymowNibf92ZbEY6KdNFVYg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《规划师》近期文章推荐（点击蓝字可查看原文）</p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="horizontal-tb" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">【规划师论坛1】从“互联互通”到“直连直通”——新型城镇化背景下枢纽与城市空间的耦合关系研究<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">【规划师论坛2】完整出行链视角下的“直连直通”城乡公交体系规划策略<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">【规划师论坛3】城乡公交一体化建设的实施困境与应对策略<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">【规划师论坛4】城乡公交一体化的衔接模式与规划策略<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">【规划师论坛5】广州轨道交通站点公交一体化衔接规划设计实例</p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/0SLDiaibw5BSQKdZrbiaXzHNbGLicykA4F41sqKRzSmRZD0bcsS40XelibnDBYVlMOmNhiaymowNibf92ZbEY6KdNFVYg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: left;border-top: 6px solid rgb(21, 103, 167);border-left: 6px solid rgb(21, 103, 167);border-right-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);border-bottom-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: right;border-top: 6px solid rgb(21, 103, 167);border-right: 6px solid rgb(21, 103, 167);border-bottom-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);border-left-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;color: transparent;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);border-radius: 6px;overflow-wrap: break-word;box-sizing: border-box;margin: -13px 3px;padding: 12px;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.605042" data-w="357" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibr6ib6VozUibia0KYnwMehUh2qUPml4J7g3iaOeWI3U2Qw5wxkTqLJfZeDw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 8px 0% 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《规划师》杂志社                                    </p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(40px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="horizontal-tb" style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(117, 114, 114);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;padding: 2px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地址：广西南宁市青秀区月湾路1号南国弈园6楼</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">邮编：530029</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">邮箱：planner@21cn.net</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">网址：www.planners.com.cn</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">电话：0771-2438012</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">传真：0771-2436269</p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8518519" data-w="837" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mgMcibJI8fcLqgDcDQpPYVhibibtYyRdoH2ThPVYq5eLib7mGiaMibEXdvWWQicJItR7dS19Lkytdbicib9XBw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="height: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: left;border-bottom: 6px solid rgb(21, 103, 167);border-left: 6px solid rgb(21, 103, 167);border-top-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);border-right-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: right;border-bottom: 6px solid rgb(21, 103, 167);border-right: 6px solid rgb(21, 103, 167);border-top-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);border-left-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section>
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