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市县国土空间规划的国际经验及启示
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（编号：1116）
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乡村与城镇建设
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2019-09-13 17:31:19
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<br /> <section class="xmteditor" style="display:none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"></section><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu" style=""><section style="font-size: 16px;margin-top: 5px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><section data-role="paragraph" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">------据说搞村镇的都关注了我们------</span></p><p><br /></p></section></section><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu" style=""><section style="font-size: 16px;margin-top: 5px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><section class="_135editor" data-tools="gulangu" data-id="95606"><section style="text-align:center;"><section style="display:inline-block;"><section style="padding: 8px 1.5em;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/uAdgkdJAdQJ9xqlFbUfB17j2Iw6ZDWHFbfLyVBIE1fY0sGGviarXYfIvcBQRicbN4z5xXicahBl1Td9dRN0zUNvkA/640?wx_fmt=png");background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 100% 100%;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" style="text-align: left;">引言</section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="_135editor"><p><br /></p></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">2018年3月，党的十九届三中全会通过的《深化党和国家机构改革方案》提出组建自然资源部，其主要职责之一是“建立空间规划体系并监督实施”。在空间规划体系改革的背景下，各地纷纷开始在空间规划的编制与实施上进行探索。与我国空间规划改革尚处于起步阶段的情况相比较而言，世界上一些发达国家的空间规划已发展得相对成熟并趋于完善。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">本文选取法国、德国、日本、新加坡四个国家作为典型代表，总结空间规划经验，尝试从空间规划体系、地方层面的规划内容等方面进行分析，探究相关的成功经验与特点，进而探讨对我国市县国土空间规划的启示。</span></p><section data-role="paragraph" class="_135editor"><p><br /></p></section><section class="_135editor" data-tools="gulangu" data-id="95606"><section style="text-align:center;"><section style="display:inline-block;"><section style="padding: 8px 1.5em;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/uAdgkdJAdQJ9xqlFbUfB17j2Iw6ZDWHFbfLyVBIE1fY0sGGviarXYfIvcBQRicbN4z5xXicahBl1Td9dRN0zUNvkA/640?wx_fmt=png");background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 100% 100%;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">一 、典型国家空间规划经验</section></section></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.1 法国</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.1.1 空间规划体系</strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">法国的行政层级分为大区-省-区-选区-市镇五级。除以上五级行政区以外，还设有很多城市/城郊/市镇共同体，以改善临近市镇的区域合作。</span><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">在空间规划体系的层级上，分为三级：</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">大区-共同体-市镇</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">。国家政府主要通过在土地利用规划、环境和其他领域的政策，参与土地利用管理。</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="431" data-backw="554" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/6sgdpe0MkOasY9moB2fvZ20Yz0pYha5kk9t2bZ2mRVSia4yiaYNwCgGqc83O7lp8XXibbHsicR44YFveicm0273tIQg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-croporisrc="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6sgdpe0MkOYTZvib1KCKeQyFZwUTmkicC30EvFTgvyicxJsNLyicCgM6p77zpZ7Zqt3tBm25I4QqGLB7w8bom1Hacg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="1322" data-cropy1="19.09025270758123" data-cropy2="1049.9638989169675" data-ratio="0.77890625" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/6sgdpe0MkOasY9moB2fvZ20Yz0pYha5kk9t2bZ2mRVSia4yiaYNwCgGqc83O7lp8XXibbHsicR44YFveicm0273tIQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;" /></p><section style="max-width: 100%;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="text-align:center;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(165, 165, 165);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">法国空间规划体系示意图（资料来源：参考文献</span><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[1]</span><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: justify;color: rgb(165, 165, 165);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">）</span></span></p></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(165, 165, 165);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.1.2 空间规划内容</strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">（1）大区规划与<span style="max-width: 100%;">可持续与均衡发展计划</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">大区规划是大区空间政策的指引性文件。与法国的绝大部分地区不同的是，法兰西岛（如大巴黎地区）、科西嘉岛以及海外属地等地区的大区规划对下位规划具有约束性作用，并且这些地方的规划更为详细、还包含一些分区法则。截至2018年12月31日，大区规划、可持续与均衡发展计划（SRADDET）完全取代了大区规划与可持续发展计划（SRADDT）以及三个附加的规划：气候、空气与能源大区规划（SRACE），生态可持续大区规划（SRCE），基础设施、交通联运大区规划（SRIT）。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">（2）国土协调计划</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">在共同体层面，</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">国土协调纲要（SCoT）是一种位于大区规划与地方规划之间的规划，由市镇共同体制定，旨在指导地方土地利用规划</span></strong>。共同体规划为地方规划提供战略空间发展指引，涉及的主题有住房、交通和城市规划等问题。另外，国土协调纲要还包含1：100000（一般情况下）的土地利用规划，也对地方规划有一定的法定约束力。在没有采用国土协调纲要时，市镇不能批准在未开发地区的开发行为。因此，绝大多数市镇（尤其是大城市地区的市镇）都会采用国土协调纲要。</span></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">（3）地方土地利用规划与跨地方土地利用规划</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">在市镇层面</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">，地方土地利用规划/跨地方土地利用规划（PLU/PLUI）由一个独立的市镇或市镇共同体制定</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">，提供1：5000到1：2000的详细分区法则。制定地方土地利用规划涉及所有相关公共机构，必须进行公众咨询才能通过。因此，当地居民有机会发表意见，有权拒绝地方土地利用规划的具体条例或反对整个规划。但是，一旦该规划得到通过和批准，它就成为具有法律约束力的文件。地方土地利用规划通常将规划区域划为四个分区：</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">①U区，允许新项目建设的区域。通常靠近现状建设区，或是道路和公用设施条件允许新的建设的区域；</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">②AU区，已被指定用于未来建设项目的区域。可能临近现状或规划的基础设施（如道路和电力供应设施等）；</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">③A区，农业地区。仅允许农业活动相关的建筑落地；</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">④N区，由于极具环境、生态或历史意义而受到非常严格的规划法规约束的地区。虽然法国绝大多数的市镇都有地方土地利用规划，但也有一些市镇（尤其是农村地区的小市镇）是没有地方土地利用规划的。这些市镇的土地利用决策主要参考国家规划的相关规定。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.2 德国</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.2.1 空间规划体系</strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">德国的行政级别分为州-县-市镇。在州和县、县和市镇之间分别存在1.5级行政单位——区域和2.5级行政单位——市镇共同体，但只有较大的州会被细分成区域，只有较小的相邻市镇会组成市镇共同体。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">德国的空间规划体系层级与行政体系层级基本对应，分为联邦-州-区域-地方四级</span></strong>。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">大部分欧洲国家的空间规划仅限于土地利用规划，但<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">德国的空间规划是指广义的空间规划，包含具有空间意义的规划或措施</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[2]</span>。从联邦至地方每个层级的空间规划，从上至下层层传导，同时由下往上逐级反馈。除此之外，公共机构会对空间规划提出调整建议，部门规划也会与空间规划交互反馈。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="253" data-backw="554" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6sgdpe0MkOYTZvib1KCKeQyFZwUTmkicC3JP2Pic2KAcMKXPZCfXpg432t9joQSyqBf2XjRtGUS8EQwRCUeVjz1GA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="554" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="340" data-ratio="0.45786516853932585" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6sgdpe0MkOYTZvib1KCKeQyFZwUTmkicC3JP2Pic2KAcMKXPZCfXpg432t9joQSyqBf2XjRtGUS8EQwRCUeVjz1GA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1068" style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;" /></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(165, 165, 165);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">德国空间规划体系示意图（资料来源：参考文献</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[3]</span><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(165, 165, 165);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">）</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.2.2 空间规划内容</strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">德国联邦政府层面没有具有法律效力的规划，但它可以通过在空间、城市、部门规划方面的立法权力，以及在经济、金融、交通等相关政策方面对各层级的空间规划产生影响。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">（1）联邦空间规划</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">联邦空间规划一方面制定国家空间发展的目标与原则，另一方面对下位规划的一些内容，如规划类型、规划可能涉及的内容、规划编制的流程（如公众参与）等进行立法规定。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">（2）州空间规划</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">州空间规划致力于保障州各地健康平等的居住和工作环境，主要内容涉及空间结构、中心区结构、基础设施、潜在居住区以及开放空间的布局。下位规划和部门规划需要遵守州空间规划制定的目标和原则。</span></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">（3）<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">区域规划</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">区域规划负责协调跨行政区的土地利用问题。它不仅要在州空间规划的基础上制定，还需要地方参与。区域规划一般由州行政机构编制或委托给区域规划协会编制。这些区域规划协会是法定机构，拥有自己的规划人员和由市/县代表组成的协会大会。这两种组织形式上的差异影响了“规划区域”的地域定义。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">州行政机构编制区域规划时，规划区域与行政区域保持一致；</span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">区域规划协会编制区域规划时，规划区域倾向于根据空间结构来定，在这种情况下，中心地理论对规划区域的界定起着重要作用</span></strong>。至于区域规划的内容，一般由各州自主定义，由州空间规划法案提供相应的法律支撑。因此，面对不同地区的需求和不断变化的情况，区域规划的内容、形式和核心元素是难以比较的，但所有的区域规划都会处理几个核心问题：居民点结构、开放空间结构、基础设施等。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">（4）<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">地方规划</span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">地方规划实际上是城市土地利用规划，也是德国空间规划体系中最重要的一个层级</span></strong>，上述三个层级的规划都需要通过地方规划进行实施。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">地方规划分为预备性<span style="max-width: 100%;">土地利用规划</span>和控制性土地利用规划两个阶段，</span></strong>前者为后者的制定提供框架和基础，二者的共同点是都包含一份解释性备忘录和环境影响评估报告，解释性备忘录描述城市发展的目标与规划蓝图，并记录规划过程中平衡各因素的过程和结果。二者的区别之一在于预备性土地利用规划不具有法律约束力，控制性土地利用规划包含具有法律约束力的规范，用于指引和控制城市发展结构与土地利用用途，是实施地方规划的主要工具，也是实施建筑规范相关措施的基础。</span></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">此外，这两个规划在用地类型上也有明显区别。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">在预备性土地利用规划中，用地类型分为四类</span></strong>：<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">①居住用地；②混合用地；③工业和商业用地；④特殊用地。</span><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">控制性土地利用规划包含十种用地类型</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">：①小型企业用地；②纯居住用地；③一般居住用地；④特殊居住用地；⑤乡村用地；⑥混合用地；⑦中心区用地；⑧商业用地；⑨工业用地；⑩特殊用地。</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">地方规划程序中，公众参与分早期参与和正式参与两个阶段进行。早期公众参与有助于向公众宣传规划的总体目标和目的，公众也可以在规划的轮廓明晰之前提出他们的建议。一旦收集到公众反馈的意见，规划就要适当权衡私人和公共之间的利益。正式参与在规划草案公示的一个月内进行，公众有机会就规划提出建议和反对意见。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.3 日本</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.3.1 空间规划体系</strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">日本的行政体系大致分为都道府县-市町村两级。其中，都道府县是广域型地方团体，市町村是基础型地方公共团体，二者之间不存在上下级的关系，都道府县仅对市町村有一定的指导职能<span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[4]</span>。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">日本采用了国土开发规划、国土利用规划与土地利用基本规划并行的空间规划体系</span></strong>。其中，国土利用规划与土地利用基本规划均位于国土利用规划法的体系之中。<span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">国土开发规划分为全国和广域地方两个层级，国土利用规划分为全国、都道府县、市町村三级，土地利用基本规划仅在都道府县层面制定。</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="277" data-backw="554" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6sgdpe0MkOYTZvib1KCKeQyFZwUTmkicC3tF793Il8SaSCYShiaorNZv4uJujEx8EXiakDHyEBgbtQVtFWJIJichqicQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.4992469879518072" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6sgdpe0MkOYTZvib1KCKeQyFZwUTmkicC3tF793Il8SaSCYShiaorNZv4uJujEx8EXiakDHyEBgbtQVtFWJIJichqicQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1328" style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;" /></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(165, 165, 165);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">日本空间规划体系示意图（资料来源：参考文献[5]）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.3.2 <span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">空间规划内容</span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">（1）<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">国土开发规划</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">国土开发规划是一项综合规划，涉及<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">空间结构、土地利用、环境保护、资源可持续利用以及灾害预防五个方面</span></strong>，包含国土开发的原则、目标以及相关政策。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">（2）<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">国土利用规划</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">国土利用规划对土地利用和发展提供战略指引，主要包含土地利用的基本构想、规模目标和措施概要</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[6]</span>。市町村层面的国土利用规划主要包含以下五点内容：①市町村概要，包含区位图、地方政府概况、土地利用现状、国家人口普查等主要数据；②规划制定与实施，主要包含规划编制的过程和规划实施修改的过程；③规划特点；④土地利用规划图，包含图纸和数据信息；⑤新技术的应用，对土地利用近几年新课题的探讨。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">（3）<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">土地利用基本规划</span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">土地利用基本规划聚焦于土地利用调整的框架与方向</span></strong>，包含规划文本和1:50000的规划图。规划文本涉及土地利用调整的相关事项，规划图中包含五种类型的分区：①城市地区；②农业地区；③森林地区；④自然公园地区；⑤自然保护地区。根据相关的法律，这五类分区被细分为城市规划区、农业推广区、国家森林、区域森林/私人森林、国家公园/准国家公园、都道府县立自然公园、荒野自然环境保护区、自然环境保护区、都道府县自然环境保护区。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">在土地利用基本规划的展示上，日本的信息平台建设也非常成熟。平台面向公众开放，可以展示从全国范围到1：10000的小范围空间，支持行政区搜索，包含规划分区和现状卫星地图等信息。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.4 新加坡</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.4.1 空间规划体系</strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">新加坡是一个城市国家，其空间规划体系分为概念规划-总体规划两级。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="174" data-backw="554" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6sgdpe0MkOYTZvib1KCKeQyFZwUTmkicC3Bux81NDkzKIVtAIfSSsayzw5sOHLB4BVOLxLtKpmloU6auXHN0kIZA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.3142613151152861" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6sgdpe0MkOYTZvib1KCKeQyFZwUTmkicC3Bux81NDkzKIVtAIfSSsayzw5sOHLB4BVOLxLtKpmloU6auXHN0kIZA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1171" style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;" /></p><section style="max-width: 100%;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="text-align:center;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(165, 165, 165);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">新加坡空间规划体系示意图（资料来源：整理自参考文献</span><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[7]</span><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(165, 165, 165);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">）</span></span></p></section><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1.4.2 <span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">空间规划内容</span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">（1）概念规划<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">概念规划用于引导新加坡未来半个世纪的发展，是有关战略土地利用和交通的长期规划，主要目标是保证有足够的土地来满足长期的发展、保证居民拥有高质量的生活环境。新加坡是一个土地面积较小的国家，<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">概念规划在平衡居住、工业、商业、公园、交通、防卫设施等用地方面发挥着重要作用</span></strong>。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">（2）总体规划</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">总体规划是用于引导新加坡未来十到十五年发展的土地利用规划，每五年修编一次。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">本次研究以2019年总体规划草案为例，对新加坡总体规划的内容进行说明</span></strong>。2019年总体规划的目标是希望帮助新加坡建设成为一个更具包容性、可持续和弹性的城市，其<span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">主要关注五个主题：</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">①<span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">通过提供更多的住房选择、为所有年龄段的居民配备便利设施、扩大休闲及绿色空间、营造富有生机的公共场所这四个手段打造宜居和包容的社区；</span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">②通过加强建设连接全球的关键节点和基础设施、在CBD之外开发业务节点和工业区、制定政策促进创新以巩固新加坡本地枢纽和全球门户的地位；</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">③通过完善公共交通体系、在居民点附近的商业节点提供更多就业机会与基础设施、应用新的移动技术和商业模式提升日常出行便捷度；</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">④通过保留社区的关键要素、保护和修复历史建筑、举办加强地方记忆的活动来恢复居民熟悉的场所；</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">⑤通过适应气候变化、减少资源使用量、为增长的需求创造空间来建设可持续和有弹性的未来城市。</span></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">同时，总体规划根据六大地区（中心区、中央地区、东部地区、东北地区、北部地区以及西部地区）的区位与资源特色，给予每个地区合适的关键发展策略。与以往版本总体规划不同的是，2019年总体规划将八个城市转型项目作为重点，鼓励经济增长、促进就业地点与基础设施更靠近居民。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">总体规划对用地的划分非常详细，共有三十四种分类</span></strong>，分别是居住用地、居住（带底层商业）用地、商住混合用地、商业用地、旅馆用地、混合（含居住、办公、店铺、旅馆、公寓、游戏俱乐部、协会、展览中心、娱乐用地中的两种及以上）用地、商业用地1、商业混合用地1、商业用地2、商业混合用地2、商业园区用地、商业园区混合用地、居住/机构用地、商业/机构用地、医疗康养用地、教育设施用地、宗教用地、公民与社区机构用地、开放空间、公园用地、海滩用地、运动休闲用地、水体、道路用地、交通设施用地、铁路用地、大众捷运、轻捷运、公共设施用地、墓地、农业用地、港口机场用地、预留站点以及特殊用地。<span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">每类用地的用途和开发实例的信息都在总体规划书面陈述中有详细解释，公众还可以在市区重建局的网站直接浏览和查询每个地块的用地性质和容积率。</span></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><section data-role="paragraph" class="_135editor"><p><br /></p></section><section class="_135editor" data-tools="gulangu" data-id="95606"><section style="text-align:center;"><section style="display:inline-block;"><section style="padding: 8px 1.5em;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/uAdgkdJAdQJ9xqlFbUfB17j2Iw6ZDWHFbfLyVBIE1fY0sGGviarXYfIvcBQRicbN4z5xXicahBl1Td9dRN0zUNvkA/640?wx_fmt=png");background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 100% 100%;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">二、典型国家地方层级空间规划特点</section></section></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">本文选取的四个国家在行政体制上不尽相同，在规划体系上也各有特色。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">法国和德国的规划体系层级简单清晰，日本的规划体系相对复杂，新加坡的规划具有“多规融合”的典型特征</span></strong>。地方规划作为整个规划体系中较低层级的规划，对规划体系的传导与实施管控起着极为重要的作用。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2.1 规划传导与协调</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">法国共同体规划对市镇层面的地方规划有约束作用，德国地方规划须遵守州空间规划的目标与原则，日本都道府县的国土利用规划也会传导给市町村的国土利用规划和都道府县的土地利用基本规划。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">上位规划传导给地方规划保证了规划的基本目标不相悖、也保证规划意图在不同层级之间得以延续；地方规划对上位规划的反馈增强了上位规划制定的科学性。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">上下级规划之间的相互约束与协调是规划体系保持良好运行的基础</span></strong>。</span></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2.2 空间上区域协调</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">法国与德国在规划体系上有一个相似的做法是，将共同体规划（或区域规划）作为地方规划的上位规划，用于处理跨地方的规划问题。同样的，日本的国土空间规划中也有一级广域地方规划。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">跨地方的区域规划一方面有助于区域的规划目标达成一致；另一方面，便于跨行政边界的生态廊道、基础设施等资源配置达到最优，以形成合理的区域结构。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2.3 人地关系引导用途分区</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">法国地方规划中的U区到N区，建设强度依次递减。在日本土地利用基本规划中，从城市地区到自然保护地区，人类活动与土地之间的关系逐渐减弱。前者以开发建设为主导，后者将人类活动空间与自然空间放在平等的位置上。虽然二者的划分结果并不相同，但是<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这两种对空间的划分方法均以人地关系之间的强度为指引</span></strong>。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2.4 分区管控增强实施性</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">新加坡将全域划分为55个小的规划分区，再以这些规划分区为单位编制开发指导规划。开发指导规划详细且具有很强的实施性，辅助了总体规划的实施。每个分区规划批准后会对应地更新和修订总体规划的成果，使其能够对不断变化的需求做出响应，并有助于后续的行政审批和执法。</span></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2.5 建设信息平台</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">日本和新加坡都将地理信息平台直接应用于规划过程。在日本市町村层级的国土利用规划案例中，长野县安昙野市<span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[6]</span>就将GIS用于展示详细的图纸信息，与规划文本相补充。新加坡的市区重建局则将地理空间技术作为工作的一部分。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">信息平台一方面能帮助人们直观地读取规划成果，另一方面也可以真正地实现多政府部门协同办公、有效地提高工作效率。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section class="_135editor" data-tools="gulangu" data-id="95606" style="font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align:center;"><section style="display:inline-block;"><section style="padding: 8px 1.5em;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/uAdgkdJAdQJ9xqlFbUfB17j2Iw6ZDWHFbfLyVBIE1fY0sGGviarXYfIvcBQRicbN4z5xXicahBl1Td9dRN0zUNvkA/640?wx_fmt=png");background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 100% 100%;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">三、对我国市县国土空间规划的启示</section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="_135editor" style="font-size: 16px;"><p><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">由于各个国家的行政区划体制并不相同，不一定能找到对应我国“市县”的实体行政层级。通过对法国、德国、日本以及我国的行政体系层级的研究与对比，发现法国与德国的市镇（地方）、日本的市町村与我国的市县有较大的相似性与可比性。虽然新加坡是一个城市国家，并不存在多个行政层级，但其规划管控手段和信息平台的建设对我国空间规划也有启示作用。本文分别从空间规划的传导与反馈、空间用途分类、分区管控、信息平台四个方面，针对我国市县层级的空间规划提出建议。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3.1 建立双向传导反馈机制</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">目前，构建国家-省-市-县-乡镇五级空间规划体系已成为共识。市县国土空间规划作为我国空间规划体系的中间层级，其核心内容在于全域统筹和空间管控，在规划体系中承担传导与反馈的双重角色。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">自上而下，国家、省级国土空间规划应当为市县国土空间规划提供指引，市县国土空间规划也应该作为乡镇级国土空间规划的编制依据；自下而上，各个乡镇、县、市也应该就实际情况对上一层级的国土空间规划做出调整的意见反馈。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3.2 人地关系指导空间用途分类</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">新时期的市县国土空间规划需要对全域空间做出合理的安排和部署，也需要对人类的空间开发和保护行为提供指引。以“使用功能+地表覆盖特征”为主导的分类方式已不能满足对复杂的全域空间进行分类的需求。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">以人地关系为导向、按照人类活动与国土空间之间关系的强弱将市县全域空间分为城镇、农业、生态空间，并根据实地情况进行二级分类，更为科学合理。</span></p><p style="text-align:center;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3.3 实施单元管控</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">规划管控是国土空间规划的重要一环。借鉴新加坡规划分区的经验，对应城镇、农业和生态空间，划分城镇、农业、生态单元，作为详细规划的基本单位。每一个单元面临的具体问题和规划管控的核心内容、技术手段、配套制度各有不同，划分单元有利于根据各自的差异性进行有效地监管。 </span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding: 2px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.8;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(234, 235, 237);overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3.4 建立国土空间规划信息平台</span></strong></span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">在推进国土空间规划的现阶段，数据的不统一是阻碍之一。从数据形式上来看，绝大部分国土和规划部门的数据是矢量数据，而环保等部门是图纸数据；从数据一致性来看，各个部门对同一数据的统计口径可能略有不同，而导致数据之间存在不统一。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(48, 72, 128);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">对规划过程中涉及的数据进行统一定义、统一管理，并落实到信息平台上，成为国土空间规划的一个重要环节</span></strong>。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">短期而言，从规划人员的角度，空间规划信息平台的建立会改进规划的方式方法；从部门协同合作的角度，信息平台会促进各个部门之间的合作；从公众参与的角度，信息平台可以使大众更直接地获取规划的相关信息。长期来看，信息平台使得数据驱动决策成为可能，创造出量化的、更科学的成果，以满足长期的规划需求。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section class="_135editor" data-tools="gulangu" data-id="95606" style="font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align:center;"><section style="display:inline-block;"><section style="padding: 8px 1.5em;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/uAdgkdJAdQJ9xqlFbUfB17j2Iw6ZDWHFbfLyVBIE1fY0sGGviarXYfIvcBQRicbN4z5xXicahBl1Td9dRN0zUNvkA/640?wx_fmt=png");background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: 100% 100%;letter-spacing: 1.5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">结语与展望</section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="_135editor" style="font-size: 16px;"><p><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">我国国土空间规划目前尚处于起步阶段，空间规划体系的构建依然存在很多待解答、待确定的问题，市县层级的国土空间规划也存在很多技术问题有待研究讨论。基于国家之间体制与国情的差异，空间规划的编制并没有可以直接复制的模板。借鉴法国、德国、日本和新加坡在规划体系构建、编制内容、实施管控等方面的经验，对我国市县国土空间规划的研究有着积极的启示意义。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">对我国市县国土空间规划的编制技术来说，从规划层级之间的相互协调，人地关系主导的空间用途分类，到通过单元分区的形式对全域空间进行管控都尤为重要；信息平台作为规划编制、实施与管控的全程载体，更是新时期国土空间规划不可或缺的一部分。</span></p></section><section style="font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></section><section style="font-size: 18px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><p style="text-align:justify;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">*</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">本文受深圳市城市规划设计研究院科研基金资助。感谢深规院副总规划师李启军在本文撰写过程中的精心指导，同时感谢深规院市县国土空间规划课题组各位成员在课题讨论中提出的宝贵意见！</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="text-align:justify;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><strong style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0px;caret-color: red;max-width: 100%;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">参考文献：</strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;caret-color: red;max-width: 100%;text-align: center;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><br /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;text-align: left;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[1]OECD. The Governance of Land Use in France: Case studies of Clermont-Ferrand and Nantes Saint-Nazaire[R]. Paris: OECD, 2017.</span></p><section style="max-width: 100%;line-height: normal;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[2]ISW. Spatial planning in Germany[R/OL]. Germany: ISW, 2013[2019-04-18]. https://internationalplanninglaw.net.technion.ac.il/files/2013/09/ISW-Spatial-Planning- Germany.pdf.</span></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;line-height: normal;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[3]Academy for Spatial Research and Planning. The Planning System and Planning Terms in Germany: A Glossary [M/OL]. Hanover: Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung , 2008[2019-04-18]. http://shop.arl-net.de/media/direct/pdf/ssd_7.pdf.</span></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[4]吕帅, 王凯, 龚伟, 程怡. 日本行政区划体制的形成与改革及其对中国的启示[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2007, 17(01): 139-141.</span></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[5]日本国土交通省. 国土の利用に関する諸計画の体系[EB/OL]. (2019)[2019-04-18]. http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001120149.pdf</span></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;line-height: normal;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[6]日本国土交通省. 国土利用計画(市町村計画)事例集[EB/OL]. (2018-04)[2019-04-18]. http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001237919.pdf</span></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;line-height: normal;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">[7]Urban Development Authority. Planning[DB/OL]. (2019)[2019-04-18]. https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning.</span></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="_135editor" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="_135editor" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(84, 84, 84);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.6;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><blockquote style="font-size: 18px;color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498);max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">作者</strong></span></p></blockquote><p style="font-size: 18px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0px;caret-color: red;">许甜</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0px;caret-color: red;">，硕士</span><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0px;caret-color: red;">，深圳市城</span><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0px;caret-color: red;">市规划设计研究院规划师</span><br /></p><p style="font-size: 18px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0px;caret-color: red;">李晨</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0px;caret-color: red;">，教授级</span><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">高级规划师，深圳市城市规划设计研究院副总规划师</span></span></p><p style="font-size: 18px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">文章转自：UPDIS共同城市公众号</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" class="_135editor" style="font-size: 16px;"><p><br /></p></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 25.6px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-ratio="0.05278592375366569" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/uAdgkdJAdQJjhaoqZ01sMjYibS4tmI4PMI2HjJjjib5pPiaeSZIVyOgZRWibvMEyCKB0icbA5svHvrticfMfZdW1Ricxw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="341" style="margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;line-height: 25.6px;display: block;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 160px !important;" width="160px" /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="16" data-color="rgb(245, 245, 244)" data-custom="rgb(245, 245, 244)" class="" style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 25.6px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);text-align: center;font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word 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!important;">（微信）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: left;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">邮箱联系</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">：@163.com</span></p></section></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="85999" class="" style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 25.6px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);text-align: center;font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word 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src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uAdgkdJAdQJjhaoqZ01sMjYibS4tmI4PMOrxCicU2xNQZS522KVMibheaWvYn7785loSg2m2PB1YbG0yricYnohrYA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="226" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 226px !important;" /></p></section></section><section style="padding-left: 5px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(63, 62, 63);font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 250.188px;font-family: 微软雅黑;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uAdgkdJAdQJjhaoqZ01sMjYibS4tmI4PMYEo8v1lCa06ZWV0A3NYgdUO7n2JsNG9tGks5IW0HxZSLozDW2CIuDg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="156" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 225px !important;" /></p></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(127, 127, 127);font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">扫描二维码关注</span></p></section></section> <br />