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<section class="xmteditor" style="display:none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"></section><p><img class="raw-image" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="558" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="374" data-ratio="0.75" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibCJUTp6CwJHibmrh7t4RLklqmGfFaRL1kBwy6Hib44PojxlyeKLAWibmnibicKmZibhbHpgZWSJg12FGDSQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1024" style="text-align: center;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 558px;height: 419px;"></p><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1.5px;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 68.3688%;background-attachment: scroll;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibCJUTp6CwJHibmrh7t4RLklqWXvkq34ejoibfia8RBFL0g2tKzwIK6r5XGibUXSgc46rWgCcR3PGMqOWg/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">本文研究了散点布局形态下的乡村空间规划模式进行分析，参考人们日常行为的舒适尺度，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">针对乡村地形复杂的特性，构建了集聚细胞单元的“九宫格”规划模式。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">同时，以浙江省 A 村庄规划编制实践为例，结合具体人群需求，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">利用</strong><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“九宫格”</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划模式来解决乡村功能布局松散、空间尺度模糊、网络结构薄弱、服务效率低下及基础设施利用率低等问题。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 50px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -55px;margin-left: 0%;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;padding-left: 11px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/KoH4xpDrnibCJUTp6CwJHibmrh7t4RLklqV4L8oJGyEEhhTLFJ2AFUBNkD3kD0BSg7GoZurljpQYhH4tTDCGPcUA/640?wx_fmt=gif");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 25px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">01<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-top: 3px;padding-bottom: 3px;border-width: 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none none dashed;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(55, 80, 114);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">乡村空间规划现状及存在的问题</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">伴随着我国城市化进程的加快，传统村落受到强烈冲击，全国多地开始推 行新农村建设、美丽乡村建设等。<span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些举措虽然确实给乡村带来了日新月异的 变化，但是也同样带来了“毁灭性”的 打击。</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">例如，一些村庄为了集中建设居民安居房，过度拆迁和合并农村居民点，使村落空间形态特色整体被“抛弃”；出现农民<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“被上楼”</span></strong>现象，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">引发了住房 与耕地距离远、生活空间不够、生活成本提高及经济来源困难等问题；</strong>村庄生产生活方式被同质化，乡村传统历史文化被遗弃，乡村文化的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“仆从性”</span></strong>加重，逐渐趋向城市文化。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">因此，有必要研究如何保持乡村空间的原真性、独立性和延续性。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">综观与新农村建设、美丽乡村建设等政策相关的规划成果不难发现，村庄规划出现了<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“千村一面”</span></strong>的现象，且多数为政绩工程，盲目实施大拆大建，没有一个合理的空间规划布局。因此，<span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">乡村空间规划应避免套用别人的方案，从空间尺度的角度出发，探索一套适合乡村自身的规划模式。 </strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">近年来，全国多地都出现了<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“以乡养城”</span></strong>的局面，<span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">农副产品进入城市，城市生活垃圾进入农村，</strong></span>乡村环境恶化，农民利益也无法得到保障；乡村的核心 组织涣散，管理组织形同虚设，基层思想建设薄弱，导致乡村网络结构脆弱；乡村的公共设施及基础设施均质化程度不高，可达性低，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">得不到公平享受公共设施和基础设施的机会，故公共设施和基础设施的均质问题亟待解决；</strong>乡村空间规划缺乏技术标准和规范要求，虽然相关部门出台了相关规定，但是在实施过程中落实不到位，且缺乏相应的评 估标准，对于乡村空间规划的落实没有一套具体的指标体系。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">总的来说，对于乡村空间尺度的研究可以为解决上述问题提供借鉴。</strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 50px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -55px;margin-left: 0%;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;padding-left: 11px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/KoH4xpDrnibCJUTp6CwJHibmrh7t4RLklqV4L8oJGyEEhhTLFJ2AFUBNkD3kD0BSg7GoZurljpQYhH4tTDCGPcUA/640?wx_fmt=gif");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 25px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-top: 3px;padding-bottom: 3px;border-width: 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none none dashed;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(55, 80, 114);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">乡村空间基本单元尺度研究</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">乡村空间是一个庞大的系统，涵盖自然、社会、经济、生态和文化等多个领域，以聚落的形式展现。</span></strong>不同的乡村空间所包含的空间特征类型不同，从简单的空间分布看，可将乡村空间划分为<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">星状散点型乡村聚落空间</span></strong>、<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">带状绵延型乡村聚落空间</span></strong>和<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">块状集中型乡村聚落空间</span></strong>三类。本文主要结合乡村空间聚 落形态进行尺度研究，提出“九宫格” 乡村空间尺度规划模式，以解决乡村空 间尺度问题，构建乡村空间尺度框架，从而使乡村规划的实施、操作和评价体系具备量化指标，增强乡村规划的可操作性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 7px;margin-left: 0%;text-align: left;line-height: 10px;transform: translate3d(7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 10px solid rgb(255, 202, 0);display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid transparent !important;border-right: 6px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(2, 52, 119);text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（一）国内外人居空间的基本单元尺度研究</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">尺度是人对于客观事物的长、宽、高的评价，研究尺度即是研究人。</span></strong>人对于空间尺度都有自己的感知，并从潜意识中划分出属于自己的安全空间，区别出属于自己的领域，找到存在感、归属感和安全 感。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在进行乡村空间尺度设计时发现，让人感到心情愉快的步行距离是 300m，当超过 500m 就超出了一般人的承受范围。在芦原义信的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《外部空间设计》</strong>一书中也提到了外部空间设计的适宜尺度为 20 ～ 25 m，太大或太小都不行，这个尺度与人眼可识别的距离 (70 ～ 80英尺) 刚好吻合。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">正常人的清晰视觉范围为 25 ～ 30 m，对景观细部可识别的视觉范 围为 30 ～ 50 m，对景观类型可识别的视觉范围为 250 ～ 270 m。视觉能第一时 间传达空间尺度的观感，然后人们再通过自己的感觉去判断该空间的舒适度。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">因此，景观可识别的视觉范围是乡村空间尺度划定的重要依据之一。 </strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">国外的人居空间尺度研究比较注重人的日常生活，以社区为建设基本单元，形成模数化 BLOCK 街区，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">将社区与居住、休闲、娱乐、商务等组合在一起，规划创造了一种全新的生活模式。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">这种模式灵活地将居住空间与外部环境紧密结合在一起，为人们提供了更多交流的空间和机会。BLOCK 社区突破了封闭围合的生活模式，与其他城市空间联系密切，使各个空间互相穿插，逐渐形成一定规模，并创造了和谐的邻里关系。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">该类社区具备相应的公共设施和基础设施配套， 能为居民提供便捷的服务，同时以固定 的尺度向外扩张，形成了<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“密路网，小街区”</span></strong>的规划模式。通过参考国内外已建成城市街区的住宅适宜规划尺度不难 发现，多数城市的适宜人居空间尺度范围为 50 ～ 130m，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">尺度太小容易造成公共服务设施的浪费，尺度太大又会破坏人居环境的舒适度，降低了服务设施的可达性。 </strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">国内对于人居空间尺度规划的研究相对较少，特别是乡村空间尺度规划研究比较欠缺。当下的乡村空间规划注重农民居住空间规划设计，对公共设施和 基础服务设施的规模服务半径等内容都是“模糊”对待，导致资源和空间的浪费，不利于乡村自身造血功能的提升。考虑到乡村住宅多以低层住宅为主，低 密度独户住宅居多，空间尺度相对于城市来说更小。研究综合比较了五种基本单元空间尺度 ( 图 1)，将乡村居住单元格尺度范围初步划定为 50 ～ 65 m。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="" data-backh="591" data-backw="484" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6ECCYNKYGI6fcpO4J65EvmdL47sajFbLiaqxlBVDxHAyBYkkUpAmCVVvA/?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1.2210744" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6ECCYNKYGI6fcpO4J65EvmdL47sajFbLiaqxlBVDxHAyBYkkUpAmCVVvA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="484" style="box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);vertical-align: middle;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 100%;visibility: visible !important;height: auto;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 7px;margin-left: 0%;text-align: left;line-height: 10px;transform: translate3d(7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 10px solid rgb(255, 202, 0);display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid transparent !important;border-right: 6px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（二）乡村空间细胞单元的适宜尺度研究</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">乡村建设空间具有面积广、散点分布及开发强度低等特性</span></strong>，因此规划在兼顾乡村空间分布特征的同时，还要考虑服务设施的服务半径，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">提出既能控制功能组团间距，又能适应复杂地形的乡村空间布局规划模式。 </strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">首先，</span></strong>研究<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">以细胞单元为基础</strong>，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">因为细胞单元之间的拼合也具有多变性，能适应复杂多变的地形。</strong>研究结合上述人居空间适宜尺度研究，选择建筑设中最常用的水平扩大模数 <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">60 m作为细胞单元边长</span></strong>。60m <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">既接近人对于空间细部的可识别范围，又能满足上述国内外人居生活空间单元的适宜尺度要求</span></strong>，因此研究采用 60m×60m 的细胞单元模组。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">其次，</span></strong>乡村空间尺度可以用人步行的舒适尺度作为参考，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">适宜的步行距离能创造出直观的舒适体验空间，步行速度决定步行距离</span></strong>。影响步行速度的因素较多，如美国宾夕法尼亚州交通研究所的 Richard L Knoblauch 等人，主要对人的年龄、性别、独行和结伴等因素进行了交叉分析研究，采用手动秒表计时的方式，得到了如表 1 所示的数据。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">从表中不难发现，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">性别和年龄对人的步行速度影响显著。</strong>Richard L Knoblauch 指出将表中的速度最小值 0.91m/s 作为设计速度。基于此，研究对不同人群的步行速度进行梳理发现，10岁左右儿童的步行速度为1.1m/s，30岁左右成年人(男) 的步行速度为1.25m/s，30岁左右成年 人 ( 女 ) 的步行速度为1.18m/s，60岁以上老年人的步行速度为0.83～0.99m/s，从而得出一个最小正方形细胞单元网格的边长为 60m，约等于 1 分钟的步行时间 (图2)。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">这种单元网格体现了适宜步行的尺度，并与上述细胞单元模组尺度不谋而合。 </span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></strong></p><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-backh="152" data-backw="484" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6ERWOc7KnHtrGGnbouG0a30XlJ641mytybE7rKEsFOMBCuZZj9grjeRQ/?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.3140496" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6ERWOc7KnHtrGGnbouG0a30XlJ641mytybE7rKEsFOMBCuZZj9grjeRQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="484" style="box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 100%;visibility: visible !important;height: auto;"></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6EORI9UsAhibevJiaOggaicKta8Vxvk1VGJTyZOXibfB9p9o6xKghNsa3pBw/?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.4519231" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6EORI9UsAhibevJiaOggaicKta8Vxvk1VGJTyZOXibfB9p9o6xKghNsa3pBw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="416" style="box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 416px;visibility: visible !important;height: auto;"></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">最后，考虑到细胞单元功能间的相互配合、适宜步行时间，以及乡村空间景 观类型的可识别视觉范围为250～270m等因素，研究选取了180m×180m 的乡村空间模组尺度。这个尺度既能满足 3 分钟的步行距离，又符合上述景观类型的可识别范围。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 50px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -55px;margin-left: 0%;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;padding-left: 11px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/KoH4xpDrnibCJUTp6CwJHibmrh7t4RLklqV4L8oJGyEEhhTLFJ2AFUBNkD3kD0BSg7GoZurljpQYhH4tTDCGPcUA/640?wx_fmt=gif");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 25px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">03<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-top: 3px;padding-bottom: 3px;border-width: 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none none dashed;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(55, 80, 114);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">集聚细胞单元的“九宫格”规划模式建构</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 7px;margin-left: 0%;text-align: left;line-height: 10px;transform: translate3d(7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 10px solid rgb(255, 202, 0);display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid transparent !important;border-right: 6px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（一）“九宫格”模组的尺度推演</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">通过对乡村空间模组尺度进行细化研究发现，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">传统网格街区划分的空间体量较大，灵活度不高，内生活力不足</strong>，与乡村复杂的散点分布地形<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“格格不入”</span></strong>。因此，研究引入了<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“九宫格”</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间划分模式，根据不同的空间制约条件逐步解决相关问题。 </strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">将<span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“九宫格”</span>模组与传统网格街区 相比较发现：</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">①小体量空间可以使功能分工更精细，打造“特而精”的功能空间；</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">②小尺度的灵活性、可移动性更强，与复杂的乡村空间形态契合度更高；<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">③密路网的设计结合“生态”和“低碳” 等理念，有益于创造不同感官体验的乡村道路空间；<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">④“九宫格”模组与上述 细胞单元模组尺度相吻合 (图3)。</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-backh="188" data-backw="417" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6ElDiblk9NEWnP6pkplDRo9CaDlRtAeS3bcrxpegsOm31oG1uYrSmLU4A/?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.4508393" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6ElDiblk9NEWnP6pkplDRo9CaDlRtAeS3bcrxpegsOm31oG1uYrSmLU4A/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="417" style="box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 100%;visibility: visible !important;height: auto;"></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 7px;margin-left: 0%;text-align: left;line-height: 10px;transform: translate3d(7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 10px solid rgb(255, 202, 0);display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid transparent !important;border-right: 6px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（二）“九宫格”模组的核心细胞单元划定</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">“九宫格”模组的功能布局采用圈层结构，核心圈以公共设施和基础服务设施为中心，结合开放活动空间设计，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">内圈为居住功能，外圈为乡村田园</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">、</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">永久农田和停车场等开敞空间</span></strong>。虽然核心圈形成了圈层增长模式，但是规模还是以内圈180 m×180m为主。在对核心圈进行布局时要充分考虑各组团的主流人群需求，以各类型人群的需求度为指导，配套相关基础设施，把具有相关性的人群临近布置，从而为营造和谐的邻里关系奠定基础。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">围绕核心细胞单元的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“九宫格”</span></strong>模组，可以通过控制距离来实现乡村空间的均质化及基础设施的均衡化。其他单元则围绕核心细胞单元左右移动，只要 不脱离核心细胞单元，通过“九宫格” 模组就能把设施的服务半径控制在180～ 300m的范围。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">同时，通过调整核心单元的位置，可以将核心细胞单元之间的间距控制在适宜的尺度范围内。研究结合各类人群适宜的步行速度，引入“10分钟配套圈”设计理念，即两个基础设施核心单元之间按照 5 ～ 10 分钟的步行路程控制其间距，从而使各中心的间距满足小于10分钟步行路程的要求 (图4)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="" data-backh="317" data-backw="558" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6Ewomvy7sdqDDPMZp1sqgTXnrmP97Takv1lxmsc2R1re2UuP5jicFghkg/?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.5685976" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6Ewomvy7sdqDDPMZp1sqgTXnrmP97Takv1lxmsc2R1re2UuP5jicFghkg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="656" style="box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);vertical-align: middle;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 100%;visibility: visible !important;height: auto;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 7px;margin-left: 0%;text-align: left;line-height: 10px;transform: translate3d(7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 10px solid rgb(255, 202, 0);display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid transparent !important;border-right: 6px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（三）“九宫格”规划模式建构</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">为了将<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“九宫格”</span></strong>模组更好地运用到实际的规划设计中，研究对模组进行变换和组合，使其<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">不仅与地形相结合，还要满足居住的舒适度、不同空间类型的需求度及基础设施的可达性等要求。</strong>同时，研究对“九宫格”模组进行了衍生，规整的乡村建设单元采用 1 个公共服务设施核心细胞单元和 8个居住细胞单元的“九宫格”组合手法。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在满足服务半径的条件下，1个公共服务设施单元格可在各单元之间自由移动，以方便与其他单元组成<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“两拼”“三拼”“四拼” </span></strong>等相对集聚的邻里中心 (图5)。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这种多拼的模式适合用地相对集中的地区， 在方便管理的同时，形成一个完整的功能聚合的公共服务中心，为打造集聚的乡村社区奠定基础。</strong>通过多拼的变化组合方式，最终建构出“九宫格”规划 模式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="" data-backh="177" data-backw="558" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6EEv45G6071cZRh3sALedEoleRp2qP57SSwV1gQGQx58TibvBdWpZjPCw/?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.3180556" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6EEv45G6071cZRh3sALedEoleRp2qP57SSwV1gQGQx58TibvBdWpZjPCw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="720" style="box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);vertical-align: middle;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 100%;visibility: visible !important;height: auto;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">综上所述，“九宫格”规划模式可以用来解决乡村空间布局分散、设施服 务半径无法控制及乡村规划实施评估量化指标较少等问题。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 50px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -55px;margin-left: 0%;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;padding-left: 11px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/KoH4xpDrnibCJUTp6CwJHibmrh7t4RLklqV4L8oJGyEEhhTLFJ2AFUBNkD3kD0BSg7GoZurljpQYhH4tTDCGPcUA/640?wx_fmt=gif");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 25px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">04<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-top: 3px;padding-bottom: 3px;border-width: 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none none dashed;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(55, 80, 114);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">浙江省 A 村庄“九宫格”规划模式实践案例</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">浙江省 A 村庄位于杭州余杭区西北部，距离余杭城区约13km，距离杭州市区约 30km，可通过 104 国道、207 省道和杭州绕城高速公路等与杭州主城区相连。基地周边旅游资源丰富，内有法华寺，外有小古城遗址、陆羽山庄、双溪竹海漂流旅游区和径山山沟沟国家森林公园等旅游景区。基地西北部分布着大量茶园和竹林，地形起伏较大。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">作 为高敏感区域，该地区适宜生态保育和恢复，不宜进行高强度开发。</strong>基地中部和东南部分布着大片农田和村落，茶园与竹林穿插镶嵌分布其中。作为低敏感区域，该地区适宜较高强度开发，如建设居住区、商业服务区等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 7px;margin-left: 0%;text-align: left;line-height: 10px;transform: translate3d(7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 10px solid rgb(255, 202, 0);display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid transparent !important;border-right: 6px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（一）A 村庄核心细胞单元规划设计</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">规划对 A 村庄小尺度、散点分布的空间形态进行研判，采用“九宫格”规 划模式，并结合公共设施、基础服务设施布局，控制单元服务半径，从而提高服务设施的利用率。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">首先</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">，如何对核心细胞单元进行规划布局是提升乡村网络空间聚合力的关键步骤，核心细胞节点的紧凑度对乡村空间网络的稳定性起到了决定性作用。</span></strong>在规划中，核心细胞节点的功能选择主要结合不同群体的需求。例如，当<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">主流人群为青少年时</span></strong>，规划结合其求知欲强、好奇心重及对新鲜事物追求度比较高的特点，将自然研学课堂、农业博物馆和农村生活体验园等服务设施交叉布置，形成一个系统的生活体验模式 (图6)，以增强核心圈层的聚合力，最终产生集聚效应。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="" data-backh="244" data-backw="558" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6EvKhFYW2vuQooA6nsKcicXLnjavonwEGLicfSStWqbWH1PkxX8Nva3hLw/?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.4375" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6EvKhFYW2vuQooA6nsKcicXLnjavonwEGLicfSStWqbWH1PkxX8Nva3hLw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="720" style="box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);vertical-align: middle;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 100%;visibility: visible !important;height: auto;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">其次，</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">核心细胞单元核心圈的服务中心可以进行模组更替，通过植入不同的围合空间形态来满足其对应类型的功能需求，从而解决乡村空间形态单问题。</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“九宫格”</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">模组核心细胞单元的功能与建筑风貌的契合度是规划的研究重点。</strong>基于对A村庄各个界面的场地分析，规划采用江南苑的围合空间和生态设计手法，对乡村传统空间进行再塑造。一般来 说，乡村建筑结合院落周长 ( 约100m) 进行设计，大多为1～3层，建设单元的建筑容积率控制在 0.3左右 (图7)。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">乡村建筑形态应与对应的地块功能相结合，</span></strong>如在与村庄茶文化相关的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">建设单元</strong>，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">建筑材料</strong>尽可能选用与茶同属性的竹、木头 等，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">建筑造型</strong>多采用以小二楼带挑窗或带有落地门窗等形式，以竹为窗，以帘为屏风，营造茶境的氛围，展现出村庄场所精神的独特性。此外，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划充分利用农家特色文化、农耕活动等为农家小院注入新活力，并提供更多的就业岗位，为乡村植入造血功能。 </strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="" data-backh="293" data-backw="558" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6EARGaNpTY9bJCpNgQlTzw8dbtvdhKsOvVzXe9ckPeqP9Q7oLaPbuwIA/?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.5242718" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6EARGaNpTY9bJCpNgQlTzw8dbtvdhKsOvVzXe9ckPeqP9Q7oLaPbuwIA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="721" style="box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);vertical-align: middle;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 100%;visibility: visible !important;height: auto;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">最后，</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">乡村步行空间也是规划研究的重要内容之一。</span></strong>乡村步行空间呈现出线性网状结构，规划通过步行系统对乡村动静空间进行串联，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">运动空间</strong>的核心细胞节点多布置游戏比赛、集体活动和表演等功能；<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">静态空间</strong>多布置清坐、读 书、沉思和茶饮等功能设施。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划最终形成了涵盖整个村镇的点、线、面相互穿插的空间网络系统，使乡村空间布局达到</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“形散而神不散”</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">的效果。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 7px;margin-left: 0%;text-align: left;line-height: 10px;transform: translate3d(7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 0px;border-top: 10px solid rgb(255, 202, 0);display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid transparent !important;border-right: 6px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（二）A 村庄“九宫格”规划模式实践</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">基于上述对<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“九宫格”</span></strong>规划模式的研究，规划遵循<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“小分散、大聚集”</span></strong>的空间布局原则，将模块嵌入不规则地块，并结合地形和村庄的空间形态，根据村庄用地规模，利用模组灵活多变的特性，采用<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">“多拼为主、乡村建设单元为辅” </span></strong>的布局模式 (图8)。同时，结合不同人 群的需求，设置不同功能的核心圈，在核心圈比较集中的地段可以形成乡村社 区，在核心圈比较分散的地段可以为消费者提供高品质的服务。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划严格控制公共服务设施的服务半径，采用集聚与分散的方式统一布局 (图9)，构建灵活多变的乡村建设模式。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, 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src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mjmB2DN8O5sPFfMaSiaCSb6Ed9j2SOUQegwexwxiaibQVvKb069y0a2eibuZJ0TzWRYqmkPegq9Mia4s4w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="543" style="box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 100%;visibility: visible !important;height: auto;"></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section><section style="text-align: left;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 50px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -55px;margin-left: 0%;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 70px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;padding-left: 11px;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/KoH4xpDrnibCJUTp6CwJHibmrh7t4RLklqV4L8oJGyEEhhTLFJ2AFUBNkD3kD0BSg7GoZurljpQYhH4tTDCGPcUA/640?wx_fmt=gif");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 25px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">05<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-5px, 0px, 0px);margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-top: 3px;padding-bottom: 3px;border-width: 1px 1px 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none none dashed;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(55, 80, 114);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结语</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">复杂地形条件下的乡村空间尺度研究一直处于模糊状态，因此研究聚焦于乡村空间尺度的划定，提出用</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“九宫格” </span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划模式来解决乡村空间规划问题，主要结论如下：</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（1）</strong></span>基于现有的宜居街区尺度研究，根据行人步行的舒适尺度和乡村景观的可识别范围，对“九宫格”规划模式的细胞单元尺度进行研判，提出 60m×60m 的适宜细胞单元尺度。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（2）</span></strong>通过对乡村“九宫格”空间模组尺度的推演发现，适宜的模组尺度可以控制住设施的服务半径，营造和谐的邻里关系。规划结合具体人群需求、地形 环境条件，对“九宫格”模组的核心细 胞单元功能进行布局。不同功能的核心 细胞单元可以赋予“九宫格”不同的空间风格。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（3）</span></strong>整合乡村“九宫格”空间模组之间的关系，对模组之间的间距进行控制，以 250～300m作为控制范围。同时，依据<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“小分散、大聚集”</span></strong>的空间布局原则，对“九宫格”空间模组进行镶嵌、拼组，使乡村空间规划实现<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">“化整为零，由繁到简”</span></strong>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">（4）</span></strong>“九宫格”规划模式具有灵变性，可以实现<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">乡村空间规划可视化</span></strong>。同时，通过基础设施密度控制和功能布局，“九宫格”空间尺度的量化指标体系可以弥补目前乡村规划实施评价体系的不足，增强规划的可操作性，使规划落地有据可循。 </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">此外，为了保障乡村空间规划的可操作性，本文提出以下建议： </span></strong></p></section><section style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(197, 36, 36);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">1、建议将“九宫格”规划模式纳入乡村管理中，作为规划评估指标体系，对不符合服务设施服务半径、不满足宜居空间尺度的乡村建设进行调整，以合理控制服务设施密度，杜绝乡村资源浪费。 </p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 12px;height: 12px;padding: 2px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;background-color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 92%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">2、考虑到针对乡村地形条件复杂、乡村资源分散的情况，“九宫格”规划模式能起到较好的尺度管控作用，建议将该模式作为乡村规划的参考依据。 </p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 43, 43);box-sizing: border-box;">虽然国内关于乡村规划设计方法的研究较多，但是针对复杂地形条件下乡村空间尺度的研究较少。</span></strong>受水平所限，本文对此仅做了初步研究，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(2, 52, 119);box-sizing: border-box;">主要存在以下不足：</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">首先，研究<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">主要参考浙江省的乡村空间尺度</strong>，是否能适用于其他地区有待进一步探索，但这种空间推演方法是可以借鉴的。其次，研究主要选择了二维的步行交通作为空间尺度研究对象，适用于用地较平整的乡村空间，而对于那些地面坡度落差变化较大的乡村，还有待进一步研究，这也是未来需要进一 步探讨的内容。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">文章来源丨2019年08期《规划师》杂志</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">作者信息丨<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">韩昊英</strong>，浙江大学建筑工程学院教授、博士生导师，城乡规划理论与技术研究所所长</p><p 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