国匠城工作台

当前：新闻编辑 | 格式化工具 | 查看本文

标题

分类

（编号：1116）

链接

作者

时间

政策

省

市

年

月

直播

主办：
协办：
时间：
会议室：
直播链接：

/h1

/h2

strong

/strong

<br />

<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 70px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(45, 69, 152);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 10px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">点击蓝字<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 20px;margin: -40px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 3em;height: 3em;margin: auto;border-radius: 100%;border-width: 4px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(45, 69, 152);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9rMEy9iamW0Kpw2XXHrAUQglHuDVNYibAMxiahpcQ5Aje4RjRbXZuSvvBw/640?wx_fmt=png");"><section style="height: 100%;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"> <img data-ratio="0.91" data-w="100" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9rMEy9iamW0Kpw2XXHrAUQglHuDVNYibAMxiahpcQ5Aje4RjRbXZuSvvBw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;opacity: 0;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 33.33%;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关注我们</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 8px 0% 6px;text-align: center;font-size: 19px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 9px;height: 9px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);margin: 0px 0px -5px -4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);padding-left: 8px;padding-right: 8px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(33, 71, 215);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">本期主题：国土空间规划与管理改革 </strong></p></section><section style="margin: -5px -4px 0px auto;width: 9px;height: 9px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 5em;transform: rotate(-25deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(-25deg);-moz-transform: rotate(-25deg);-o-transform: rotate(-25deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);width: 5em;margin: 2.45em 0px -0.5em 3.3em;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: block;float: left;padding: 5px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);line-height: 1;margin-right: 5px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: line-through;box-sizing: border-box;">【编者按】</span></p></section></section><section style="display: block;padding-top: 5px;border-width: 0px;min-height: 4.5em !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5);padding: 0px 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">随着《中共中央 国务院关于建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的若干意见》( 以下简称《若干意见》) 的印发，国土<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">空间规划编制和管理改革正式进入实施阶段。在2019年4月15日自然资源部国土空间规划局召开的解读和宣贯《若干意见》</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的工作座谈会上，《规划师》杂志被选为重要的宣贯媒体。为响应自然资源部的工作部署，本期“规划师论坛”栏目以“国土</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">空间规划与管理改革”为主题，特组织刊发一组文章，重点探讨国土空间规划的逻辑关系、编制内容、方法路径和行政许可等，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">以供读者参考。</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin: 3px 0px 0px;border-top: 4px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.03125" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/dS34KibR59xfjyGUatpLcoWJT5QFw0MjgVvF80slq7j0Hwu2coEECmDQBr7rFZ1QYtLV3FGN17bILlwI1FS2NxA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 5px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: white;padding: 10px;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">【规划师论坛1】</strong></p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">新时期国土空间规划的基础逻辑关系思辨</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(58, 140, 226);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(56, 30, 5);padding: 0px 2px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者清华大学建筑学院博士研究生左为，清华大学建筑学院副教授、博士生导师唐燕，清华大学建筑学院博士研究生陈冰晶在《规划师》2019年第13期撰文，<span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新时期我国管理和实施统一的国土空间规划需要探寻其基础逻辑，因此文章从认知层、对象层与方法层3个哲学</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">维度梳理出8个逻辑关系，探讨基础逻辑对国土空间规划运作的影响及价值建构。研究发现，在认知层只有正本清源规划的</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">实然性与应然性，才能正确规范规划的行动逻辑与指导理念；在对象层，国土空间规划面向的是多层次的复杂系统，其人地</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">关系关乎人类与自然的相处、城市与乡村的统筹及国土空间规划的工作边界，对其整体与局部关系的把控有助于厘清规划问</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">题与对象的逻辑层次，其输入与输出的关系则反映国土空间系统问题关键的两端；在方法层，国土空间规划需重点调和开发</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与保护这对基本矛盾，重视刚性与弹性的有机统一及成本与效益的权衡，这是应对规划不确定性、保障规划实施的重要途径。</span></p></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;height: 5px;background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgb(32, 84, 156), rgba(255, 247, 234, 0)) white;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="color: rgb(77, 71, 14);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(36, 70, 162);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;">[关键词]空间规划；国土空间；基础逻辑；认知思辨；价值建构  </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 文章编号 ]1006-0022(2019)13-0005-09　</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 中图分类号 ]TU981　</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 文献标识码 ]A </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 引文格式 ] 左为，唐燕，陈冰晶．新时期国土空间规划的基础逻辑关系思辨[J]．规划师，2019(13)：5-13．</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.03125" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/dS34KibR59xfjyGUatpLcoWJT5QFw0MjgVvF80slq7j0Hwu2coEECmDQBr7rFZ1QYtLV3FGN17bILlwI1FS2NxA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-radius: 0.5em 0.5em 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-bottom: -12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;margin-left: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2px;height: 0.8em;background-color: rgb(17, 19, 22);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgb(17, 19, 22);margin-left: -2px;border-radius: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="float: right;margin-right: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2px;height: 0.8em;background-color: rgb(17, 19, 22);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgb(17, 19, 22);margin-left: -2px;border-radius: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="padding-left: 8px;padding-top: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-bottom: 5px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(214, 240, 252);background-color: rgb(214, 240, 252);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);margin: -8px 5px 0px -5px;padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">认识层：应然与实然作为规划</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">基础认知的逻辑</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="border-radius: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em;border-right: 1px solid rgb(103, 18, 40);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(103, 18, 40);border-left: 1px solid rgb(103, 18, 40);border-top: none rgb(103, 18, 40);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">应然与实然源自于休谟在认知论和<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">伦理方面提出的哲学性问题</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">。在当前</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的空间规划语境下，应然与实然依然是</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">认清客观状况与规划保护和建设之间的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">辩证关系的最为基础的出发点。国土空</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间规划的应然与实然思考，一方面强调</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对事实的尊重(要素信息摸底与基础数据</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">入库等)，另一方面突出基于事实的规则</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与标准的建立(法律法规、规范与标准建</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">立等)。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">实然性对应的是事物的现实状况：</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国土空间规划的实然性就是基于事实的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国土空间系统认知，是对自然、城市、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">乡村、人与社会的现实状况的考察和认</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">识，并进一步揭示对象的客观规律。实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然性也可以作为一种隐含的重要标准，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">衡量人类对既有现实的改造程度，尤其</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">是对宝贵的自然空间及自然资源的开发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">利用程度，如建立国土空间开发保护制</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">度及推进生态保护与生态修复，其实然</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性问题就是衡量自然资源与生态环境的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本底标准。规划的应然性来自于规划决</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">策和管理中基于经济发展、社会伦理的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规范性判断，以及人们带有主观目的性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的认知和实践，是一种带有目的性和基</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">于规则判断的对土地空间的认识，如规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">划用地分类标准的出现，用地分类以“用”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为本而不是以实际状况为本。规划实践</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自一开始，人们就以本能与经验进行了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">目的性的判断。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">应然与实然在哲学上是对立统一、<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">辩证转化的：首先，规划的行动是基于</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">实然性的应然，而规划需要达到的理想</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人居环境，应是基于合理应然性改造后</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的实然性环境；其次，国土空间规划所</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">要尊重和遵循的实然，应当是随时间而</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">变化的，是随人的发展状况和发展阶段</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">而演化的，上一个规划实施期末形成的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">现状就是下一个规划期的实然性基础。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一言以蔽之，国土空间规划就是应然性</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与实然性不断互相影响、交织和修正形</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成的对国土空间中的自然空间保护与人</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">居环境营造的统一，是对国土空间的开</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">发与保护的合理安排。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">基于这些认识，空间规划应该基于<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以下两个原则把握应然与实然的关系，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">摆正规划的认识基础和目的准则：①对</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">现象与问题的实然给予客观的尊重，不</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">违背人地关系规律和经济发展的规律制</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">定规划，不超越本地资源环境的承载能</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">力来制定规划并实施开发，提倡顺应自</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然格局的规划布局，不过分将人的意志</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过过度的技术工具和工程手段强加于</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自然环境；②从问题的实然性出发，进</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一步考虑规划的应然性，提出具有针对</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性的实质解决方案；③从国土空间规划</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的数据信息化体系建设着手，分清规划</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">应处理(和管理)的信息的应然性和实然</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性(表1)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7342159" data-w="982" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9gHlAEvHOuImYSnQZOiafZxibKvoiclibB2N0XV5aPA5RddU7vXNf4AQPFw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.03125" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/dS34KibR59xfjyGUatpLcoWJT5QFw0MjgVvF80slq7j0Hwu2coEECmDQBr7rFZ1QYtLV3FGN17bILlwI1FS2NxA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-radius: 0.5em 0.5em 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-bottom: -12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;margin-left: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2px;height: 0.8em;background-color: rgb(17, 19, 22);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgb(17, 19, 22);margin-left: -2px;border-radius: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="float: right;margin-right: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2px;height: 0.8em;background-color: rgb(17, 19, 22);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgb(17, 19, 22);margin-left: -2px;border-radius: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="padding-left: 8px;padding-top: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-bottom: 5px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(214, 240, 252);background-color: rgb(214, 240, 252);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);margin: -8px 5px 0px -5px;padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 对象层：国土空间复杂系统的基础</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对象逻辑</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="border-radius: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em;border-right: 1px solid rgb(103, 18, 40);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(103, 18, 40);border-left: 1px solid rgb(103, 18, 40);border-top: none rgb(103, 18, 40);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);padding: 10px;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 3.2px 3px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人类与自然：国土空间规划的</span></strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">工作边界与核心对象</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人类与自然的关系无论是从实然性<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">角度(人与自然系统的客观规律)还是从</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">应然性角度(人与自然的关系伦理)看，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">都是国土空间规划的重要逻辑对象，其</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">有助于从自然哲学和系统论两个视角辨</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">析国土空间规划的工作边界与核心对象，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">进而支撑当前国土空间规划明确的开展</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“双评价”和划定3条基本控制线的基</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">础任务。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">基于自然哲学视角，人与自然在国<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土空间规划中的本质是以自己(人)为主</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体认识自己与自然的关系，从自然到人</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">类的长久互动看，这种关系可以总结为</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“自在自然—天然自然—人化自然—人类</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">聚居—人”的程度光谱(图1)。其中，自</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在自然是所有的自然，特别包括人们所</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">没有探测到、认识到但原始发生着的自</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">；天然自然即人们所探测到的、认</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">识到的和依存的自然；人化自然是在人</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">探测和认知到的基础上进行干预与改造</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的自然域，也即恩格斯提出的“使自然</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为自己服务”。人化自然可进一步细分</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为3个层次：人工控制的自然是把天然</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自然物和自然区域人为控制起来使之维</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">持天然状态，如各类自然保护区、国家</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公园等；人工培育的自然是通过人的劳</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">动和技术使天然自然物(包括自然生境)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">发生某种状态、结构乃至性质的改变，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如由农作物组成的农业地域；人工制造</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的自然是人工自然的最深层次，是人创</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">造出来的自然界完全没有的事物，包括</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">各类人工自然物和人工自然界(人工生态</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系统)。上述层次关系始终处于变化当</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中，即人类通过劳动及其知识技术不断</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">探索和干预自然环境，自然中的大地空</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间也逐渐在人的占据下进行再生产与创</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">造(人工自然化)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0443548" data-w="744" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9eKtdeyr2niaayEFXDzUX2ZCiawQqOqBuD2X1GnxXQQUGUzCwO5rQMXpA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">基于系统论视角，国土空间规划中<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人类与自然关系的内核是人地关系。人</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地关系中的“人”是“人类圈” (或人</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">居环境科学体系中所称的人类系统 )，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“地”是由大气圈、水圈、生物圈和岩</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">石圈共同组成的相互关联、赖以生存的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自然环境 ( 包含蕴藏其中的自然资源 )。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">诸多的理论与实践证明了人地关系的系</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">统连锁性，即“山水林田湖草”与“人”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的生命共同体的本质特征。我国面临的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">资源环境制约、长期积累的人地关系矛</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">盾十分突出：一是当前对资源的占用、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">利用和分配粗放低效，在逐渐突破资源</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">环境承载能力</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">，一些高强度的人工活</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">动已经造成大规模的生态系统退化</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">；</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">二是地域开发不平衡的固有格局长期存</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">；三是以农用地与建设用地等为表</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">征的城乡空间关系矛盾日益显著。这些</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">皆是新时期国土空间规划需着力解决的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">突出问题。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">结合两个视角的解析可知，国土空<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间规划工作的“最外边界”就是人化自</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然所界定的范围，也是在现实情况即所</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">能勘测到的地域空间的全域范围内。在</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这个范围内部分区域已经在快速的城镇</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">化过程中成为人工制造的聚居域(城镇地</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区和聚落)，其外围环绕着的是人工培育</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的自然域(以农业地域为代表)，而最为</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">广大的区域则是我国领土所辖的众多的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">山川、湖泊、森林、草甸、海域、海岛</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和其他天然地区，作为不同程度的保护</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地接受人工的保护和控制。上述三者彼</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">此的性质区别，构成了国土空间规划的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">三类重要“内边界”区域 — 城镇空间、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">农业空间和生态空间。国土空间规划重</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在通过手段优化改善“内边界”区域的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人与自然关系的综合系统：①基于实然</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性的研究判断，深入解析人化自然的详</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">细光谱，同时厘清人对自然的改造和干</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">预活动的程度之深浅；②叠加应然性的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">研究判断，划定人所依存的自然系统的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">适宜性和最大改造程度的标准，包括资</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">源环境的综合或专项要素承载力阈值、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国土空间开发适宜性程度等；③针对人</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对自然活动进行不同程度的规制政策，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过激励和约束机制引导更加合理的国</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土空间开发保护模式。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，国土空间规划的重要任务包<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">括：①本着以人为本、生态优先的原则</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">协调解决我国特定的人地关系矛盾，并</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在此前提下引导国土空间资源的高效、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">节约和永续开发利用；②守住人地关系</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">底线，即守住资源红线、生态安全红线、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">环境红线和保障人民生产生活的综合安</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">全红线，以及合理规范各类空间上的人</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">工行为等，并根据各类底线、红线及上</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">限等设定动态适宜的阈值体系；③尝试</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在空间规划及其管理实施的边界上采取</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“人文—自然”的主辅双边界制度，即在</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以省—市—县—乡/镇/街—村社为依托</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的行政管理边界或以城市—片区—组团/</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社区为依托的人文地域系统边界的基础</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">上，加入以流域、气候区等自然主题为</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">抓手的规划管理边界，统筹各地区自然</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间的整体保护、系统修复及综合治理。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);padding: 10px;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 3.2px 3px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市与乡村：国土空间规划中</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人地关系协调的重心</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如果说城市—乡村—自然关系是人<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地关系协调的重要子问题，那么其中的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城乡关系则处于问题的重心地位。现阶</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">段城乡空间的矛盾性与复杂性并存：一</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">方面城镇建设用地的扩张过程大多数是</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过占用农业空间完成的，适宜农耕的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地域空间同样是适宜城市化和人口集中</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的区域，这是城镇空间与乡村空间固有</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的显性矛盾；另一方面，在土地城镇化</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">逻辑推动下，乡村空间成为资本快速占</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">领的对象，带来建设空间向农业空间的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">无序扩张，造成农业人口无序转移而加</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">重农业地区的凋敝，造成了土地撂荒、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城中村涌现及基本农田被迫畸形分布等</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一系列现实困境。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新时期的国土空间规划理应充分重<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">视乡村地区的作用，重视乡村的战略保</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">障性与空间必要性价值。现代意义上的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">大多数城市是从乡村经由城镇化的历史</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">过程逐步演化和转变过来的；在城市越</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">来越重要的同时，乡村的基础保障性作</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用越来越凸显。首先，乡村不仅提供必</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">需的粮食与农产品，还是城镇人工系统</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与自然系统的有机缓冲与屏障。因此，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从战略视角看乡村可视其为“城市之母”，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">乡村是城市得以“生存发展”的必要条件。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其次，乡村空间未来具有特别的功能与</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">价值潜力，其半生态、大开敞、低密度</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的空间地域具有良好的游憩休闲价值；</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">伴随而来的乡民乡风乡音乡韵，将成为</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我国文化凝聚与内容生产的重要纽带和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">源泉。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，在新时代生态文明改革、乡<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">村振兴战略导向下，空间规划的城乡关</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系应进行如下定位：调和原有重城市、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">轻农村的城乡二元关系，不再推进消极、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">机械化的农村空间发展，实现城乡二者</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的有机联系与融合，土地与空间的充分</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">优化，以及城乡均衡的高品质发展。这</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">就需要合理的政策安排与资源配置手段，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在未来城镇化、工业化与乡村振兴发展</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的三元驱动下，通过政府的适度引导、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">村集体的全周期主导、社会的合理参与、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">资本的良性循环、人才与要素的充分流</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">动，进行正向的空间—要素—文化营造，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">提升农村地区的经济价值链</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">，最终形</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成具有经济、文化与生态多重价值的“新</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">农村”，逐步消解“三农”问题，优化</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我国国土空间生态、农业安全格局。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);padding: 10px;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 3.2px 3px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">整体与局部：厘清规划问题与</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对象的逻辑层次</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划始终有作为整体的对象和局部<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的对象，有整体的问题与局部的问题，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">也有整体的效益和局部的效益等。长期</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以来，规划工作都声称重视整体观和大</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">局观，因为整体大于局部，但实际上各</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划编制与管理主体间的纵向、横向博</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">弈</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">导致本是同一国土空间载体下的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“整体—局部”逻辑关系的割裂与混乱</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“多规”冲突的诸多问题也应运而生。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">鉴于此，十分有必要借助国土空间规划</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的综合统筹“平台”，从整体与局部关</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系的视角解析和把握规划问题与对象的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">逻辑层次：</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">首先，不同尺度或层次域的空间系<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">统存在内部、外部一体化联系。任何空</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间(单元)的系统都进行内外联系，也即</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">内部因素与外部因素共同作用影响空间</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系统的功能格局。城镇不是孤立的，“城</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">市问题就是区域问题”的经典论断</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">正是对城市局部问题绕不开整体问题的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最好注解，其发展既离不开周边区域环</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">境，也深受其他城市的连锁影响。况且</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当今社会系统已经高度融入信息化和全</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">球化体系，从微观到宏观，从局部到整</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体形成了多维度的连锁关系。而生态学</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">视角同样认为一定尺度域下存在系统外</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">部整体环境对系统本身的影响</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其次，整体与局部的关系是相对的、<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">具有层次性的。地域空间系统具有层次</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">嵌套的本质特征，每一个地域空间系统</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">都由下一层次子系统组成，而本身也是</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">更大系统的子系统。在处理本级地域空</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间系统的问题时，不宜片面定位什么是</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">整体问题与局部问题，而应视问题所在</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的地域层次而定。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最后，整体要素与局部要素彼此是<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">辩证转化的，切忌割裂二者。整体由部</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">分组成，而部分也制约着整体。系统整</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体演进决定局部问题的出现和变化，同</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">时某一方面的局部问题其实会影响到某</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一方面的整体决策。因此，要避免一味</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">扩大整体利益而损失了大量局部利益，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以保证客观的、适宜的局部利益为前提</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">追求整体利益最大化。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">立足规划改革，可以从以下原则出<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">发去分析和把握国土空间规划中整体与</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">局部的关系：①从资源永续利用与发展</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的角度摆正整体与局部的关系。②在空</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间规划的范围内和尺度上有序厘清整体</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与局部的关系。③在资源配置与规划政</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">策实施的问题上分清整体与局部并进行</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">利弊权衡。④在规划的运作上打破“一</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">亩三分地”的思维定式，走向整体协调，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建立整体决策和实施机制，打破局部空</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间治理各自为政、各管一摊的局面，构</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建统一协调的治理模式，形成整体合力。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">⑤为实现整体目标的优化，可寻求打破</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">局部行政单元的壁垒，建立区域协调的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">制度框架。在我国的体制框架下，需要</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在更高的层面乃至中央层面为协同发展</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和协同治理创造条件，形成一盘棋的整</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体格局。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);padding: 10px;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 3.2px 3px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（四）</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">输入与输出：把控国土空间系统</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的关键两端</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">任何系统的两端都是输入与输出：<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在实体性层面包含着人地地域系统中人</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与物的运移交换及能量的转化，在非实</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体性层面是信息的获取、扩散与传递，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以及社会性、经济性要素的连锁网络与</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">波动变化。因此，国土空间规划必须充</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">分注重输入与输出两端。建议可从以下3</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">个视角进行解析：</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1)供与需的关系。人口与资源供需<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的关系面临供给缺口逐渐增大的局面，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区域资源供需十分不平衡，如我国水资</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">源供需平衡在南北、东西的差距较大。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对于非可再生资源，地区短缺的资源和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">重要战略性资源的取用务必导向供需平</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">衡的目标与行动纲领，通过规划提倡节</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">约型发展和永续性资源利用，对于特别</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">紧缺的资源要量入为出，以需定供。在</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这些资源之中，特别要把控建设用地的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">供需关系。空间规划的核心任务是对土</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地空间资源进行配置，在我国矛盾凸显</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的人地关系背景下，空间规划旨在指导</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇空间用好每一寸可建设的用地。如</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">何用好？首先是在尽可能节约的建设用</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地规模上提高使用效率或生产力水平，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其次是让开发建设土地每一期的投放基</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本能够与真实需求相匹配。这其中的核</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">心技术支撑是做好城镇空间开发容量设</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">定和开发边界的划定工作，重要的制度</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">抓手之一就是通过国土空间用途管控，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从开发空间供给侧层面设立一道非建设</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用途转向建设用途的政策“阀门”。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2)吞与吐的关系。吞就是对自然资<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">源(也包括环境)的占有、开发及利用，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然后进入“人类系统”中的各类生产生</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">活中。吐的是人类生产生活中的液态、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">气态、固态废物和生活垃圾等。人类的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">活动无时无刻不在向自然生态系统输出</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">废物和垃圾，它们的输出，反而给人居</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">环境带来极大的负面影响，如我国大量</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市垃圾围城现象，对本地的地表地下</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">水体、土壤和大气环境造成污染，且将</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">造成越来越多的土地资源浪费，长此以</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">往必然影响到国土空间的可持续发展和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人居环境的健康发展。因此，应该本着</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">可持续发展理念，将国土空间上的人类</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社会的吞吐作为代谢过程进行考虑，探</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">索以“物资守恒—物资流”为理论基础</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的基本物质规划与管控监督。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(3)进口与出口的关系。这一点之所<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以特别提出来是因为具有特殊的意义。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">鉴于我国油气资源大量依赖进口，长期</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">被“卡脖子”，粮食自给率依然赶不上</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">安全态势，基于对国土资源安全的综合</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">考虑，在国家层面的国土空间规划中，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">务必居安思危，做好国土资源安全的重</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">要战略部署，一方面合理编制战略性资</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">源储备体系规划，保障生命线工程的运</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">转余地；另一方面制定资源能源高效综</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">合利用的方案，并且对资源开发利用实</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">行有效的监管。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.03125" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/dS34KibR59xfjyGUatpLcoWJT5QFw0MjgVvF80slq7j0Hwu2coEECmDQBr7rFZ1QYtLV3FGN17bILlwI1FS2NxA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-radius: 0.5em 0.5em 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-bottom: -12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;margin-left: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2px;height: 0.8em;background-color: rgb(17, 19, 22);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgb(17, 19, 22);margin-left: -2px;border-radius: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="float: right;margin-right: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2px;height: 0.8em;background-color: rgb(17, 19, 22);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;background: rgb(17, 19, 22);margin-left: -2px;border-radius: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="padding-left: 8px;padding-top: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-bottom: 5px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(214, 240, 252);background-color: rgb(214, 240, 252);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);margin: -8px 5px 0px -5px;padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">方法层：规划决策与实施的基础</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">思维逻辑</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="border-radius: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em;border-right: 1px solid rgb(103, 18, 40);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(103, 18, 40);border-left: 1px solid rgb(103, 18, 40);border-top: none rgb(103, 18, 40);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);padding: 10px;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 3.2px 3px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">开发与保护：国土空间规划需</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">调和的基本行动矛盾</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">无论是上述人类与自然关系中反映<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">出的国土空间规划“内外边界”问题，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">还是我国城市—乡村—自然系统中涌现出</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的人地关系问题，抑或是国土空间系统</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中输入与输出的问题，落脚到国土空间</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划编制和实施管理的现实，则聚焦于</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">老生常谈的经典命题 — 国土空间开发与</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保护的关系和尺度。国土空间规划的正</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">式确立，在某种意义上正是源于以发展</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划、城乡规划和各类基础设施专项规</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">划为代表的开发导向型规划与以土地利</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用规划、环境保护规划、林草地和保护</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区规划等为代表的保护导向型规划之间</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的性质冲突。在生态文明建设已成为国</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">家根本大计、基本国策的今天</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">，促进</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国土空间系统人与自然和谐共生正是国</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土空间规划确立的基石，而建立国土空</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间开发保护制度将作为国土空间规划的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">基本制度基础。在理顺开发与保护的正</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">确逻辑时面临以下难点：</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1)开发与保护策略须面对人类社会、<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">资源、生境直到整体生态环境的连锁系</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">统。人类社会开发利用资源并将废物排</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">放到生态环境中，在影响到生境的机能</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的同时也反过来影响到人类自身的生活</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">环境机能。而人类发展带来空间的扩张</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和占用也不可避免地直接或间接冲击到</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">各类物种的生存空间。这些都是对整体</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">生态系统功能的胁迫过程，而长期的胁</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">迫过程将反作用于人类社会自身(表2，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图2)。因此，“怎么开发、怎么保护、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如何修复”需根据不同空间、不同要素</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">及不同时间阶段进行持续的动态调整，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这就需要更加精明先进的规划技术和管</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">理体系。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8250336" data-w="743" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9OkPvAByicnKMxhhV9dbrKJH35I73DwEU2GUiboZNhgKpH6qPDsAf1icrA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5266667" data-w="750" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9BpHPjJAjSEp1MQib9zdcj3jf7fVicDbRT4iaRtZbOwlJrAubkXqXOMlFw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2)开发与保护方向和程度的确定事<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">关人类发展的生态伦理或价值判定难题。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自然生境是最为敏感的系统，受到人类</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">活动影响后由栖息地和生物群落组成的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">生态系统马上受到胁迫响应，可能造成</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自然生境的生态功能不断退化，物种不</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">断消亡。要保全自然生态系统良好的机</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">能，则会对人类社会的建设发展提出更</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">高的成本要求(尤其是处在发展初期或快</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">速发展阶段的地区)；但若因发展牺牲掉</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自然生态系统的机能完整性，同样要付</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">出长久的修复成本(并且极难完全恢复)，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">带来的生态功能和生态价值损失在远期</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">难以估量。因此，确定合理的开发保护</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">目标和价值边界显得尤为重要。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国土空间规划如何调和开发与保护</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的关系必然是个系统工程，本质上要形</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成一种动态平衡：开发是基于生态环节</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系统性保护的有序开发，保护是为了空</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间和资源永续利用的保护。平衡的关键</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在于两个目标阈值的合理设定：一是以</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自然生境本身的健康(系统运作机能的完</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">整)作为阈值，其最为突出的评价指标是</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">生境物质组成的生态系统完整性；二是</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以人居生态环境质量的健康作为阈值，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其评价标准首先在于城乡聚落所在生态</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系统的服务功能水平，其次在于水、气、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">生、土、固废等环境质量及其对人体健</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">康的影响。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建立开发保护这一动态平衡的系统<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">工程，要在保住人居生态环境质量健康</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的初始底线阈值的基础上，不断优化国</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土空间格局，提升国土空间开发质量和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保护修复能力，实现开发保护的阈值达</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">到基本不影响自然生境本身的健康甚至</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">更好(图3)，并通过一系列制度建设、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">技术环节的改革创新，形成秩序性、系统</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性及动态性的理性开发保护体系：①秩</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">序性在于规划合理的开发保护格局，形</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成分级分类的开发保护策略，落实到具</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体行动是通过合理的“主体功能区”战</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">略确定不同区域开发保护的主导方向，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">进而通过3条基本控制线的划定细化各</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">类空间用途管制规则。其前置技术基础</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在于对区域资源环境开发保护状态、承</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">载能力状态的合理评价与差异性进行界</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">定。②系统性首先在于有机联系开发与</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保护的关系；其次在于对生态系统进行</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">整体保护、系统修复、综合治理，按照</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">生态系统的内在规律统筹考虑自然生态</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">各要素、山上山下、地上地下、流域上</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">下游；最后在于以用途管制为主要手段，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">辅以多重治理方式，形成全面的国土空</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间开发保护体系。③动态性在于通过实</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">时的动态监测，及时响应生态系统的多</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">维变化。其支撑基础是建立并完善覆盖</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">全部国土空间的监测系统，动态监测国</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土空间各要素的变化，对其中出现的生</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">境变化、土地覆被变化及污染排放进行</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">实时捕捉，通过该反馈过程适时进行开</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">发保护政策的调整。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.9773333" data-w="750" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9asTN6Tmwtia3NVjoybR9CbPZsuoqXwzQRxhKDO8u9po1ok46enNrg7Q/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);padding: 10px;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 3.2px 3px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">刚性与弹性：综合应对规划问题</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的复杂与不确定</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自我国市场经济形成以来，规划决<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">策和空间管控到底是多一点刚性还是多</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一点弹性，是始终要面对的现实难题。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国土空间规划必须更加卓有成效地有机</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">统一规划的刚性与弹性，这直接影响到规</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">划的有效性。刚性与弹性的问题既体现在</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划内容与技术方面，又体现在规划政</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">策方面，同时还体现在制度设计方面。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间规划体系改革明确要求建立国</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土空间用途管制手段的国土空间开发保</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">护制度，并形成一个市县“一本规划，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一张蓝图”。这两个目标中，前者的任</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">务重心是探索针对不同类型、不同重要</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性的用地空间或自然资源去设定不同刚</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性/弹性程度的管控规则和管控模式；后</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">者的具体实现方式是梳理出空间规划的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“一张蓝图”内容体系的必要内容是什</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">么，可选内容是什么，重点体现什么要素，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以及如何通过刚性/弹性内容的结合体现</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划的长期有效性、严肃性和可实施性，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">旨在真正做到“一张蓝图干到底”。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">前者要突破的困局是“多规”矛盾</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和打架，即空间用途的刚性内容和弹性</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">内容互相交叠、层次各异。突破的第一</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">步是通过规划内容的整合，特别是用地</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的技术判定的整合统一空间用途标准。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在夯实第一步的基础上，第二步通过合</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">理的规则和制度设计加以刚弹管控。不</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">妨设定如下基本原则：①大类 ( 根目录</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">类)用途空间的变更管控更刚性，大类内</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">部的小类变更可设定自由裁量权；②建</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">设增量涉及到的用途变更赋予刚性原则，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">存量范围内的用途变更则是以鼓励性或</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">引导性为主；③一旦涉及到重要的战略</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性内容及国土资源底线和国土资源安全</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的内容则赋予最严格的刚性原则。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">后者需要突破的困局是设定规划“蓝</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图”中的强制性、必要性内容与非强制性、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">引导性内容。应该本着市场对资源配置</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">起决定性作用的大前提，规划内容应该</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以必要性内容作为刚性色彩的内容在“蓝</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图”中充分体现并保证实施 — 采用底线</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">控制、负面清单规划的模式，将可以留</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">给市场配置的空间范围做合理的“留白”。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从整个国土空间规划体系的事权结</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">构层面看，一般管控、监督和审批的权</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">责重心越往上级政府主体移动，其管控</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的刚性程度越大。因此，国家层面、大</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区域层面的规划总量控制决策事权(包括</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土地资源总量控制和发展的总目标)，以</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">及重要国土空间资源的底线管控事权，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">可上移至中央政府以赋予最大的刚性；</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对规划涉及到的比较重要的监督事项，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">事权重心建议相应上移，根据监督事项</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的性质决定事权上移的层级；而对于以</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">改善基层地区 / 城镇人居环境，提供生</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">活便利为主旨的地方性规划事务，则由</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地方政府或规划主体自行设定其相应的规</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">划模式和空间政策。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 10px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);padding: 10px;border-radius: 5px 0px 0px 5px;box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 3.2px 3px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成本与效益：国土空间规划实施</span></strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">落地的权衡因素</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从广义层次进行理解，效益是人们<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作出决策和展开行动的所得或成效，如</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">收到的效益、取得的收益，或者直接就</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">是一个行动取得的效果；成本是付出的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">代价，其外延同样是多样性的，可以是</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">时间成本、资金成本、管理成本、政治</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成本、社会成本及机会成本，甚至是受</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">到的危害。因此，把握成本与效益的关系，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">也可以说是一种费效比的关系，是一个</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">权衡利弊的普适性问题。现实往往是“鱼</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与熊掌不可兼得”，也没有所谓“免费</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的午餐”，所有的规划工作本质上是对</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">行动利弊的综合权衡，然后做出最有利</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的选择。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">反思机构改革之前各类分立空间类<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划，对成本与效益的综合权衡和分析</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">仍然比较有限，且难以在统一的空间载</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体中进行综合分析与统筹。作为综合性</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间规划的市县乡镇的总体规划、分区</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划等，其成果的体现更像是一种空间</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">蓝图的描绘，在“规划实施措施”部分</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">过于原则性，缺少实质性的内容：一方面，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对上述空间蓝图体现出来的未来社会经</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">济效益(即空间布局能够带来的综合价</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">值)的刻画不甚充分；另一方面，关于</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间中的各类要素布局实施(尤其政府</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作为主体的)涉及的投资规模、财务收</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">支和费效比分析几乎没有。反过来评价，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">后者相当于规划的空间布局缺少以财政</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">资金安排为内核的逻辑支持，而前者相</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当于规划的理念或者目标在理论与实际</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">之间无所适从。土地利用规划的问题也</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">类似，虽然其目标导向一直是土地资源</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的约束性管制，但却并不在规划内容中</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">明确其管制目标带来的综合价值，各级</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地方难以“打心底”形成土地空间保护</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">利用的共识。而情况相对较好的是空间</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">类的专项规划，如水利、交通、能源电</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">力等基础设施类规划，它们从资金和财</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">务角度明确了规划对象的成本与效益(由</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其工程导向特征所决定的)；而生态环境</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">类规划带有明确的保护修复导向，需通</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">过生态环境评价的技术模式进行价值分</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">析。因此，未来有必要将成本与效益的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">分析列入国土空间规划的新专题之中，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">并统合各类专项规划的财务与费效比进</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">行分析。此外，应当认识到规划中的费</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">效比不囿于局部性因素，而是综合的、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">整体的、长远的费效比。例如，现实中</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">南水北调、三峡大坝这样的巨型工程落</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地，都是从整体利益上考虑，为打破国</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土空间东西与南北之间的资源环境不均</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">衡格局而规划实施的国土开发工程，其</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">带来的防洪、发电、航运、供水的社会</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">经济综合效益巨大，汇集了亿万人口和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">大部分国土</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成本与效益的权衡思路不妨从三方<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">面着手：首先，应理顺各个阶段规划的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">目标价值体系及其序列，如此方能把控</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和权衡成本与效益的逻辑主轴；其次，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从规划建设的直接或间接投入与产出比</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">进行权衡；最后，从目标实现的远与近</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的关系，以及缓与急角度进行权衡。而</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在国土空间规划实施中，成本与效益的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">权衡把握将针对两大方面：一是规划实</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">施中的综合投入与收效，也涉及规划统</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">筹布局的重点项目的费效比；二是空间</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">政策施行的管理成本与效果，即尽可能</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用简明的政策获得较大的实施成效，政</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">策之简明在于明确性、高传递性和可操</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作性，较大之成效在于复杂问题得到实</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">质性解决、局面得到显著性改善(或长期</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">稳定改善)。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.03125" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/dS34KibR59xfjyGUatpLcoWJT5QFw0MjgVvF80slq7j0Hwu2coEECmDQBr7rFZ1QYtLV3FGN17bILlwI1FS2NxA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;margin-bottom: -0.9em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 5px 5px 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(241, 54, 63);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结语</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="height: 0.9em;border-top: 3px solid rgb(160, 160, 160);width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 33px;padding-left: 3px;padding-top: 3px;float: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;float: right;margin-top: -3px;margin-right: -1px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 30px;height: 30px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-bottom-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;float: left;margin-left: -3px;margin-top: -3px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: -3px;margin-bottom: -1px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 33px;padding-right: 3px;padding-top: 3px;float: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;float: left;margin-top: -3px;margin-right: -1px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 30px;height: 30px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-bottom-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;float: right;margin-right: -3px;margin-top: -3px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;float: right;margin-right: -3px;margin-bottom: -1px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="min-height: 60px;padding: 10px;margin: -25px 3px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新时期的国土空间规划必然是一个系统规划，横向到边涉及广袤的城市—乡村—自然空间，纵向到底统筹从国家、省、市、县直到乡村的国土空间中的人与土地、“山水林田湖草”和各类其他资源要素的开发保护关系，其基础逻辑如何是当前需要预先进行探索和论证的重要问题。本文正是基于以上认识基础，试图通过回归到规划本身及其涉及到的关键概念之本质，基于规划的系统观梳理和提炼国土空间规划应该把握的基本理论逻辑。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文所论述的8个基础逻辑关系是构建国土空间规划理论、方法与实施策略中的关键概念。应然与实然的关系反映出国土空间规划认知论与伦理范式的问题，以正确规范规划的行动逻辑与指导理念。厘清人类与自然这对逻辑关系关乎到国土空间规划的工作边界，人类与自然关系的内核是人地关系，人地关系协调的重心长期以来落脚于城市与乡村关系。国土空间规划对象是多层次的复杂系统，有必要把握好整体与局部的关系以厘清其逻辑层次，同时把控好系统的输入与输出的关键两端。在方法行动层面，首先重在调和开发与保护这一基本矛盾，在规划统筹国土空间一盘棋的格局下仍然需要取得规划刚性与弹性的有机统一，以应对规划问题的不确定性与复杂性；其次，国土空间规划应该尤其重视成本与效益的权衡方能确保规划的有效实施。最后，本文所阐述的3个层次8个基础逻辑关系并不是相对孤立的，而是互相联系的“网络”(图4)：认识层作为方法层逻辑的价值建构基础，方法层逻辑关系的梳理有助于更加合理认识和干预国土空间规划的对象系统(人地关系、整体与局部、输入与输出)；对国土空间对象系统的认识同样需要分清应然与实然的规律性，而空间对象的特征与规律也反过来作为应然与实然认识准则的客观基础。</p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8430079" data-w="758" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9tNsyiccibvN3LMEePtW8jpjsfgBLLzSBCpickYlIHMiaNbiblhhUtwecRNg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 33px;padding-left: 3px;padding-bottom: 3px;float: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: -3px;margin-top: -1px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 30px;height: 30px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-top-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;float: left;margin-left: -3px;margin-top: -3px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;float: right;margin-top: -3px;margin-right: -1px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 33px;padding-right: 3px;padding-top: 3px;float: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;float: right;border-radius: 100%;margin-right: -3px;margin-top: -1px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 30px;height: 30px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-top-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;float: left;margin-left: -1px;margin-top: -3px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;float: right;margin-top: -3px;margin-right: -3px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.03125" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/dS34KibR59xfjyGUatpLcoWJT5QFw0MjgVvF80slq7j0Hwu2coEECmDQBr7rFZ1QYtLV3FGN17bILlwI1FS2NxA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;padding: 15px;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 226, 224);background-position: 233.929% 1.8202%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 107.589%;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qHvpzFMVwJmkKiaIibHBdrzkIJ3qsy6XawWapUj70538McTlKwrwfhyagz12puH817bjV2ECN5soibyN5vVucn9zA/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">来源：2019年13期《规划师》杂志</p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新媒体编辑：刘晓莹</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">审读：刘芳</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 1.5em;margin-bottom: -35px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 10px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章全文详见《规划师》2019年13期</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《</strong>新时期国土空间规划的基础逻辑关系思辨 <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">》</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: 24px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="float: left;margin-top: -1px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 8px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);margin-left: 23px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px;margin-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px;height: 8px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;margin-top: -8px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);margin-top: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="float: right;margin-top: -1px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;box-sizing: border-box;"> <section style="width: 0px;height: 8px;border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px;margin-top: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px;height: 8px;border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;margin-top: -8px;margin-left: 8px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;margin-top: -1px;margin-left: 16px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 100%;margin: -12px 0px;padding: 0px 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(227, 43, 107);box-sizing: border-box;">转载须知</span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">请在</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.45;box-sizing: border-box;">后台回复“转载”二字</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.45;box-sizing: border-box;">查看转载要求，</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.45;box-sizing: border-box;">如需开白名单进行转载请在后台留下公众号ID，</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">感谢您的支持！</strong></p></section></section><section style="width: 100%;margin-top: 1em;font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;margin-top: -1px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;box-sizing: border-box;"> <section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);margin-top: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px;margin-left: 8px;margin-top: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px;height: 8px;margin-top: -8px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 0px;height: 8px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);margin-left: 23px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section> <section style="float: right;margin-top: -2px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 254) !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;margin-bottom: 1px;margin-left: 16px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px;margin-top: -2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 8px;height: 16px;margin-left: 8px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 16px;height: 8px;margin-top: -8px;margin-right: 18px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 0px;height: 8px;border-right: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);border-bottom-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin-top: -1px;margin-left: 24px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.03125" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/dS34KibR59xfjyGUatpLcoWJT5QFw0MjgVvF80slq7j0Hwu2coEECmDQBr7rFZ1QYtLV3FGN17bILlwI1FS2NxA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;max-width: 100%;border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px;margin-right: 3px;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;padding-left: 6px;padding-right: 6px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">往期精选</p></section><img data-ratio="2" data-w="50" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/T0Byajc8JpscIlBUGMF7kjdrtRkG8FOoJOyfMoIibcFSC1WJuppzeZO3MXde46iac3MyQqG4BQxD68jHJNk1T18A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 0.8em;box-sizing: border-box;" width="0.8em" data-type="png"  /> </section><section style="width: 100%;font-size: 0px;margin-top: -2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 100%;margin-right: -6px;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;margin-top: -2px;width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">【规划师论坛1】城乡共构视角下的乡村振兴多元路径探索</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">【规划师论坛2】乡村土地利用的多元主体“利益制衡”机制及实践【规划师论坛3】广州乡村治理的变迁、异化与新趋势</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">【规划师论坛4】乡村振兴背景下苏南乡村生态营建规划策略</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">【规划师论坛5】风景园林学助推乡村振兴的途径与策略</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.03125" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/dS34KibR59xfjyGUatpLcoWJT5QFw0MjgVvF80slq7j0Hwu2coEECmDQBr7rFZ1QYtLV3FGN17bILlwI1FS2NxA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 9px;height: 9px;float: left;border-top: 2px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left: 2px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 9px;height: 9px;float: right;border-top: 2px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 2px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin: -5px 0px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.3037037" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ99Jicxusc30kExZE0rN3ZYaiaN3JkNDX7LtEpoAAHiageRCdB2FeyUKCxQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">识别图中二维码进入微店购买《规划师》杂志</strong></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1" data-w="300" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9oIQLibNRPEpDFjEFibMM3uBkyqbroQ5hScjbDfRMhfdianJTcfRe6ZcYA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.75" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9LZicAUIqu77MMQSDtt4ibxBpcQUcWkutojAzagria5llz8s0hsyqfqaUA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(32, 84, 156);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《规划师》杂志社                                         </p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="color: rgb(132, 81, 21);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.45;box-sizing: border-box;">地址：广西南宁市青秀区月湾路1号南国弈园6楼</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);box-sizing: border-box;">邮编：530029</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);box-sizing: border-box;">邮箱：planner@21cn.net</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);box-sizing: border-box;">网址：www.planners.com.cn</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);box-sizing: border-box;">电话：0771-2438012</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);box-sizing: border-box;">传真：0771-2436269</span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/12RnkOXxjSYZgyMS7WpkGD5cjNS9nOHgV25fhk4MjDBw9iaZChtZN4ibeROCVcW7zNXYvSerS6qbGb0IicGH1fDDA/640?wx_fmt=gif");background-position: 1.2602% 100.746%;background-repeat: repeat-x;background-size: 76.798%;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 10px 10px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 61.8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">更</p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">多</p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">精</p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">彩</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="color: rgb(67, 103, 117);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">请猛戳右边二维码</strong></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 38.2%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(67, 103, 117);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公众号ID</p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1" data-w="430" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mj5hVcEe5BhkLAicj20WQibQ9VGQZGpRTPXuttyHPicgEANuTyk3dhW41agEuRa4oia0m98pmBR3S9Zow/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 9px;height: 9px;float: left;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-left: 2px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 9px;height: 9px;float: right;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);border-right: 2px solid rgb(32, 84, 156);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section>
                <br />