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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="text-align: left;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 2px none rgb(255, 202, 0);border-top-left-radius: 0px;border-bottom: 3px solid rgba(20, 122, 129, 0.62);border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgba(20, 122, 129, 0.62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 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146, 160);line-height: 0.9;letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mobility</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 2px solid rgb(179, 179, 179);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(179, 179, 179);padding: 0px 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划与发展战略</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市综合交通</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通与非机动化出行</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;">活力街区、街道与城市设计</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">量化城市与大数据</p></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-7px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">「</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">」</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;padding: 0px 5px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2019年<span style="color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"> | 7</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">月24日期</span></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;font-size: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 70%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 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powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 5%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTYFhvW7r1EYdjYXazib5vHibh01JvOibYhJ4W067kMZNz0mgeLO9wEKHeQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -20px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(45px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" 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/></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9778598" data-w="271" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTdFrb5O4QPyRcZEGeW1aVN7sYGzHxxQePJiaJiapnsHUB9vVGQQYb349g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img 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/></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9962406" data-w="266" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTsUg7JVd25o9cLoeOPZFR1s8ibaLMlj7Agl1amXEUEUcT7TH7NafokjA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img 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/></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0234375" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTHZs3jn4VOYsia7hVaAHjTQsK8TDJ47y37L8xiaRo1PO20ib7zVOq0C0mg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9962406" data-w="266" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTr74SOx74eBGmo0T6PSTYlA4eV0Z4pvWyeTTXnsOE4BWUfhYXUvjPeQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTsZ0Tt489cusQib2kmoBmdGr3B3NibqKujkWkGBEHThtQLct7APtNZicZQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTTwMwE9l9msa4MyomktcNjW7vpqT2pgjWkQAHShtuneu3E6KDvDLksQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTvcDDte3K0FO1DibOiblLiaicsicwibLgxpSPboiaEWQ29kB90vaTmL5Diaow6A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="170" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTlibPzoibcrrbibVsW0OtuKnwWpM6ZZBicflVeYicQ8ia0th6tp8MTtXjxGjw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9636364" data-w="275" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcT50nlPGHhceVZRKb3uM8NTTCMI4gK6uLVKOoxab5FwgCFShIASuSrDQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9636364" data-w="275" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTX7qJs9icrYKgAnpOdukAYWY0B4G7RAlfqHSic5hMByAhiaWSG72Ep5lEw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="265" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTzR8OZEtckouOMZlbADQLUE4UibSSmDmoSOUvGd8puoulQmDCJiaGiaF8g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9962406" data-w="266" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTwBUt3b3OVYB29kf1otv4fCXYGs4ibOHZSd7Jic5KcFZ8iaXM3ODXku3Dg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;border-radius: 1.5em;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTML26Mze46fNadKRsR7kibompEU2c5deDZ3QKibznic7bNaWD4nTgUPovA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1" data-w="170"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 12%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTYFhvW7r1EYdjYXazib5vHibh01JvOibYhJ4W067kMZNz0mgeLO9wEKHeQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 3px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;padding: 0px 20px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(68, 161, 198, 0.79);box-sizing: border-box;">原文|</span></strong>Rafael Gonzalez-Val、Han Li、Yehua Dennis Wei、Yangyi Wu、Guang Tian、J. David Selby、Kevin C. Desouza、Yanliu Lin </p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(68, 161, 198, 0.79);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译|</strong></span>黄显婷、苗雪琪、张颜麟、钟明佳、施翰达、唐子轶、周一帆、张璐、赵哲毅、高梦雪、杨莎莎、郝璐、王宇琦、杨光、方丹奇、相欣奕、滕敏、王雅桐、赵安琪</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(68, 161, 198, 0.79);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文献|</strong></span>邹家唱 <span style="color: rgba(68, 161, 198, 0.79);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">校核|</strong></span>相欣奕</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(68, 161, 198, 0.79);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑|</strong></span>张璐、众山小  <span style="color: rgba(68, 161, 198, 0.79);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">排版|<span style="color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">肖中圣</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(128, 178, 188);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">微博 |</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"> weibo.com/</span></span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: 10px 0% 20px;transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 7%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTYFhvW7r1EYdjYXazib5vHibh01JvOibYhJ4W067kMZNz0mgeLO9wEKHeQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(15px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 12%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTYFhvW7r1EYdjYXazib5vHibh01JvOibYhJ4W067kMZNz0mgeLO9wEKHeQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="margin: -55px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 27%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1" data-w="120" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTEjSqND1soQQvUO6fwsYLJibkuibQ5vSiabtnSlMhASeqET4UguoErHJVA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgba(20, 122, 129, 0.48);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -18px 0% 10px;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);display: inline-block;width: 2.5em;height: 2.5em;line-height: 2.5em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: right;transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-40px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 3px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-10386-1536648223411" style="text-align: center;font-size: 22px;color: rgb(246, 246, 246);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 5px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;">一览</span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;">导读</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(128, 178, 188) 0px 0px 6px;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 8px;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px 15px 8px;box-shadow: rgb(160, 160, 160) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-61658-1548305745155" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">则一中，作者通过使用Duranton和Overman（2005）的方法，考虑所有城市对之间双边距离的分布来估计K-密度，从而确定不同的空间模式。通过使用2010年美国城市不同定义（地点，城市区域和核心统计区域）的数据，我们将空间视为连续，分析了城市的空间分布，根据城市规模和城市定义找到了显著的分散模式。我们的结果与美国城市的等级系统相符，且每个子系统的中心城市彼此相距很远。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">则二是一篇数据分析研究。其从城市结构（单中心与多中心）、服务设施（公园、学校、医院、银行、娱乐、购物和住宿等）和交通可达性（共享单车、公交和地铁站点等）三个维度展开，利用链家网、大众点评、百度地图和摩拜单车的开放数据，结合空间计量经济学理论改进了Hedonic定价模型，综合分析城市设施供给水平、城市空间结构及居民对服务设施的态度，量化房屋特征、服务设施、交通可达性、城市结构的影响。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">则三给我们带来新颖的视角，介绍的是即使是在我们认为领先发达的城市：不可调和的问题仍然存在，且不断削弱城市维持正常运转的能力。一方面城市运转能力会随着未调和的城市冲突逐渐恶化，使冲突成为城市脓包，并持续溃烂。另一方面，城市中现有的问题又可以反向激化冲突。文章并举例实证了全球先锋城市同样也正面临着不断进化升级的城市问题，他们积累恶化，使城市变得脆弱。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: -50px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 15%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(237, 194, 113);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -70px 0% 0px;font-size: 18px;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 5em;height: 5em;margin: auto;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;text-align: center;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: table;width: 100%;height: 5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: table-cell;vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;line-height: 1.2;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);font-size: 15px;padding: 10px;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阅读</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">正文</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" 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10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(55, 120, 153);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);font-size: 14px;color: rgb(70, 87, 114);text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小为您提供本文报告原文下载。<span style="color: rgb(232, 21, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1&2&3，请后台留言联系我们索取）</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 20px 0% 10px;text-align: right;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(191, 95, 21);display: inline-block;text-align: center;width: 2.5em;height: 2.5em;line-height: 2.5em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -10px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;font-size: 36px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px;color: rgb(20, 122, 129);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">简·</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Spatial Distribution</p></section><section style="font-size: 24px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市空间分布</p></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -10px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;font-size: 36px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px;color: rgb(20, 122, 129);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Shanghai Housing Price</p></section><section style="font-size: 24px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">上海房价</p></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-50px, 0px, 0px);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 30%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -10px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 48px;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Fragile cities</p></section><section style="font-size: 24px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">发达城市的脆弱地区</p></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 4em;height: 4em;border-radius: 50%;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTqZvY4FH6NbaQGRHMoSX9JqqnIMZvlwaZmD8GDOP1hN8myeFz1mf97Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");overflow: hidden;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4416667" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTqZvY4FH6NbaQGRHMoSX9JqqnIMZvlwaZmD8GDOP1hN8myeFz1mf97Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;opacity: 0;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="width: 100%;margin-left: 1.2em;margin-top: -1.2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;white-space: nowrap;overflow: hidden;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;height: 2em;margin-left: 1em;border-bottom-left-radius: 1em;border-left: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);max-width: 85% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: 1.5em;line-height: 1.5;padding-right: 0.5em;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(20, 122, 129);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">则一：美国城市空间分布</strong></p></section></section><section style="float: left;width: 5%;margin-left: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;margin-top: 1.82em;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(191, 95, 21);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Rafael Gonzalez-Val   翻译/ 黄显婷</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在本文中，我们使用Duranton和Overman（2005）的方法，考虑所有城市对之间双边距离的分布来估计K-密度，从而确定不同的空间模式。通过使用2010年美国城市不同定义（地点，城市区域和核心统计区域）的数据，我们将空间视为连续，分析了城市的空间分布，根据城市规模和城市定义找到了显著的分散模式。我们的结果与美国城市的等级系统相符，且每个子系统的中心城市彼此相距很远。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们将城市定义为三个类型：地点（places）、城市区域（urban areas）和核心统计区域（CBSAs）。计算城市间双边距离所需的地理坐标（纬度和经度）是从2010 Census US Gazetteer files中获得的。地点包括所有注册和非注册的地方；城市区域包括人口密度在5万人以上的城市化区域和人口密度在2500人至5万人之间；CBSAs具有经济意义，它包括人口众多的城市区域以及与该区域经济和社会高度融合的邻近社区。城市定义的这三个类型是相互关联的：城市区域包含大多数地点，而大多数城市区域和地点又属于CBSAs。此外，美国大部分人口都包含在这三个样本中。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们根据人口（5000-2.5万，2.5万-5万，5万-10万，超过10万居民）定义了四组城市规模，以研究类似规模的城市如何在空间分布。用来定义不同群体的阈值的标准是，在不同的城市定义中，每个类别中的城市数量应该是相似的，特别是对于包含大城市的群体（指5万-10万和超过10万居民）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们遵循Duranton和Overman的方法，该方法曾被广泛应用于研究企业的空间分布。据我们了解，这是第一次应用于分析城市的空间分布。我们测试了相似规模的每一类城市的双边距离观测分布是否与随机抽取的一组双边距离显著不同。为了检验这一假设，我们根据模拟的随机图围绕期望分布建立了全局置信区间。如果某一特定规模的城市的双边距离分布在全球置信区间之外，则其将显著地局部化或分散化。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">此外，就城市而言，局部或分散化模式提供了美国城市的等级制度。城市等级制度的经典概念由特定区域、国家甚至更广阔的领土内不同规模、权力和影响力的城市组成。根据这一概念，城市系统由按大小排序的不同层级城市组成，如果我们能够检测到相似大小的城市群，则可以提供城市等级空间模式的证据。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">举个例子。例如纽约市和费城，圣安东尼奥和奥斯汀，旧金山和萨克拉门托，这些城市对都属于第四类规模（大城市），它们都相距100英里，每对都是不同城市系统的一部分。这意味着0到100英里之间是高密度值，因此将显示这些距离之间是局部化的。现在考虑洛杉矶及其周边城市（例如帕萨迪纳），距离旧金山和萨克拉门托约400英里。这些城市也彼此接近，这仍然意味着0到100英里之间是局部化的，但同时，对于大约400英里的距离也将存在密度峰值。因此，根据距离，我们的K-密度中的多个峰值可以指示在不同城市等级中具有相似大小的城市的等级。然而，加利福尼亚州和德克萨斯州或加利福尼亚州和纽约州之间的距离太长，所以在我们的分析中，这些情况下可能的密度峰值不会出现，因为它们相距900多英里。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据以上所述，我们得到一下结果和结论。对于地点（places）来说，无论城市规模如何，我们都能获得长距离的分散模式。从0-100英里距离的定位开始，在该阈值附近，K-密度从上到下跨越置信区间，空间分布模式由局部化变为分散。此外，对于大城市来说，K-密度从零减少到200英里，这表明，如果把所有的大城市都考虑在内，一些大城市之间相距较近，而另一些则相距较远。这表明城市系统的中心不同。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这些地理模式支持美国城市的等级系统，其中每个子系统的中心城市都远离其他城市。我们可以将100英里作为城市子系统的边界，因为根据我们的结果，这个距离内的城市对可能是局部模式，超过这个距离的城市对则是分散模式，因此它们属于不同的城市子系统。更为保守的阈值是200和300英里的距离。然而，城市区域（urban areas）的证据不那么确定：只有在人口大于10万且距离大于200英里的城市中，我们才能得到一个显著的分散模式。在CBSAs中，几乎没有任何空间模式。只有在顶级大城市中，600英里外才会出现微弱的分散模式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯的代表作《美国大城市的死与生》，是在正确的时间提出的正确思想。1960年代，全球出现了对主导增长的意识形态和技术信仰的反对，反传统和亚文化潮流涌现，雅各布斯的思想适逢其时。简·雅各布斯为人们呈现了地方网络、社会环境的积极方面以及运行良好的社区，认为需要不断对其加以（重新）发现和重建。每当她看到权利受到威胁或政治无法认同时，简雅各布总是明确提出反对意见。她反对过横跨华盛顿广场公园的公路修建，反对过自家社区的“整修”，反对过纽约和多伦多城市高速公路建设策略。但是，雅各布斯从未与罗伯特摩西或其他人旗鼓相当争吵过。在1968年4月参加了下曼哈顿高速公路建设的听证会之后，雅各布斯被拘留；在1968年12月，雅各布斯在反战抗议中被捕。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% 9px;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 4em;height: 4em;border-radius: 50%;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTqZvY4FH6NbaQGRHMoSX9JqqnIMZvlwaZmD8GDOP1hN8myeFz1mf97Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");overflow: hidden;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4416667" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTqZvY4FH6NbaQGRHMoSX9JqqnIMZvlwaZmD8GDOP1hN8myeFz1mf97Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;opacity: 0;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="width: 100%;margin-left: 1.2em;margin-top: -1.2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;white-space: nowrap;overflow: hidden;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;height: 2em;margin-left: 1em;border-bottom-left-radius: 1em;border-left: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);max-width: 85% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: 1.5em;line-height: 1.5;padding-right: 0.5em;font-size: 17px;color: rgb(20, 122, 129);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">则二：从可望到不可及的上海房价</p></section></section><section style="float: left;width: 5%;margin-left: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;margin-top: 1.82em;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Han Li、Yehua Dennis Wei、Yangyi Wu、Guang Tian</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 苗雪琪、张颜麟</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">20世纪中国开展城镇住房改革以来，国内的住宅市场和城市结构发生了翻天覆地的变化。在一系列快速推动城市化进程中，迅速增长的人口和居高不下的房价加剧了社会两极化、居住隔离等区域不平等现象， 严重影响着城市未来的稳定发展和可持续性建设。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其中，全线飙升的房价引发了各界的广泛关注。以上海市为例，从2009年至2016年，二手房单位面积平均成交价由19,810元 /平方米飙升至近52,140元/平方米。但是上海市2016年人均可支配年收入仅从2009年的28,838元增长至54,305元，收入增长远低于房价。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcT48ib313ae957sV0hrPhK0cnWrXvHSyTUfrr0LIeHjOI98zdmGpPkzwA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" class="" data-ratio="0.6685185185185185" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、上海市域房价分布，呈现出明显的单中心特征（数据来源：链家网）</strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与研究城市人口增长、住房需求扩张和居住用地有限三者间矛盾影响房价走势的传统角度不同，本文从城市结构（单中心与多中心）、服务设施（公园、学校、医院、银行、娱乐、购物和住宿等）和交通可达性（共享单车、公交和地铁站点等）三个维度展开，利用链家网、大众点评、百度地图和摩拜单车的开放数据，结合空间计量经济学理论改进了Hedonic定价模型，综合分析城市设施供给水平、城市空间结构及居民对服务设施的态度，量化房屋特征、服务设施、交通可达性、城市结构的影响。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTFEGA40aAGicOUd8rSljciaiaibacPGwoEsKNxD1kXJGPWYa7M7ciaVKWVHQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" class="" data-ratio="0.4351851851851852" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、上海市域公用服务设施核密度分析（a）学校、（b）银行（c）医院（数据来源：百度地图POI）</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcT1JLRq62FmUnUp6TzPg30Tiaq5cSwLgCicYH1kfAibyuoNQvXlsA0YDUHg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" class="" data-ratio="0.4351851851851852" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、上海市域个体服务设施热度（统计评论条数）分布（a）娱乐设施、（b）购物设施（c）家政服务（数据来源：大众点评）</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">此外作者利用线性回归模型（Simple Linear Regression，SLR & Multiple Linear Regression , MLR）探究服务设施和交通可达性影响上海房价的潜在机制——学校、地铁站等设施对购买者来说代表着高投资回报；中心区居民更愿意向娱乐、购物等服务设施支付费用，而郊区居民更重视公共交通设施；同时，地铁站点和共享单车覆盖比公交站点和其他生活服务设施对房价的影响更为显著。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTAbVSgJtl5cTB32SK2usZehE1xichb1Prq4uzdicBEAjOHpqJnRGLqricQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" class="" data-ratio="0.4351851851851852" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、上海市域交通设施分布（a）地铁站、（b）公交站（c）共享单车（数据来源：百度地图POI、摩拜单车）</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTLOLrIFj7diaYicwA2a3KUl9Kib9OIvaYoApZk0s0k9HKass5xFEGibDZNg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" class="" data-ratio="0.25462962962962965" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、交通设施对房价的影响（a）距离最近地铁站长度（b）距公交站点和共享单车距离，（数据来源：链家网、百度地图、摩拜单车）</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">有意思的是，郊区展现出来的影响上海房价的潜在机制特征和中心城区和近城区的大不相同，这表明市民社会经济水平的差异性与城市圈层格局紧密相关。相比之下，中心城区的居民更愿意向公共和娱乐设施支付费用；而郊区市民则更加重视公共交通设施；具体来说，地铁和共享单车比公交车更有出行吸引力。这就意味着越远的地方，公共交通对于房地产升值的效果则越显著。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">值得一提的是，高质量的服务设施将促进高端就业机会聚集，但这在推动城镇化发展的同时又一步推高了房价。因此，当地政府应当考虑政策调控，转化集中工作模式，辅以配套设施从而通过去中心化来实现长远的平衡发展。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 4em;height: 4em;border-radius: 50%;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTqZvY4FH6NbaQGRHMoSX9JqqnIMZvlwaZmD8GDOP1hN8myeFz1mf97Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");overflow: hidden;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0;vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4416667" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTqZvY4FH6NbaQGRHMoSX9JqqnIMZvlwaZmD8GDOP1hN8myeFz1mf97Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;opacity: 0;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="width: 100%;margin-left: 1.2em;margin-top: -1.2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: left;white-space: nowrap;overflow: hidden;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;height: 2em;margin-left: 1em;border-bottom-left-radius: 1em;border-left: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);max-width: 85% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-left: 1.5em;line-height: 1.5;padding-right: 0.5em;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 0em;clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-indent: 0em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(20, 122, 129);letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">则三：发达世界的脆弱城市<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></strong></p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="float: left;width: 5%;margin-left: -1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;margin-top: 1.82em;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(191, 95, 21);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ J. David Selby、Kevin C. Desouza   </p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 钟明佳</p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一、简介</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">请各位读者回忆下列事件：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2011年8月，伦敦警察击毙一男子诱发了4天暴动。该事件造成2000人被捕，约3亿英镑的财产损失。伦敦当局将此次暴动归结于社会收入不平和对警察失信的持续发酵。</p></li><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2008至2015年期间，墨尔本房价上涨幅度高达260%。澳政府为应对该情况上调了对买房人群的补助，同时减少了租房扶持项目。该举措导致无法拥有永久住房的人数增加46%，只能选择住在车里的人增加60%。</p></li><li><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从2007年到2017年的十年间，东京的老年犯罪占总犯罪比例从5.8%飙升至20%。其中老年罪犯的再犯率为25%。日本不完善的退休保障系统、老龄化人口、和强烈的排外情绪被认为是导致该项犯罪率上升的诱因。</p></li></ul><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以上案例均说明，即使是在我们认为领先发达的城市：不可调和的问题仍然存在，且不断削弱城市维持正常运转的能力。墨尔本和东京的案例都体现了城市运转能力会随着未调和的城市冲突逐渐恶化，使冲突成为城市脓包，并持续溃烂。另一方面，城市中现有的问题又可以反向激化冲突，就像伦敦事件一样。事实上，以上案例中提到的城市，无不是经常与智慧，智能，前沿城市规划创新，可持续，弹性，有序等词挂钩的标杆城市。这些先锋城市面正临着不断进化升级的城市问题，他们积累恶化，使城市变得脆弱。另外，先锋城市的脆弱性（fragility）会将在他们庇护下的其他城市同样暴露在脆弱性（fragility）面前。也就是说，如果领先的城市是脆弱的，那么所有的城市都是脆弱的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">随着全球城市化进程加剧，2016年世界人口已有54.5%居住在城市之中。各国的头部城市无不在各自的社会经济体系中承担着举足轻重的角色。因此当发展中城市发进行快速城市化的同时，发达城市同样承受着例如人口迁徙，基建老化等压力。这种相互连接、影响的城市联系使得任何一个城市面临的问题变成所有城市面临的问题。例如2018年罗马的难民问题影响了2018年意大利大选，同时将压力带给了维也纳、慕尼黑等周边城市。城市在国家中的关键地位让理解城市易损性（vulnerability） 成为重要议程之一。不深入研究城市脆弱性就谈提升城市韧性无异于在没有地基的情况下起高楼。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文将主要通过论述案例来提出一种概念性框架，为城市在暴露脆弱性和处理社会裂隙时更好的理解和整理应对方法。文献综述主要讨论现有研究对于脆弱性（fragility）的定义，建立脆弱性与弹性的关系，提出在将框架应用于发达城市之前需适应脆弱性的必要性。本文提出，脆弱性由各社会契约之间不可调和的裂隙催生，其程度也取决于政府对这些裂隙的应对手段优劣与否。最后，我们呈现的概念性框架通过四种公共贡献来评定城市的脆弱性水平。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二：文献综述</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1. 脆弱性</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由于大环境不同，很对针对发展中国家情况制定的脆弱性定义并不适用于发达国家。另外，很多现存的对于脆弱性的定义将可控的威胁与不可控的威胁混为一谈。这两类威胁必须被分开讨论，因为可控威胁关乎实体的处理能力，而不可控威胁则主要取决于外部环境。不同于很多文献将易损性（vulnerability）总结为城市易被环境威胁影响的程度，本文认为脆弱性（fragility）主要是描述城市失去应对危机的能力，包括管理能力的减弱。例如在2005年美国卡特里娜飓风灾害中，由于工程设计与施工失误导致堤坝质量不过关引起溃坝而造成的城市损失就是城市脆弱性的体现。若堤坝质量无问题，只是飓风超过了城市设计的可承受能力，则灾害体现了城市易损性。同时卡特里娜飓风的案例也再次强调了城市之间的互联本质：将一个城市面临的危机暴露在更多城市面前。当水害发生后，一个城市疏通的失败将持续为周边城市累积溃坝风险。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2．裂隙与社会契约</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社会契约是连接一个个社会成员的志愿协议，以此将文明社会和纯自然状态区分开来。城市脆弱性是社会契约的裂隙不断积累加深的结果。而社会契约是城市在压力下维持运行能力的关键因素（图六）。裂隙往往是由政府或社会成员无法完成自己应该履行的社会契约造成，而裂隙可表现为从个人行为的犯罪到城市规模的大型社会问题。相关例子如底特律房地产市场崩溃和巴黎劳工改革冲突等。公共贡献则被定义为由政府提供给社会个体赖以生存的公共物资，是政府应该履行的社会契约。不同于社会个体在面对社会契约裂隙时有多重选择，政府的选择面往往很少，且决策的压力巨大。因此，城市政府更需要明白他们处理裂隙的方式将如何影响城市脆弱性以优化他们的决策。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTyfw0luWZw33ic8iaZq9UJNCl2nEYoVNnBnic5PA8UsprXBCOJrXzmXa5g/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" class="" data-ratio="0.3398148148148148" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图六、基础脆弱性概念模型</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三、四种社会贡献</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">四种基本的公共贡献分别为：基础、稳定、整合、繁荣。基础公共贡献指政府保证个体基本生存需求。稳定公共贡献指保障城市安全和可预测性。整合公共贡献指政府不滥用职权同时保证个体不凌驾于法律之上。繁荣公共贡献指居民和组织能够获得丰富的生活和提升经济能力的机会。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1. 政策和管理诱因</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">政策诱因是指政府在执行法律条例的成功或失败导致社会契约裂隙的过程。管理诱因则指机构的作为或不作为导致政府不能做出应有的公共贡献的过程。图七展示了政策和管理诱因可能导致公共贡献失败。表一展示了各种政策诱因和管理诱因的定义和案例。本文主要通过论述美国密歇根州Flint河污染、新加坡MRT水灾、华盛顿阿片类药物流行病、2017罗马难民等一些列事件，总结出政府因为在政策和管理上的失误导致无法提供四类公共贡献，从根本上威胁城市个人、和组织机构的生存和生活，使得城市脆弱性升级。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2. 各类贡献之间的影响</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">同时，本文还通过Flint河水污染事件中政府处置循序不当总结出：不能正确优先处理基础性问题，同样也会导致城市脆弱性的增加。另外，韩国城中村、芝加哥警察署腐败问题都暗示不能做好高阶公共贡献（繁荣）的原因可能在于未满足低阶的公共需求（基础）。同样，一次城市脆弱性的暴露可能由多次公共贡献的失败共同导致。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTKFicttX19VdZvKxlaov0X8ibdNaUH4sukxHKiblwEibyVdRMjiaLSwc5DQQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" class="" data-ratio="0.4759259259259259" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七、加入政策诱因和管理诱因的基础脆弱性概念模型</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">表一、公共贡献类型与政策诱因与管理诱因导致的贡献案例</em></strong></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTtvRwgy4tfJsGHKdkdSM547M0u9mCnf8UGiaszKP4KdCb0UrJRLeyWPA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" class="" data-ratio="0.22407407407407406" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3.城市政府的应对</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一般来讲，发达城市的社会契约相比脆弱的城市会更强，因为他们享有更好的物质和人才资源。但正是由于发达城市的复杂性，契约裂隙却容易暗中生长，直到有一天以灾难的形式爆发，就像Flint河污染事件一样。但同样，盲目地采取应对措施也可以使本来不严重的事态升级（图八）。城市政府的危机处理可以加强或减弱城市脆弱性。因此，如何正确的做出处置，时机和强度都是每个城市需要研习的课题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcT59Wic7TF7jYgYgDoy86xdKnu3VaVicgpdfsSkcTYFoebad4Un5r8vYibA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" class="" data-ratio="0.4824074074074074" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图八、完整的脆弱性概念模型</em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">4. 脆弱性的等级</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文认为很多社会问题体现出的城市脆弱性都可以通过一个简单的1-4级标准来描述裂隙对脆弱性的威胁严重程度和紧迫程度。</p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTiaTjicgUo0NAWE8rDd7iaqUdD0iaK38kA44Pu6wicib6TE5mKJLD6gRu1ILw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png" class="" data-ratio="0.26851851851851855" data-w="1080"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">图九、脆弱性等级</span></strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></strong></em></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四、总结</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(110, 115, 117);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文通过建立脆弱性概念框架，从社会学的角度促使城市开始积极主动地剖析社会裂隙，并解决问题，防止城市变得更加脆弱。本文所提出的概念框架的创新之处在于将城市脆弱性解析为一系列累积的城市裂隙，透过微分和动态的新颖视角理解裂隙如何干扰城市运行。未来的研究可以基于本文以政府作用的出发点，探讨城市个体和组织与社会契约裂隙及城市脆弱性的关系。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ul3wicN3HO1DChIZAZ66Ct3HJQ0HnV7fYYkL1M91zOfXrBg47DpTxFR8HxkhPdgJ5XF394McBEWk3icvXYhzrCKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg?x-oss-process=style/xmorient");background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;background-attachment: scroll;width: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;overflow-x: auto;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"><section style="overflow: hidden;width: 798%;max-width: 798% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 12.2807%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: bottom;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-right: 10px none rgb(177, 136, 102);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 80%;vertical-align: bottom;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 270px;height: 200px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 72px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-shadow: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0) 2px 0px 7px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">雅<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></span></p></section><section style="transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(50px, 0px, 0px);margin: -70px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0);font-size: 64px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">各</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -40px 0% 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0);font-size: 24px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 0px 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">思考</strong></span></p></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(35px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(35px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(35px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(35px, 0px, 0px);margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 36px;color: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">斯</strong></span></p></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(-15px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-15px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-15px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-15px, 0px, 0px);margin: -30px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 48px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">布</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(20px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 5px;padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">全系回顾</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding: 0px 10px 0px 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin: 0px 0% -23px;transform: translate3d(-35px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-35px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-35px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-35px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 25px;height: 25px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 90%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 81.5 81.5" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><path style="box-sizing: border-box;" d="M40.7,0C18.2,0,0,18.2,0,40.7s18.2,40.7,40.7,40.7c22.5,0,40.7-18.2,40.7-40.7S63.2,0,40.7,0z   M54.3,45.6h-17l5.6,5.6c2,2,2,5.4,0,7.4v0c-2,2-5.4,2-7.4,0L21.2,44.4c-2-2-2-5.4,0-7.4l14.1-14.1c2-2,5.4-2,7.4,0c2,2,2,5.4,0,7.4  l-5.9,5.9h17.4c2.6,0,4.7,2.1,4.7,4.7C59,43.4,56.9,45.6,54.3,45.6z" fill="rgb(255,255,255)"></path></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">滑动解锁回忆</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 12.5313%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 10px none rgb(177, 136, 102);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-right: 0px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-top-right-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 25px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;border-style: solid;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4435185" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTuB5gEmrTDUfeBdxSelpIm0B3ZYHgvHeeerTIj5ZUJzgNdMJWMzszbA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 5px 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;margin: 3px 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 11px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0px none rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 0px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: none;border-left: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯的思考<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">人营建城市--城市促成正义：</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">论雅各布斯工作的伦理意义</span></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 12.5313%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;border-style: solid;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4444444" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTPBPuRa0BmN2rjGTy5Em0WBvgH51GyySRykoBpsklvnEOqP9iazH0icAA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 5px 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;margin: 3px 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 11px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0px none rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 0px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: none;border-left: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯的思考</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">雅各布斯的城市规划、价值体系及以人为本的设计 (两则)</span></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 12.5313%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;border-style: solid;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4509259" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTV750rsiasoeZt9PHVVAdLiaLTMXojj8oL8FXa8icTY1xSv8l39yth4cUw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 5px 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;margin: 3px 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 11px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0px none rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 0px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: none;border-left: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯的思考</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">雅各布斯的局限性、道德意义与城市公平 (三则)</span></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 12.5313%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;border-style: solid;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8435185" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTPV0668MX4f5tqL0qY1XnMY8FYbWkeV0SNnbU0Fia3DsocpSVB4dmzvw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 5px 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;margin: 3px 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 11px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0px none rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 0px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: none;border-left: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯的思考</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">雅各布斯的城市多样性、房地产价值与气候适应性 (三则)</span></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 12.5313%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;border-style: solid;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4435185" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicictcuhUzho0PWEibS9cn04a7nhP1ZEPQeagdVnP0bfVtuL0ndjiaT8AYPsIdGvyibjSfnPXWVhibymTA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 5px 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;margin: 3px 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 11px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">5</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0px none rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 0px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: none;border-left: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯的思考</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">雅各布斯的量化：</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">社会福利房与中国空气污染对城市活动的影响 (两则)</span></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 12.5313%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;border-style: solid;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4444444" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTzlfoYpP0ORuVBmqTicmhXCQqsbibF67awyeUtC4lkcLzibQ5FWo82icQwA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 5px 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;margin: 3px 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 11px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">6</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0px none rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 0px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: none;border-left: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯的思考</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">智慧城市的陷阱与能源平衡表 (两则)</span></p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 12.5313%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 20px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;border-style: solid;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4416667" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTqZvY4FH6NbaQGRHMoSX9JqqnIMZvlwaZmD8GDOP1hN8myeFz1mf97Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);padding: 5px 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;margin: 3px 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(197, 17, 106, 0);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);width: 1.8em;height: 1.8em;line-height: 1.8em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 11px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">7</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0px none rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 0px;border-top-style: none;border-bottom-style: none;border-left: 3px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 0px 10px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯的思考</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 5px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">美国城市空间分布、上海房价与发达城市的脆弱城区 (三则)</p></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0% -80px;opacity: 0.99;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: linear-gradient(rgb(74, 171, 217) 0%, rgba(74, 171, 217, 0) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 300px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 2px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 32px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;">全文</span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 8px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">终</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4416667" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTqZvY4FH6NbaQGRHMoSX9JqqnIMZvlwaZmD8GDOP1hN8myeFz1mf97Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.7777778" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcT1ov1UIOo03SCpIKgmScWrmV8qFzWDe3zNOem1ucLUG1P7P5NOicJCJQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 2px;padding: 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 40%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(125, 146, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;margin: -40px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60%;vertical-align: top;border-top: 5px solid rgb(237, 194, 113);border-top-left-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;height: 1px;"></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(125, 146, 160);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: -30px 0% 10px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);opacity: 0.77;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 42px;color: rgba(230, 236, 239, 0.7);letter-spacing: 7px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.3860182" data-w="658" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcT3DgOicQTfAcUKe6Oxj6ZYRnld5AibIzibjSSoT70m2hIOMQKauiajP8UiaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 85%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4444444" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicictcuhUzho0PWEibS9cn04aS6GU9m4jPOQicXhIPORkXI3d6DicKspskKQdUjM2rTe6OSaj3VwibyoHg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 95%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.374613" data-w="646" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicictcuhUzho0PWEibS9cn04adeFcSPfZwOEgxib24rhYKKG8oQdBd7eibg8f2kb9EaLO1laZQwHTDkFg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="transform: rotateZ(180deg);-webkit-transform: rotateZ(180deg);-moz-transform: rotateZ(180deg);-o-transform: rotateZ(180deg);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% -30px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px) rotateX(180deg);opacity: 0.77;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-65127-1536720080432" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 42px;color: rgba(230, 236, 239, 0.7);letter-spacing: 7px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">免费下载<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  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0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-53202-1534475045474" style="line-height: 1.8;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 146, 160);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">免费下载一览众山小提供的原文资料：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">微信公众号 后台留言<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">或电邮 Daizongliu@qq.com </p></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(125, 146, 160);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(128, 178, 188);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">01</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 4px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《美国城市的空间分布》</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcT78icMpNNiaiaHeIHhnicvqUN8Wvboo39TdKFLoUF8spjxOQeruvqIfx42A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.365296803652968" data-w="657"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTvpzFWHALUdk7JsCvEISQcHmR52P5lVuZDdJeJliappoj9icLTricMicU0g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.3711656441717792" data-w="652"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTzibEUXBgawFPMzTZVfSTEV59ZIWkRoOMRbdLTW4icicARicH73yP6icojyQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.3823975720789075" data-w="659"  /></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-color: rgb(181, 190, 143);border-style: none;border-width: 1px;background-color: rgb(125, 146, 160);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(128, 178, 188);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">02</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 4px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《从可望到不可及，大数据来告诉你这些年上海房价到底经历了什么！》</p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTtYw56uIOflOmJRGog7QVUicoXC9CdTkFJCVicv3KoF7p9BibbibiaywRAHA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.3509833585476552" data-w="661"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTjI7HATtqBuTYBJGywNpdVVtBP4AyWnDJEB6k2mOaZhu5QaMwpJjEdA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.4009287925696594" data-w="646"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTBkufunZy3UuO1s0gzlpYlV6qPlwvID1vTDP4Ar6XpwsbZcFMX4vUjA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.3755725190839694" data-w="655"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTTc9rxmHs1lJaZE5D7m8azDF4Nhz6VE5bmNf9FdO98ZtwlTy2wGqFyQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.3689024390243902" data-w="656"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTkXXhIG0KTDKBhB70Z8rsKpM5N5ibLDc0azB9KCic0RjicEibE2ryO4Siajg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.3765243902439024" data-w="656"  /></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 6px;line-height: 1.6em;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-radius: 6px 0px 0px 6px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(128, 178, 188);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">03</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 4px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《发达世界中的脆弱城市：一个概念性框架》</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">-</strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTQfIRMsTfxQq0h1b4klM15TO2Z8UJj2fOgMUnQybZJKR5icmFeWUbHww/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.3413897280966767" data-w="662"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaicn0rj0xEibX4j5y1Yp9uwcTy7vf0sEJc4WPxSMuicC0hicClRycicDAoIxM1fpNjdgnMtHLZdRAhK7UA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg" class="" data-ratio="1.3804347826086956" data-w="644"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section 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style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们作为独立的专业志愿者团体，秉承专业理想与价值观，不依托任何机构，信守非盈利原则，帮助中国城市可持续发展。我们关注的领域包括但不限于：城市规划与发展战略、城市交通、公共交通与非机动化出行、活力街区、街道与城市设计、量化城市与大数据。至今我们已经拥有遍布全球近380名志愿者网络，并推送1700篇专业微文。作为微信公众号平台最大的线上专业志愿者平台，我们感谢您对我们的关注和支持，并欢迎加入我们！</p></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-71749-1534493157832" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(93, 91, 91);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 3px;padding: 0px 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;">更多内容</span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: 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