国匠城工作台

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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: bottom;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 60px;height: 30px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/R7LddshQTvpwIwIcjL0fqgONEoMRia5x2YffibXsddSfYVkuVrX4Kowm2lkybZiaMjJjPwzCiaFqCaL1x2xZYRU9fw/640?wx_fmt=gif");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 3px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">目录</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 10px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;padding: 20px 10px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="min-height: 40px;text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="width: 100%;margin: 0px auto -10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" style="border-collapse: collapse;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 10px;" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:0" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:0.td@@0" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(171, 220, 200) 10%, rgb(3, 150, 255) 100%);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一</p></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:0.td@@1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(52, 110, 183);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">功能区更新：伦敦西区（West End）</strong></p></section></section></td></tr><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:1" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:1.td@@0" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(171, 220, 200) 10%, rgb(3, 150, 255) 100%);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">二</p></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:1.td@@1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(52, 110, 183);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">公共空间更新：特拉法加广场（Trafalgar Square）</strong></p></section></section></td></tr><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:2" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:2.td@@0" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(171, 220, 200) 10%, rgb(3, 150, 255) 100%);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">三</p></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:2.td@@1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(52, 110, 183);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">改变使用用途</strong></p></section></section></td></tr><tr opera-tn-ra-comp="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:3" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:3.td@@0" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(171, 220, 200) 10%, rgb(3, 150, 255) 100%);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">四</p></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:0.col1:1.col1:0.classicTable1:3.td@@1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(52, 110, 183);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">收获和感悟</strong></p></section></section></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0390625" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/dLxktWVB0ZmqYCyENYicjl83pKeKb56Vamqy7wAE3iaD43h9yfAvJcsxXcDHUQPDAhu1HF3cmEWO2DJRLPNhP9Ew/640?wx_fmt=jpeg?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据伦敦规划及年度监测报告（AMR），伦敦新建开发项目不得占用开放空间，新建住宅利用存量用地开发比例应达96%，基本可以认为是建设用地零增长。但是，由于伦敦面临着很大的增长压力，因此伦敦规划提出了“良性增长”政策，通过提高开发强度、增加建筑面积满足增长需求。因此，伦敦的城市更新是在用地存量、建筑增量的前提下进行的更新改造。在大伦敦地区，城市更新拆建比已经达到1：2.16，而在金丝雀码头所在的狗岛北部，拆建比已经达到了1：31.44，从实施总规的角度看，不适宜作为中心城区城市更新研究的参考。那么，中心城区应该参考什么样的城市更新项目呢？根据北京城市总体规划，中心城区应实现建设用地减量和建筑规模动态零增长，因此是一种“存量更新”模式。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如何摆脱对增量路径的依赖，寻找新的实施动力？</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-29591-1550219818999" style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);line-height: 1.8;padding: 0px 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本期拟从功能区更新和公共空间更新两个方面对北京所需进行的存量更新进行研究和思考。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;border-style: dashed;border-width: 0px 0px 2px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(182, 182, 182);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg class="svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 91.8 70.9" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M91.8,22.4C91.8,10,81.8,0,69.4,0C57,0,47,10,47,22.4c0,12.4,10,22.4,22.4,22.4c2.7,0,5.2-0.5,7.6-1.3L51.2,69.3c-0.4,0.4-0.4,1,0,1.3c0.2,0.2,0.4,0.3,0.7,0.3s0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3l30.3-30.3C88.3,36.3,91.8,29.8,91.8,22.4z" fill="rgb(38,124,242)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path><path d="M22.4,0C10,0,0,10,0,22.4c0,12.4,10,22.4,22.4,22.4c2.7,0,5.2-0.5,7.6-1.3L4.3,69.3c-0.4,0.4-0.4,1,0,1.3C4.5,70.9,4.7,71,5,71s0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3l30.3-30.3c5.4-4.1,9-10.6,9-17.9C44.9,10,34.8,0,22.4,0z" fill="rgb(38,124,242)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></svg></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;font-size: 22px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px auto 4px;width: 2.5em;text-align: right;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.3em;height: 0.3em;margin-right: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;margin-left: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="width: 2.5em;text-align: right;margin: auto;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 1.2em;height: 1.2em;margin-right: 2px;line-height: 1.2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" title="" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:10.txt1"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一</p></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;margin-left: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(86, 135, 169);padding-bottom: 3px;border-top-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-right-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-left-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(86, 135, 169);border-top-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-right-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-left-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">功能区更新：伦敦西区（West End）</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">伦敦西区与纽约百老汇并称世界两大戏剧中心，位于中央活动区（CAZ）的核心地带。西区没有准确定义的边界，但为了方便起见，本期将东起德鲁里巷（Drury Lane），西至摄政街（Regent Street）,北起牛津街（Oxford Street），南至河岸街（Bank Street）的1.1平方公里的范围作为研究对象。</p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7075862" data-w="725" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxqTM1Oy1SVq8ybRF4LEu0LFbnkF1ib7qtbgCFxLj4P0ichJbHeL65jvug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7" data-w="270" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxSQancrdAlhVTKicF4oHWdmlaQmWbL7vOkObFz33JUEIiaUVAPfYNXRdg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：西区与中央活动区的关系；西区影像图</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（自绘）</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;">（一）产业层面 </span></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">伦敦的城市更新运动，看似是城市空间更新，实质上是城市产业的更新，空间更新是为产业更新提供物质基础。这一点从伦敦西区的城市更新上可以看得比较清楚。此前讲，伦敦城市更新原因是工业萧条、内城衰败、社会动荡，此时西区也并不能幸免。虽然西区历史上是英国戏剧的发源地，但因为电视机的出现和大众媒体的发展，剧院产业也逐渐萧条，很多老牌剧院因为无法承受高额的维护费，面临关张的风险。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">八十年代，纽约百老汇在戏剧方面正是如日中天的时候，虽然此时西区还不像今天一样繁荣，但已经初步露出了一些发展潜力：第一，英国取消了戏剧审查制度，文化产业松绑，但还缺少一些代表英国文化的戏剧力作；第二，工党领导的地方政府注意到了文化复兴对于伦敦城市更新的重要性，倡导以文化为导向吸引中产阶级群体进行消费和投资；第三，西区作为伦敦剧院文化底蕴丰富、建筑历史悠久的区域，有着很大的中产阶级受众市场；第四，紧邻舰队街（Fleet Street）是英国新闻媒体的集中区域，有利于公众宣传和引导舆论；第五，伦敦西区的衰落使得其具有一定的成本优势。在这样的分析下，一些投资方尝试投资了后来西区三大音乐剧之一的《悲惨世界》，结果一炮走红，于是更多戏剧被搬上舞台，逐渐有了今天的繁荣景象。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">西区的成功与政府的支持是分不开的。时至今日，政府对西区剧院经营还在提供经济补贴，使得西区票价远低于百老汇票价。以西区和百老汇都驻场演出的《狮子王》为例，百老汇最低票价为142美元，而西区最低票价为42.5镑，考虑到汇率，西区票价也仅有百老汇的40%。高额的补贴也使得西区剧院能够不考虑盈利而尝试一些更加先锋的戏剧，使得西区的文化创意产业生命力源源不断。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7074074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxlliabKFPatD7L10V5uE3N0wic6giagibichiaDtxxTJHfiagOEgFFThxLDKHQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：西区土地利用现状图</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（高亮为剧院用地，自绘）</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;">（二）空间层面 </span></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在西区产业复兴的过程中，没有大拆大建，而是通过内部改造使得西区功能不断混合，业态越加丰富。西区一共有49家剧院，研究范围内一共有32家剧院，可谓剧院云集。但是，根据土地利用调查现状，西区用地面积最多的，不是剧院用地，而是零售用地：剧院用地面积共10.1公顷，即平均每座剧院用地仅3200平方米，剧院用地仅占西区面积的9.2%；零售用地共有48.1公顷，占西区面积的43.8%，主要是餐厅、酒吧、外卖、超市等规模较小的经营业态。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">高度混合的功能利用使得西区能够以剧院文化消费为核心向其他商业消费扩散，形成伦敦的“夜间经济”。和日间经济不同，夜间经济有着很强的社交属性，因此文化业和零售业是互为依存的状态：没有文化支撑，社交缺少内核；而没有零售的保障，社交则缺少延续的手段。在看剧前或看剧后，在酒吧喝一杯是伦敦人喜爱的社交方式，但与国内大而全的剧院不同，西区剧院的酒吧往往很小，在剧院外则形成了酒吧街，文化业和零售业的消费在空间上紧密联系，在时间上各自错开。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 6px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.5311828" data-w="465" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxuKDA98TVfib68xjkd366sXzVyrpkwTJn7kMas9icgt3jDKBxLwnkdk0w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.5247312" data-w="465" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxXn0evWkWF3LFZbIdY219mTZEicNIphjMmicHsJ5lZVyA2uxJ0wkOV9fw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 33.33%;padding: 0px 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.5150215" data-w="466" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxmhgfeze8gD4r3nADVlxficl4jVzla2U5qxNxR3qCVAPdB400amKkung/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">图：西区的夜间经济</span></em></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">（自摄）</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">伦敦在混合用途上出现了更先进的理念，包括推广多样化夜间混合用途，如无酒精的娱乐场所等，“这样可以吸引更多游客，包括那些排除在酒精娱乐活动之外的游客。”</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;">（三）交通层面 </span></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7074074" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxwWsc5UCvkpu3xUzGIpXtVyH6kXXlumpfvTh4J6icH5YHIEcdVOwTvsg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">图：西区地铁站点和线路图（自绘）</span></em></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">（红点为站点，橙线为地铁线路）</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与国内剧院不同，西区剧院没有停车的场所，几乎所有人都是通过公共交通的方式到达剧院。比起机动车交通的方式，公共交通不但有利于社交活动，更有利于把消费留住，增加在步行途中经过餐厅、酒吧、外卖和超市时产生消费的可能。当然，这样的交通方式是需要以基础设施为保障的，西区在1.1平方公里范围内集中了5条线路、6个地铁站，站点密度达到5.5个/平方公里，高于伦敦中央活动区（CAZ）2个/平方公里的密度，也高于北京核心区0.6个/平方公里的密度。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2014年，为了支撑夜间经济的发展，伦敦交通运输局还推出了夜间地铁服务，从每周周五夜间到周日早上，在一些主要线路和站点支持24小时的地铁运行。对于西区这样夜间活动的主要场所，夜间地铁支持了西区5个站点、4条线路的运行，夜间活动几乎不受影响，在时间维度上继续支撑西区的进一步繁荣。</p></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7052778" data-w="3600" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlx2gQ39uOT6pf7ERyokm1qXf7DTpaJbaEClujhJUaOjzm2HT0XngwsTA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">图：夜间地铁运行图</span></em></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：伦敦交通运输局官网）</span></em></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;font-size: 22px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px auto 4px;width: 2.5em;text-align: right;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.3em;height: 0.3em;margin-right: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;margin-left: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="width: 2.5em;text-align: right;margin: auto;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 1.2em;height: 1.2em;margin-right: 2px;line-height: 1.2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" title="" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:36.txt1"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">二</p></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;margin-left: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(86, 135, 169);padding-bottom: 3px;border-top-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-right-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-left-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(86, 135, 169);border-top-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-right-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-left-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">公共空间更新：</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">特拉法加广场</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（Trafalgar Square）</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">特拉法加广场位于西区西南角，最早建设于1840年，北面是当时建成不久的国家美术馆（National Gallery），南面是星型放射状的查令十字（Charing Cross），通向政府办公区白厅（White Hall）、国会大厦（the Parliament）及白金汉宫（Buckingham Palace）等主要公共建筑。特拉法加广场还是伦敦市民集会、活动的主要场所，从位置和功能上看相当于北京的天安门广场，但广场面积仅1公顷，约为天安门广场面积的2%。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7018519" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxGr0MIc8ylUzQZpWiacl9nR3wiaMww8ibgWwI47bibfibvEITeBXzsMfyZXw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">图：改造前的特拉法加广场，周围被道路环绕</span></em></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：谷歌地球）</span></em></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;">（一）改造背景 </span></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由于广场位置交通复杂，在上世纪90年代后，周边道路越来越拥堵，影响了市民的可达性，虽然占据着重要位置，却成为了城市的消极空间。有评论认为：“尽管拥有宏伟壮观的建筑，但只有愿意冒安全危险的游客才会来这里参观。”2000年，肯·利文斯通当选大伦敦市政府市长，作为工党政府，雄心勃勃地推出了“100个公共空间”计划，特拉法加广场作为伦敦的标志性广场，成为了该计划的启动项目之一，由英国著名建筑师诺曼·福斯特负责进行改造。</p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.185" data-w="1000" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxQSxZMw8R72RKFZTJ8AWWEB7p28JdEmDaQc1CCiaSBTvdrKDP5lPz88w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：改造前的特拉法加广场，周围被道路环绕</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：维基百科）</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;">（二）问题和对策 </span></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">诺曼·福斯特收集了特拉法加广场周边大量的交通样本，发现由于广场被道路所隔离，与周边环境缺少联系，市民通过时往往倾向于绕开广场，而游客也难以将特拉法加广场与周边的公共建筑联系起来，形成旅游路线。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1" data-w="475" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxVPiaf758gKAqib1AZUWB9guZkIIbuibpNpk0XUFPj5P32V4gApdRcjfFg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：交通和静态活动模式</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：空间句法官网）</em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（红点表示静态活动；蓝线表示步行交通）</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.9978402" data-w="463" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlx7tibp72fQ4Kd2vqGYk6eTZG1YITPvxDJpCaElfxNhiaiaqOYydIicRd3JQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0021097" data-w="474" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlx0vDccLxTRLKSsKyuV9qjft3XnxjUbGM68tXJhGtHkCic4Cafh4YtpVA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：左：空间可达性分析；右：周边联系建议<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：空间句法官网）</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7018519" data-w="1080" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxlI5RVnHzTl4icK4EjnxdCLyh0fI4wFoQ8E2D1jV2m3fouruJkVviaORA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图：改造前的特拉法加广场，北侧道路被改造为公共平台<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：谷歌地球）</em></strong></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，诺曼·福斯特在新的改造方案中，最重要的一个对策，就是禁止车辆在广场北侧通行，并将北侧道路改造成宽阔的平台，通过台阶和无障碍设施将国家美术馆与广场相连。在平台的地下，诺曼·福斯特设计了一间新咖啡馆，设有室外座椅，这些都是游客极其需要的休憩设施。除此之外，广场内部和附近街道网络也经过了详细改造，包括布置了新座椅、改善了照明和交通标识，以及在铺设地面时利用视觉和材质的对比来提升效果。最终的成效是广场的状况得以彻底改变，一度消极的城市环境经重建，变成名符其实的城市公共生活空间。</p></section><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.209" data-w="1000" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxeiazpmoKYtrRibJBzPlEbnaRO1mzuxxUZP6xUdk2kqWd0Eve2vp8e54g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">图：改造前的特拉法加广场，北侧道路被改造为公共平台<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></em></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">（来源：维基百科）</span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">诺曼·福斯特擅长通过这样的“神来之笔”改变人对空间的使用方式。同样还有千禧步行桥（Millennium Footbridge）的设计，在泰晤士河上架设了一座仅能供人步行通过的连桥，用低成本的方式使得河两岸原本各自为阵的泰特现代美术馆（Tate Modern）与圣保罗大教堂（St.Paul's Cathedral）便捷相连，两者互相叠加影响，激发了城市活力，成为伦敦最具人气的公共空间之一。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;font-size: 22px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px auto 4px;width: 2.5em;text-align: right;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.3em;height: 0.3em;margin-right: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;margin-left: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="width: 2.5em;text-align: right;margin: auto;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 1.2em;height: 1.2em;margin-right: 2px;line-height: 1.2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" title="" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:66.txt1"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">三</p></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;margin-left: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(86, 135, 169);padding-bottom: 3px;border-top-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-right-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-left-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(86, 135, 169);border-top-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-right-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-left-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">改变使用用途</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国法律允许一些规划使用用途可以直接转换为其他用途，而不需要任何许可，这使得一些城市存量更新项目可以及时迎合市场的需求。大致来讲，英国的土地使用用途分类分为A类（商业）、B类（办公、工业和仓储）、C类（住宅）、D类（公共管理服务和休闲娱乐）和特殊类（包括博彩商店、剧院、加油站等特殊功能）。其中，除涉及特殊类功能的变化一定需要获得许可外，其他几种功能都能够有一定的改变使用用途的权限。具体法律条文比较复杂，择其要者列于下表：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">表：A类、C类、D类用途转换表</span></em></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">（自绘）</span></em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6366048" data-w="754" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxrtZpiahPCI71Vl5f0A607ic63U9HxztcoeutnTibtzeHcK1YABGfoDbRA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">表：B类、C类用途转换表</span></em></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">（自绘）</span></em></strong></p></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7195572" data-w="542" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eM6vvlicCtKujdLia5MJzAmlxJbvdpqXGsukOicVbuJXZ9G4UAyF271YEDALmbg4StIrwykjy0jngTibQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></em></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过表格简化使用用途转换的关系后，可以清楚看出，A4、A5可以转换为A1、A2、A3，但A1、A2、A3功能却不能转换为A4、A5；而A1、A2可以转换为C3、D2，A3却不能转换。可见从A4、A5，到A1、A2，最后到A3，存在“向下兼容”的关系。同样“向下兼容”的关系也存在于B2与B1、B8的关系中。通过“向下兼容”的思路，既能够发挥市场在使用用途转换中的效率，也能够体现政府的价值导向。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;font-size: 22px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px auto 4px;width: 2.5em;text-align: right;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.3em;height: 0.3em;margin-right: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;margin-left: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section><section style="width: 2.5em;text-align: right;margin: auto;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 1.2em;height: 1.2em;margin-right: 2px;line-height: 1.2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" title="" opera-tn-ra-cell="_$.pages:0.layers:0.comps:73.txt1"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">四</p></span><span style="width: 0.6em;height: 0.6em;margin-left: 2px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;border-bottom: 3px solid rgb(86, 135, 169);padding-bottom: 3px;border-top-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-right-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-left-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(86, 135, 169);border-top-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-right-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);border-left-color: rgb(86, 135, 169);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">收获和感悟</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市更新帮助伦敦完成了二战后工业衰退的“华丽转身”，对北京中心城区的发展有着重要的借鉴意义。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="font-size: 15px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（一）城市更新本质上是产业更新，空间更新为产业更新提供物质条件。</strong>纵观伦敦城市更新，例如此前介绍的增量更新的金丝雀码头，或是存量更新的西区，内生动力都是靠产业的转型升级。前者是工业转型为金融、保险产业，后者是文化产业的复兴。北京的城市更新亦应如此。“腾笼换鸟”要找准“鸟”再给“笼子”，警惕市场上一些开发项目简单包装后就打着“城市更新”的旗号进行规划建设，占用城市空间资源的问题。对于一些有效益的产业，政府需搭建对接平台，放宽对企业的闲置，通过将产业需求方和土地供给方的对接，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用。对于一些看得准、但短期无法实现效益的产业，政府则要向这些产业优先配置空间资源，用空间支持产业的转型升级，充分发挥制度优势。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（二）存量更新考验规划实施动力，需要在提升空间资源效益上下功夫。</strong>过去北京发展依赖增量发展的实施路径，在今后中心城区严控建筑规模的硬约束下，利用同样的空间资源产生更大的效益，则对提高空间资源效率提出了考验。同样的空间资源经过不同的配置，其效益可能是不同的，举例讲，伦敦的现状道路用地占比约20%，与北京相近；但伦敦的路网规划是窄马路、密路网，因此路网密度几乎能接近北京的两倍。又如，西区剧场用地总面积占比很小，每个剧场也不大，但通过剧场用地与零售用地的充分混合，在同样的用地面积中创造了更大的价值。新修订的《北京市城乡规划条例》已经提出了“规划用途管制”的思路，为今后使用用途的转换留下了可能，应当在此基础上出台使用用途转换相关政策，促进街区功能混合化，打造一批混合功能的城市更新精品。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（三）存量更新要坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，在公共空间和公共交通方面提供支撑，提高空间附加价值。</strong>西区的成功不是靠机动车支撑，而是靠地铁运营；特拉法加广场的更新则似乎更让人看不出变化。但这两处更新，都是践行了以人为本的理念，改变了城市空间的消极使用，使得人能够更好地停留和使用，而不是简单的通过。人在空间中活动也提高了产生消费的可能，没有依靠任何增量就实现了空间价值的提升。公共空间更新不能成为“面子工程”，要立足于人的行为和活动习惯，创造更加人性化的城市空间，实现人民群众体验的提升。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="height: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: left;border-top: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-bottom-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: right;border-top: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-bottom-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;color: transparent;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-radius: 6px;word-wrap: break-word;box-sizing: border-box;margin: -13px 3px;padding: 12px;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">【北京·国际城市观察站】是以北京市城市规划设计研究院为主建立的研究小组，旨在追踪世界前沿、推广国际经验，深入比较北京和其他国际大城市规划实践，为规划师和各级政府部门服务，关注领域涵盖城市规划所关注的所有方面。我们致力于：第一手资料+第一时间推送+第一流的分析总结。期待与国内外同行建立广泛的合作关系。</p></section></section><section style="height: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: left;border-bottom: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-top-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: right;border-bottom: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-top-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0390625" data-w="640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/0XicDpY11oKSucy7OMpdFyYkOhprqa8DeM0MHwP9dnJtUgQYfib7ricLJIxpjYHQicCW5LLcZFHn8ekt95ZvTNaiaVQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px none rgb(243, 243, 243);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(86, 135, 169);line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">下篇预告</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid rgb(243, 243, 243);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: 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border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">国际观察083 | 伦敦·北京双城记之八：优化营商环境</em></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="padding: 0px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><strong style="padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">往期回顾：</strong></p></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><section 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both;box-sizing: border-box;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(87, 107, 149);text-decoration: underline;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;color: rgb(87, 107, 149);padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><a style="padding: 0px;color: rgb(87, 107, 149);box-sizing: border-box;" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA4Nzk3MTUyMg==&mid=2650371354&idx=1&sn=c837688ca4191c681a333ce757319fcf&chksm=883c96b7bf4b1fa11ce699b9aaa8a16351bfbaca1b16120a961ba55d4c131edfdb74bf70b86b&token=134798645&lang=zh_CN&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" data-linktype="2">国际观察077 | 伦敦·北京双城记之二：伦敦规划体系、新版伦敦规划草案vs.北京新总规</a></span></em></em></span></p><p style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(87, 107, 149);text-decoration: underline;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="padding: 0px;color: rgb(87, 107, 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