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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="margin: 10px 0px;padding-top: 1.3em;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin-top: -16px;margin-left: 30%;margin-right: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotate(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(45deg);-moz-transform: rotate(45deg);-o-transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 30px;height: 30px;border-left: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-top: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 22px;height: 22px;margin: 2px;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px;height: 16px;margin: 1px auto auto;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;margin: 1px auto auto;border-left: 12px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-bottom: 12px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">点击上方“”可订阅哦！</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;padding: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: white;box-shadow: rgb(225, 225, 225) 7.8px 7.8px 3px;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者<span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span>上海同济城市规划设计研究院有限公司余美瑛<span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2019年第10期撰文，</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国的居民自主建造住房体系是一项自下而上的、以保障低收入居民居住权利、重建社区关系为目的的城市更</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新活动，通过参与制度的设计搭建了一个动态的平台，在居住环境改善、土地产权转换、设计建造方法和后期运营管理</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">方面都形成了相对完善的经验，激发了居民参与、自主治理和自我经济驱动的能力。我国公共干预、政府主导模式下的城市更新产生了种种弊端，多元合作的需求趋势日益明显，英国经验对我国的社区更新具有积极的借鉴意义，尤其是在</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">住房产权管理方式、社区机构的自主管理、社区居民与专业机构的合作及共治的文化氛围培育等方面。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 5px solid rgb(42, 118, 162);border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(254, 183, 182);padding: 5px 0px;width: 100%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 关键词 ]  公众参与；城市更新；社区再造；多元合作；英国模式</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 文章编号 ]1006-0022(2019)10-0087-06　</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 中图分类号 ]TU984　</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 文献标识码 ]B</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[ 引文格式 ] 余美瑛 ．英国自主建造住房体系解读及对我国社区存量更新的启示[J]．规划师，2019(10)：87-92．</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/Tecldibzm52aVAvge3jibgibVpkdW8PxV4pBnibURz10NibTeSRc9SzomRDic9Nm7hQy3fJ3Btx3zlHEPcScED9ibGyHQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 英国自主建造房屋的背景及现状</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">低收入人口的居住权危机</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国自第二次世界大战后，人口急<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">剧增加，并出现了严重的住房短缺。由于</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保障性住房的建造成本、基础设施成本和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公共服务成本的多重压力，导致保障性住</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">房的供给不足和申请排斥。同时，由保守</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">党推进的城市再发展政策成为英国城市</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">更新的主旋律，一系列住房市场化的政策</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">带动了住房租金的提升,城市底层劳动者</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">丧失了“内城居住权”。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在住房危机和社会抗议的双重动因<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">下，自主建造活动逐渐兴起。这些建造</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">活动是由低收入且无明确土地产权的居</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">民群体发起的，在寻求广泛的社会合作</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的基础上解决相应的住房需求。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 公众深度参与资本流动与社会<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">构建</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Arnstein Sherry的市民参与度阶梯一<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">直以来是衡量公众参与程度的标尺。自主</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建造住房体系对应参与度阶梯里的“市民</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">控制”层级，在自主建造住房的过程中，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公众深度参与资本流动和社会构建(表1)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-croporisrc="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgpm6xibDpe0BXxwaYxMbRNBCNicFe1uiam1dRcNAM4icwMDZRhD5g6jvmf7kECSxR1QnMlBQp6ez8Gyg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="318" data-cropy1="0" data-cropy2="384" data-ratio="1.2044025157232705" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mg4YPgyeoj5UAIp1AF8yEShARicZtkBn7FU68kQpuQeMwLIGruwC8sxo8sgxLa9EToZT91KMiciaZ0jA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="318" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 318px;height: 384px;"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">市场规模</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">经过数十年的发展，英国的自主建造<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">房屋已经成为一种典型的居住形式，占有</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一定的市场份额。英国每年有7%～10%</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的新建住宅为自主建造的住宅，数量约</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为12000户，占私人新建房屋开发量的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">10%。但是这些房屋的分布具有地域性差</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">异：在东南和西南部分布着大量的自主建</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">造住宅，分别占22%和25%；在伦敦及</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其大都市圈地区，由于可利用土地有限，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自主建造项目仅占住房总量的4%。这种</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">差异反映了以成熟的地产开发运作为主的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市，居民的自主性往往更难发挥。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（四）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成功案例</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在英国的自主建造住房体系近40年</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的发展历程中，涌现出了多个具有代表</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性的典型案例。项目本身的差异产生了</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不同的应对策略——从建造方法的创新、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">组织机构的创新到法律与合作关系的创</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新，这些典型项目在不同方面做出了先</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">驱性贡献。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">例如，位于南伦敦的Lewisham社<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区第一个采用了“沃特赛格体系”(图1)，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">即一种基于平面网格构架方式建造的社</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区，降低了非专业人士建造房屋的技术</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">门槛；位于布莱顿的 Diggers 社区在面</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">向低收入人群的同时充分考虑了低能耗、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">环境友好的设计策略(图2)；位于泰尔</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">福特的 Lightmoor 社区是居民在镇村规</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">划联合会和泰尔福特发展公司的共同支</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">持下建造的，该项目探索了居民、政府</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">机构与地产公司合作的方式；位于谢菲</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尔德的Netherspring社区是在当地居</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">民、政府和大学机构的通力合作下完成</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的 (图3)，是典型的产学研一体化的实</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">践案例。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8110236" data-w="508" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgpm6xibDpe0BXxwaYxMbRNBma5c6iahsInvl88MZc2G5d4AibskCvechFV7vgTtHhRfO2M5ytTPyicZg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6251852" data-w="675" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgpm6xibDpe0BXxwaYxMbRNBAMeKiao4oricZBPePWLibcTdKcFy0Iq3pu1YEmQLwGRaVYWHFqZkqTSvw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6287671" data-w="730" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgpm6xibDpe0BXxwaYxMbRNBiaKWKxomiapSnCkI9PIiaQNJ31OqnOteSJXCBat69FxyuRnpxBjiaSmutw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/SZXblLoQSa5TsbAticK2ia8Ml9aicicKDFD8MHY4Gg8I0MA4dPUia1ep1nOZZ9oWajS0YVp10tUo0NyoicBR5J5Admvg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">二</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自主建造住房的动态机制</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自主建造住房的战略框架</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">居民自主建造是一项综合、复杂的<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">持续性过程。在这个过程中，自下而上</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的居民自发性建设活动、自上而下的政</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">策制定和第三方机构的横向参与构建了</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">整个系统的主要框架(图4)。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5783926" data-w="759" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgpm6xibDpe0BXxwaYxMbRNBYn7KCnRJhWeXbN9c9s2QsoWuy7bwMI2Lhfia97SX8M8mwsDibdNzhIuQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其中，社区居民作为建屋的主体，<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">参与到建屋的每一个环节，从组织模式的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建立、土地权属的转换到设计实施以及后</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">期的运营维护均承担了大部分工作和主要</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">责任。政府相关机构作为宏观政策决策者，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">提供政策法律构建与金融方面的支持；第</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">三方机构作为顾问，以居民诉求为主要导</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">向，提供生产资料、户型设计和施工帮助</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">等方面的服务。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在居民自主建造的框架下，地方政<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">府负责清查并向居民提供可转让至社区</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的公共资产(主要是土地)清单并进行公</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">示。社区组织如有意向，可向相关政府</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">机构递交申请，并注册为独立法人。社</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区组织可通过申请来自政府、公共机构、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公益信托和慈善组织等的基金，获取低</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">息贷款或赠款，或向社区居民等发行股</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">票来筹集建造资金。当申请报至地方政</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">府并获批后，公共资产会转让至社区(此</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">时价格多为象征性的) ，让社区组织建造</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和运营，若后期资产运营成功，获利将</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">进一步被投入到社区事务中，形成一个</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">良性的循环。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自主建造住房的更新机制</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 11px;height: 11px;padding: 3px;margin-bottom: -5px;margin-left: -5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(248, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="height: 15px;transform: rotate(-30deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(-30deg);-moz-transform: rotate(-30deg);-o-transform: rotate(-30deg);transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-webkit-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-moz-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-o-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);margin-left: 8px;margin-top: -3px;color: rgb(33, 23, 23);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1. 居住环境优化更新</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1)集约利用空间。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在城市大规模开发的过程中，土地<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不能集约利用的现象非常普遍，在不同</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">开发商、不同开发时序的影响下，会出</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">现一些利用率低或难以转型利用的地块，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如边角地、城市棕地、受污染的土地、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用地性质不明确的服务性地块，以及城</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">市近郊或乡村等的自有地等。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2)提升住房质量，更新公共空间。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在以往的住房设计中，公共空间一<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">般由职业的建筑师或规划师遵循一定的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建筑规则来设计，通常没有充分了解客</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">户需求，居住者只能被动选择已经确定</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">了的公共空间及配置的功能。而在居民</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自主建造的模式中，居住者和建造者是</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">同一主体，能够实现设计和需求的高度</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">协同。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(3)在空间设计方面满足居民的个性<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">化需求。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自主建造由用户主导，因此用户的<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">个性化需求可以得到最大程度的满足。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">例如，Lewisham社区的居民在户型设计</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">伊始，便提出了对于家庭花园空间的诉</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">求(深受英国的园艺文化影响)，以及满</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">足未来人口增加的弹性空间设计诉求。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">居民和社区设计师的协同合作，使得这</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">些个性化的需求在设计之初就得到了重</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">视，并激发了用户后期自主维护和运营</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的动力。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 11px;height: 11px;padding: 3px;margin-bottom: -5px;margin-left: -5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(248, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="height: 15px;transform: rotate(-30deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(-30deg);-moz-transform: rotate(-30deg);-o-transform: rotate(-30deg);transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-webkit-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-moz-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-o-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);margin-left: 8px;margin-top: -3px;color: rgb(33, 23, 23);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.政策体系配套推进</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在居民需求和民众自发努力推动的<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">双重力量下，英国政府也自上而下地制</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">定了相应的政策(表2)，以鼓励民众自</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建房屋。这种针对自主建造房屋的统筹</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性文件进一步明确了政府在该模式下的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">职责：提供土地并承包社区基础设施和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公共服务设施的建造，提供相应的法律</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">框架、贷款基金或者融资渠道；通过容</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">积率控制、制定规划导则及推动具体建</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">造方式的规范化等，梳理差异化较大的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">个体诉求的共性，加快了建造的效率和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">整体的秩序感，大大促进了自主建造市</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场的发展。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6811741" data-w="988" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgpm6xibDpe0BXxwaYxMbRNB18OQmvwZkbgNDI29NT2eYZ6YSCMWtoibPax9yicLKQv20JQfVfeABTfA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 11px;height: 11px;padding: 3px;margin-bottom: -5px;margin-left: -5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(248, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="height: 15px;transform: rotate(-30deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(-30deg);-moz-transform: rotate(-30deg);-o-transform: rotate(-30deg);transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-webkit-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-moz-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-o-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);margin-left: 8px;margin-top: -3px;color: rgb(33, 23, 23);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3.多方共建产权体系</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在英国传统的住房市场上，土地再<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">开发的权益是由拥有土地产权的私人和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">政府所垄断的，没有地权的居民只能获</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">得暂时的房屋使用权或租赁权，在资本</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">关系中处于被动地位。居民自主建造最</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为重要的目的便是改变这种不平衡的地</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">权关系，将土地的再开发权主体由私人/</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">政府转换为未来的居住用户，确立居民</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尤其是低收入居民的居住权。居民作为</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">弱势的一方，无法直接有效地和政府进</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">行对话，因此公屋协会作为政府和居民</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共建产权之间的桥梁，在产权转换的过</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">程中承担了重要的角色。同时，在自主</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建造住房的模式下，英国土地再开发以</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社区集体为主要单元，由其进行内部沟</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通、协商和建造，使社区内具有相同诉</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">求的居民建立了长期而稳固的合作关系，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">促进了社区内多样性人群的融合，实现</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">了对社区的共建共治。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在集体组建的方式下，主要有3种<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">产权注册方式：第一种是通过自主建造</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">房屋协会而建立的完全性产权，这是大</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">多数商业性自主建造者们所倾向的产权</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">模式(图5)。在此种模式下，建造者们</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">会获得一笔“发展贷款”，这对于商业</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性租赁者来说是一笔覆盖了所有建造项</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">目花费的款项，项目一旦完成，房屋属</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">个人所有，并且每个自主建造者都会获</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">得属于个人的抵押金。这部分抵押金被</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">称为“抵押利息税项减免”，将会用来</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">支付之前的“发展贷款”。在该模式下</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自主建造者无法享受公屋协会的补助。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">第二种是通过公屋协会而成立的共享性</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">产权(图6)。在该模式下，项目一旦完工，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建造者个人拿出部分独立的贷款或评估</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其劳动力的价值来换取“股权”，也被</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">称为“借贷股权”，用以覆盖部分的购</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">买费用。公屋协会持有一部分产权，并</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">且主持项目；建造者同样持有部分产权，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">属于“半拥有—半租赁”的模式。但是</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公屋协会持有的产权是永久产权，而购</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">房者持有的是租赁产权。建造者还会得</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">到一笔公屋协会的补助。为了获得这笔</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">补助，建设集体与已注册公屋协会签订</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一份“代理”合同。但是这项补助非常</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">紧缺，需要排队等待。第三种是通过自</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">主建造合作社形成的集体性产权(图7)，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">只有租赁权，可以享受房屋合作社的津</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">贴。这类补助是房屋合作社或公屋协会</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">补助与私人借款的混合，因此也被称为</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“混合基金”。在这种情况下，自主建</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">造小组的所有成员都必须在“完全互助”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的模式下注册，即这些自主建造者们作</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为一个完全性合作会员和开发商，建立</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一个“共同体合约”，合约确定了在正</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">常情况下开发商开发所需要的资金，而</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公屋协会承担材料和超出这部分预算的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">钱。项目完工后，自主建造者们会得到</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一笔由公屋协会提供的“优先租用保险”，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">房屋合作社和公屋协会负责房子后续的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">管理运营。该类产权的房屋居住者支付</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的租金大约比可支付住房的低20%。需</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">要说明的是，在这种模式下，自主建造</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">者承担了最后的租金，而当地政府拥有</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土地的全部产权。同时，集体性产权通</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">过解构和重构土地产权中的分要素 —</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">使用权和收益权，实现了产权的重构，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">极大地降低了居民所需要承担的费用。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过这种解构，保障了居民的权利，原</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本一方主导、居民被动的社会关系得到</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">了有效缓解，对社区和城市未来的更新</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">起到了积极作用。</span></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1217039" data-w="493" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgpm6xibDpe0BXxwaYxMbRNBzEX489mRHZRW8iaVGUA4onqXheOibWgUb0iaEsgnBCb28vNhvQ4xB0g8A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1255144" data-w="486" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgpm6xibDpe0BXxwaYxMbRNBJEItM9SiafC2S9oNk53B5fEr9VhWVW5t4LvOQvdH8hk5JKxmIzve1mw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0916335" data-w="502" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgpm6xibDpe0BXxwaYxMbRNBqdVOHxTkhkNQ4icQAIWfNLDWopM1ibn5pq6Qu3l7qLCGla9FAx9eg4tA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 11px;height: 11px;padding: 3px;margin-bottom: -5px;margin-left: -5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(248, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="height: 15px;transform: rotate(-30deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(-30deg);-moz-transform: rotate(-30deg);-o-transform: rotate(-30deg);transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-webkit-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-moz-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;-o-transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;border-left: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);margin-left: 8px;margin-top: -3px;color: rgb(33, 23, 23);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">4.专业机构跟进服务</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自主建造的过程涉及到多方面的专<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">业化操作和资源需求，通常居民难以完</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">全通过内部力量解决，因此提供专业化</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">服务的盈利或非盈利机构给予了建造者</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">更多选择。在不同居民达成一个总体性</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的规划共识的基础上，高度分化的咨询</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">服务和项目外包有效降低了居民自主建</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">造的门槛，同时从不同的端口对整个流</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">程进行把控，降低了各项风险，是各利</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">益方想要达成的理想状态。基于互联网</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的创新平台的建立也为多方资源的整合</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">创造了机会，让更大范围的人有机会参</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与这项活动，大大推动了自主建造市场</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的发展。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1) 定制化生产平台。维基住房是一<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">个致力于开发小型定制化装配式住宅的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">平台，通过线上宣传认证、线下合作的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">方式，将建筑师、设计师、工程师、制</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">造商和建造者等人力资源整合起来，并</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">提供技术资源或生产资料等方面的支持。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该平台旨在结合前沿技术，发展预制式、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">装配简单、可持续的居住产品，探索数</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">字时代新的工业化标准。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2) 土地信托服务。成立于 2009 年<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的城乡综合协会(Rural-urban Synthesis </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Society)，是一个由志愿者发起的社区</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地信托咨询机构，主要为大伦敦地区范</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">围内致力于自主建造的居民提供土地查</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">询、信托贷款咨询等服务。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(3)专家咨询平台。社会住房建筑协</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">会成立于2015年3月，是建筑规划专业</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人士自发形成的团体。协会成员包括建</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">筑师、城市设计师、工程师、调查员、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划师、电影制作者、摄影师、网页设</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">计师、艺术家和作家等。他们向面临住</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">房危机的居民提供专业化咨询，并探索</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当地低收入居民应对房地产拆迁的方式。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">例如，通过翻修和再造提高房屋容量；</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过出租或出售一部分私人市场的新房</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">屋，筹集资金翻修已有的政府住房，以</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保证社区现有房屋的完整性。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当多样化的服务外包内容被纳入居</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">民自主建造的体系中时，与建造房屋相</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">关的生产资料、服务、技能等不再通过</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">货币的形式进行筹集和交换，而是以社</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区为组织单元，组织单元内的成员可以</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过自己的技能标签来 “注册”，居民、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">设计师和装修工人等都会通过社交媒体</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">参与到这种非正式的经济活动中。</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">专业人士的身份转换</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自主建造提供了一个平台，让同一<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社区或是不同社区的专业人士探索协同</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">合作的方式。面对居民的非专业性，无</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">论是规划师、建筑师，还是后期的施工</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">顾问，必须采用通用的“共同语言”进</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">行专业性表达。此时，草图比电脑绘制</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的精确图纸更易交流。此外，很多时候</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社区居民难以表述其需求感受，需要专</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">业人士通过“知识转化”的专业能力去</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">帮助他们进行表达和评价，这也促使设</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">计师们设计更加易于居民参与的互动交</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">流工具来推进合作。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在这个过程中，规划师从开始的“外<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">部顾问”角色，转换为社区的“内部参</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与者”。共同参与建造折射出的是人们</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共同的兴趣爱好、价值观或生活方式等，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这正是形成具有高度团结力的社区的内</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">核所在。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（四）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">现实困境与对策</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在住房市场以大资本运作为主的情</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">况下，以社区居民为主体进行建造的活</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">动空间无疑是有限的，问题主要集中在</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土地获取、融资、规划审批和行政管理</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">等方面。针对这些问题，英国政府联合</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">市场，制定了相应的对策：①在土地供</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">应和采购方面，获取可用于自主建造的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土地十分困难，尤其在伦敦这样的大都</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">市地区，土地成本异常昂贵。在这种情</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">况下，用于自主建造的土地往往依赖特</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">殊政策，譬如与非盈利机构或大学合作</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">等建立示范基地，并以公有土地为主。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">②在融资方面，贷款机构或个人往往认</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为自主建造的贷款风险较高，因此多通</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">过政府贷款融资。政府贷款的申请和审</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">批耗时较长，难以快速开展项目。针对</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">该问题，英国政府设置了多种基金和贷</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">款项目，如自主建造投资基金、服务性</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土地贷款基金、家庭建造基金和股权借</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">贷等。③在规划审批方面，英国住房体</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系的规划审批制度非常严苛，在保证合</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">法性和各方利益诉求平衡的同时也增加</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">了时间成本，提高了技术性门槛，增加</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">了不确定性。而以规划设计、法律咨询</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和金融服务为主要业务方向的多种咨询</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">机构，为自主建造的主体 ( 即居民 ) 提供</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">了多样的专业化帮助，使居民在自主建</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">造实施之前就得以了解更加全面的法律</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体系及流程相关知识、可预见的实施障</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">碍等，大大降低了居民自主建造的时间</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成本和技术门槛。同时，这些机构的服</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">务人员拥有相关权力机构的社会资源，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">也在一定程度上成为了政府、公屋协会</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和居民沟通的桥梁。④在行政管理方面，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">各项手续的行政审批耗时较长，难以满</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">足居民的急迫需求。政府正在推行制度</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">改革，如建设电子平台、建立更加便捷</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的批复反馈机制等。</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/SZXblLoQSa5TsbAticK2ia8Ml9aicicKDFD8MHY4Gg8I0MA4dPUia1ep1nOZZ9oWajS0YVp10tUo0NyoicBR5J5Admvg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">三</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对我国社区存量更新的启示</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从国际经验看，城市更新可分为政<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">府主导的一元治理模式、由开发商与社</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">会联盟构成的以市场为导向的治理模式，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以及社区自主更新的治理模式等，英国</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的自主建造住房体系最初以社区自主更</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新形式为主，经过社会多方力量干预，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">已经逐步演化为上述三种模式的“混合</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体”。该体系有利于解决低收入群体的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">居住问题，激发社区各方协作的能力、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自主管理能力和经济驱动能力，赋予居</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">民更多的权利，可为我国的城市更新提</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">供一定的启示。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">重构多级产权体系，以产权结构<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">调节资源配置</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我国亟待城市更新的地区往往产权<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">构成复杂，以 100% 的产权比例进行收</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">储或转换时经常遇到巨大的阻力，尤其</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">是在城市亚中心区、工业园区及城中村</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">等地进行改造或异地重建时障碍重重，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">出现了“钉子户”“二房东分羹”等现象，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">居民的抵触和社会的舆论给政府造成了</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巨大的压力，给社会带来了不稳定因素。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国自主建造住房体系中的集体性</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">产权和共享式产权构建方法为我国存量</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用地的产权重构提供了参考。通过使用</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">权和收益权分离、建造权和经营权分离</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以及产权分级分割的方式重构了产权体</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系，平衡了政府、居民以及地产运营集</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">团的利益，极大地降低了居民建造所需</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">要承担的费用和风险。我国的社区更新</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">改造亦需将建造之后的物业经营权和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">产权作为一个整体进行考虑，进一步细</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">化产权构成及分割方式，并通过相应的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">金融手段将规划、设计、建造和运营等</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">模块切分给多方主体，在政府提供的资</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">金有限的情况下，激发社区居民的能动</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性并吸引外部力量，形成可持续的资源</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">整合。</span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 合法构建社区组织，赋能居民<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">创建新型治理模式</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">现状我国的社区建设并不成熟，譬<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如简单地将社区等同于街道，社区治理</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">被同化为街道办事处一级的管理职能，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">呈现出行政化的特征，自治的功能并不</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">完善。同时，社区草根组织无法与街道</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的行政登记管理制度接轨，这些组织长</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">期处于法定地位缺失的状态，对社区资</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">源的调动能力极弱，形成自组织团体“难</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">办事”的局面。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国以自主建造住房为目标而形成<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的社区自组织注册形式和房屋产权的组</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">织模式建立了联动关系，形成了强有力</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的社区结构纽带。社区居民自组织模式</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的合法化有利于低收入群体反映集体诉</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">求。基于此，我国在社区微更新中应明</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">晰政府与社区机构的权责关系，促进自</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">组织团体与街道办等相关行政机构形成</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">合作关系或利益共同体，从而赋能社区</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">居民，以集体的名义调动相关资源；同</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">时通过行政注册等方式将社区草根组织</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">合法化，有助于赋予社区自组织团体自</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">主管理和运营等方面的权利，培育共治</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的文化氛围。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建立专业咨询机构，降低社区<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">更新技术门槛</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我国社区更新的过程是高度复杂的，<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从社区组织模式的建立、房屋及土地产</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">权的转换，到设计建造方法和后期运营</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">管理，均涉及到多方面的专业化操作和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">资源需求，仅靠政府或居民是无法解决</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的，而整体外包给单一开发商又会形成</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">垄断。因此，更加细化和分化的咨询服务、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">项目外包等方式是推进更新的有效手段。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我国可以建立针对社区更新的资源平台，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如土地咨询平台、生产资料平台和专家</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">咨询平台等，逐步汇聚资源，形成完善</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的产业链。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">基于我国公众参与的现状，大幅度<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">突变式的参与制度并不可行，更重要的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">是根据不同社区的特征，探索更具针对</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性的制度，将自上而下的政策和自下而</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">上的活动进行对接，通过具体的事件和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">活动，搭建各方互动的平台，让不同职</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">业的居民共同营造其生活空间，建构弹</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性化的社区合作机制，营造人性化的理</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">想社区——一个生产和生活的共同体。</span></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-indent: 2em;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;padding: 15px;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 226, 224);background-position: 233.929% 1.8202%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 107.589%;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Hm4tHo7LVsHv8onSkSkVGk5zhHdicFnICZykh3X8x6NcNWKwMtRsEIs8vLM6ZtvibaxEbn3Z2OxpHjaWTtjF09Ag/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 110, 110);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">来源：2019年10期《规划师》杂志</p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新媒体编辑：刘晓莹</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">审读：肖莉</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">终审：刘芳</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px 1.5em;margin-bottom: -35px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 10px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章全文详见《规划师》2019年10期</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《</strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国自主建造住房体系解读及对我国</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社区存量更新的启示</span><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">》</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;border-radius: 0.5em 0.5em 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 5px 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">近期文章推荐</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 0px 0px 0.5em 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border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin: -5px 0px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 0px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.75" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mgIF6bB4OLdheYNMwGBzrRIvPuGFRey2NMqe8sZkRzz0v2HapucnCfwNViaic5GHMICAicO7TjxYJ4pA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《规划师》杂志社                                         </p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(21, 103, 167);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.45;box-sizing: border-box;">地址：广西南宁市青秀区月湾路1号南国弈园6楼</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">邮编：530029</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">邮箱：planner@21cn.net</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">网址：www.planners.com.cn</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">电话：0771-2438012</span></p><p style="clear: none;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">传真：0771-2436269</span></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/X5uulibticjJHHYlHnfa1TIibyu8oFLtL1Q4nTB3MsqI0E7bnwibdFOyfOzlewiaVWIdsOz2yfUygBWhiahddg2Xv26A/640?wx_fmt=gif");background-position: 1.2602% 100.746%;background-repeat: repeat-x;background-size: 76.798%;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 10px 10px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 61.8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">更</p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">多</p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 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