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【技术党安利】如何使用GIS技术分析城市中心区空间形态
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2019-05-29 20:30:00
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<br /> <section class="xmteditor" style="display:none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1.5px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);padding: 3px 10px 3px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(160, 160, 160) 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 35%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYPwXv58l3RPFrqbOTcylxPy1ianO98NHfV5e8icnbYsFuQzBU6TJ9byhw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 65%;box-shadow: rgb(160, 160, 160) 0px 0px 0px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 5px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">ID:</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 68.3688%;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 15px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYPdKJqfXnkuxRhrHIxuDpicByTjaaKluOmgDxHTVxLRnxLfKAG86tuDg/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;box-sizing: border-box;">重点导读：</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>今天为大家分享一篇技术贴，想要学习GIS的朋友们可以在这里多待一会啦</strong>！在全球化背景下，城市公共设施集聚程度不断增加，使得城市出现尺度巨大化和空间复杂化的变化趋势。针对这一现象，借助GIS数据处理与空间分析的功能，提出了以GIS平台为基础的大尺度城市空间形态的分析研究方法。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">主要包括：基础数据分析、等值线分析、空间高度拟合分析、空间波动分析、聚类分析及核密度分析等。通过这些技术方法可以更为清晰有效地反映大尺度空间高度、密度和强度的变化规律，并有助于更为深入地掌握大尺度城市空间形态特征。此外，GIS作为一个开放平台，还有助于空间形态与人流、业态等数据的耦合关系的研究。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="634" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="420" data-ratio="0.6694444444444444" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYAqSCP2QvibURicXkQiaVZ2XZ9q6ticV0iaUUYarfj1EVPUt6hfibNDkppXoA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="width: 634px;height: 424px;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">随着城市化的进程，人口持续向大城市与特大城市集聚，使得这些城市的规模不断扩大，在我国的城市等级体系中，已经提出了超级大城市的定义及界定标准。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">与之相应，公共设施的集聚规模也在不断提升与扩展，使得城市中心区出现了尺度巨大化、空间复杂化的变化趋势。相关研究表明，国际上区域级中心区用地规模在6k㎡以上，全球核心级中心区用地规模已经达到60k㎡以上（东京都心中心区用地规模已达68.4k㎡）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在此基础上，传统的基于人体尺度的空间形态研究方法已经难以满足研究对象的需求，存在尺度感知、数据处理、分析方法等方面的种种困难，亟待建立一套大尺度城市中心区空间形态的分析研究方法。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">对于大尺度空间形态的研究，建筑学、城乡规划学和地理学方面的专家学者都进行了一些重要的探索与实践。其中，GIS平台的作用与价值得到重要体现，主要应用于以下几个方面。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（1）空间形态的评价与控制。</strong></span>利用GIS的多因子叠加分析方法，对大尺度空间形态进行定量评价与控制；运用GIS的地形分析功能，对村落形态进行研究。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">（2）空间形态的演变。</span></strong>这一分析方法主要针对城市整体层面进行分析，包括运用GIS的年轮分析、全局自相关分析、热点分析及圈层分析等方法对大尺度空间形态及结构的整体演变进行模拟与分析；利用GIS的数据处理与分析功能，对城市空间形态和结构的演变进行分析。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">（3）空间形态测度</span></strong>，即运用GIS对城市道路形态进行研究并与空间句法进行比较。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">（4）数据处理分析与表现</span></strong>，即运用GIS的建库和可视化功能对城市空间形态进行模拟与测度。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">可以看出，现有的研究基本集中于城市尺度上整体形态的变化研究，或利用其分析工具对形态进行评价或作为进一步分析的基础，而缺乏真正的对城市内部具体空间形态的分析与表达研究。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在此基础上，本文试图将GIS的应用推动到具体的空间形态分析层面，进而针对城市中心区尺度巨大化、空间复杂化的趋势，提出基于GIS平台的大尺度空间形态基本要素——高度、密度和强度<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;">【高度、密度和强度是反映城市空间形态的重要指标。本文所提高度、密度和强度分别指中心区的建筑高度和街区的平均层数、建筑密度（街区或地块内建筑基底面积与街 区面积的比率，反映街区的建筑布局密度特征）和容积率等指标】</span>分析研究的具体技术方法及应用效果。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0% -5px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 8px 1px 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(73, 109, 75);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Part.1</strong></em></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">基于GIS平台的空间形态<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">分析框架</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-croporisrc="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibCzrk3hpQOEkwibcwoTCQtK7HUYHAyY71FWqMOp4RFfgrG1JYKFQXQLOpeLXZ10VCa9Ccsurcd0aibg/?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="1024" data-cropy1="33.91798107255521" data-cropy2="668.6687697160883" data-ratio="0.619140625" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCzrk3hpQOEkwibcwoTCQtK7fAtwtZD6lmNg3aIb5maKiaKhov6vOzic0SkGbjcKhia9roicn5g7XKR8zA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1024" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 634px;height: 393px;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>本文从空间形态最基本的高度、密度及强度三个方面出发，利用GIS的数据统计管理及空间分析功能，对大尺度城市中心区的空间形态进行分析研究（图1）。</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8875129" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibY6XEVAn4iaJXL0den7YmILJBmVSU1HfGwMpO8nCexrwQP7aKNic5icutCA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="969" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">图1 GIS技术平台分析框架</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">利用GIS平台的空间形态研究，首先需要将基于AUTOCAD的空间矢量数据转化为GIS可操作与编辑的数据格式。</strong>在此基础上，可以通过多图层的叠加分析与数据统计、计算等功能，对城市中心区空间形态的基本数据进行分析，而这些分析除了可以掌握城市中心区空间形态的基本情况以外，还是进一步分析研究的基础。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在GIS中，常用的空间形态分析技术方法有五种：<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">等值线分析、空间高度拟合分析、空间波动分析、聚类分析和核密度分析（表1）。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;">表1 GIS主要空间形态分析方法（以ArcGIS 10.3为例）</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3703704" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYDRT2mJ3NFHypr059AYS6RvLIMYZKLybVNpuSToWRR8iaDoByMm0Uorw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在此基础上，对城市中心区空间形态的分析可以分为两个层面：建筑层面和街区层面。建筑层面是以建筑物为研究对象，而由于建筑物数量较多，高度变化复杂多样，针对建筑层面的研究能更为准确地反映出真实的空间高度变化情况；而街区层面是以街区为研究对象，考察街区的平均建筑层数、建筑密度以及建设强度。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">由于街区层面的研究实际上是对街区整体形态的反映，因此可以消弱个别大体量、超高度建筑的影响，反映中心区整体的形态变化趋势与特征。</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0% -5px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 8px 1px 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(73, 109, 75);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Part.2</strong></em></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">基础数据<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">分析</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6679688" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYCsqGmCXzNBLBL6KS78QgvB9FdXBoFzj1icrLZRGZaKRT9YGxClHlLBA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1024" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">基础数据分析看似简单，并有一些针对AutoCad系统的插件可以相对快捷地计算街区内的总建筑面积，但尚无法智能识别建筑与街区的闭合线框，难以直接生成相应的形态指标，需要较为繁琐的列表统计工作，特别是对于大尺度的城市中心区来说，工作量极其巨大且较易出错。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">而借助GIS的相应工具和技术方法则可以相对快捷地计算出各类形态指标，并进行针对性的统计与分析。这类方法在中心区高度、密度与强度的分析中均可使用。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">分类别统计</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在一些尺度较大的城市中心区，建筑数量较多，规模较大，只有通过对其的详细统计分析才能了解其形态要素的真正构成方式，而借助GIS可以较为便捷地对特定类别和特征的数据进行统计分析。以东京都心中心区<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;">【中心区的范围界定基于详细的现状调研数据，并采用公共服务设施指数法进行计算界定，具体方法见参考文献】</span>为例，其建筑栋数超过12万栋，总建筑面积也已超过13000万㎡，数量非常庞大。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">通过GIS的统计分析功能，可以较为直接地看出其内在的构成关系</span></strong>，即东京都心中心区的建筑是以低层及多层为主，高层特别是超高层建筑数量极少。低层及多层建筑比重高达84.49%，而高层建筑比重为4.68%，超高层建筑比重甚至仅为0.29%（表2）。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">表2 东京都心中心区不同高度建筑统计</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4537037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYUeGnDPjHDYOk8DL1Yer5tUG9nxAKVx8kh6jyUpTJonngSoRuxvrzvw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">自然断裂点统计</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">自然断裂点分析法是在对数据本身进行分析的基础上，找出数据本身的自然断点对数据进行分组，使得形成的数据分类可以实现组内差距最小，组间差距最大。</strong>对于数据量巨大的大尺度中心区来说，采用自然断裂点分析法能够更为准确地反映其实际的数据分布情况。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">以新加坡海湾—乌节中心区的容积率<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;">【容积率是指地块（街区）内地上部分总建筑面积与用地面积的比率，是衡量建设用地使用强度的一项重要指标】</span>数值分析为例，中心区各街区的容积率被自然断裂分为八个数值段，显示了中心区容积率数值的主要集中分布情况，即以2.04~3.06数值段、0.00~0.46数值段以及1.31~2.04数值段最多，以9.63~16.10数值段最少（表3）。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">表3 新加坡海湾—乌节中心区容积率统计</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6444444" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYoeIicI0P2iaDibOHjUMtF07uCca0OBfNu9w3s4aKuVr4nsCx7wicuQjo3g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0% -5px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 8px 1px 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(73, 109, 75);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Part.3</strong></em></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间形态<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">分析</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6679688" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYcYicveJlk7icuuuibSnichia1AMkiaAMEDIECOjMwslaCqkb5S66nUj51E4A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1024" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">等值线分析</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市中心区一般都是城市内道路密度较高的区域，因此所形成的街区尺度一般较小</strong>，针对大尺度城市中心区来说，完全可以使用等值线的方式对街区的形态进行分析研究。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在具体做法上，将计算获得的基础数据与被计算的街区重心点相匹配，形成类似于一个个高程点的数据，进而利用等值线分析的相关工具生成相应的等值线分析图，可以应用于中心区的高度、密度及强度的分析。通过这种技术方法的分析，可以较为清晰地反映大尺度中心区空间形态的分布及变化特征。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">以日本大阪的御堂筋中心区为例。</span></strong>该中心区也是一个规模尺度超大的城市中心区：用地规模已达到23.3k㎡，包含2708个街区，建筑栋数超过4万，建筑面积则为5052.8万㎡，中心区整体容积率为2.16。在基础数据计算的基础上，通过生成街区重心，将街区重心与密度、强度等基础数据连接，进行等值线分析，可以形成相应的街区平均层数<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;">【街区平均层数是以街区内总建筑面积除以街区内总建筑底面积，来反映街区整体的高度情况。该指标能够规避局部高层建筑对于整体高度形态变化的影响，同时避免造型特殊的建筑在高度上的模糊性，能够较为清晰、准确地反映中心区整体的空间形态变化规律】</span>、街区建筑密度和街区容积率空间分布的分析图纸（图2）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">能较</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">为直接地反映出中心区空间形态的分布特征：</span></strong>高度、密度及强度较高的街区基本集中于硬核连绵区范围内，且与核心轨道交通站点的关系较为密切；同时，能看出高度、密度与强度之间存在一些明显的差别，如强度的分布中心集聚圈层递减的特征明显，密度布局中核心区域空洞较为明显，而高度布局中多个核心圈层递减的特征更为明显。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.465" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYxwEzMSv3I1PLnRlK7N4T5AcVUCicTDVegdDxjpfu6CCQBzXxYF2XWoQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="600" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">图2 大阪御堂筋中心区空间形态等值线分析</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间高度拟合分析</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">以建筑物为研究对象，采用与等值线相同的方法，将建筑物的高度数据与建筑平面重心相连接，并以此作为空间高度拟合分析的基础，即将重心点看作高程点，将包含的建筑高度数据当作高程数据，直接生成具有三维形态的中心区建筑高度模拟模型，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">可以较为直观地反映出大尺度城市中心区的空间形态格局特征。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">通过对亚洲几个主要特大城市中心区建筑高度特征的分析发现，中心区的建筑高度形态有四种较为典型的模式。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（1）中心统领式</strong>，如东京都心中心区（图3a）。中心区最高点位于中心区核心的东京站周边，整体上以最高点为统领，周边逐渐降低的趋势明显。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（2）中心塌陷式</strong>，如新加坡海湾—乌节中心区（图3b）。中心区中部地区是大型的绿地、公园和广场等开放空间，使得中心区中部出现明显的高度塌陷状态，而高度较高的建筑簇群则呈现出沿中心区边缘环绕的趋势。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（3）群峰拱卫式</strong>，如首尔江北中心区（图3c）。中心区缺乏明显的高度集聚核心，多个高度建筑簇群在一定范围内较为均质地分布，而其余大部分地区建筑高度则普遍不高。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（4）两翼延展式</strong>，如香港港岛中心区（图3d）。最高峰值点位于中心区核心的国际金融中心位置，而中心区由于高层建筑较为密集且已经形成连绵趋势，沿维多利亚湾向两侧延展，这类模式多出现于用地受限且较为狭长的中心区。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.755144" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYR3WxeLBotGQXSMic6lFAEkdhOLNluycwwia1HICE3dBGMI7Ih3npDeLQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="972" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">图3 中心区建筑高度的空间高度拟合分析</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间波动分析</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在空间高度拟合分析的基础上，进一步借助GIS对于地形起伏度的分析方法<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;">【在GIS的Spatial Analyst Tool下，采用Focal函数分别计算DEM的最大高程值和最小高程值，再将最大高程值和最小高程值进行差值运算，即可得到地形的起伏度指标】</span>，对形成的建筑高度模拟形态进行分析，重点研究不同高度建筑之间的高度变化关系，能够较为清晰地反映出大尺度中心区内空间高度是如何变化的，以及哪些地区变化更为剧烈，哪里变化相对平缓。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">图4中颜色越深的区域表示高度的变化越大，颜色越浅的区域表示高度变化越小。</span></strong>通过颜色的变化即可看出中心区内哪些地区的高度发生了剧烈或平缓的变化，并可通过与中心区硬核范围及轨道交通站点位置的关系寻找其变化的特征和规律。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.3496063" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYO5NLQR0s4gZ7vqdPutCR4IoSz9alnHyVEZp7y8iar17AjbSIrDc5Nuw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="635" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">图4 城市中心区的空间波动分析</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">以香港港岛中心区和上海人民广场中心区的空间波动分析为例（图4）。</strong>香港港岛中心区用地面积为6.1k㎡，总建筑面积达到3111万㎡；上海人民广场中心区用地面积为14.7k㎡，总建筑面积达到2874万㎡。两者都属于空间尺度及建筑规模较大的城市中心区，但空间波动规律出现了较大的差别。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">香港港岛中心区由于空间形态较为狭长，高度起伏度较大的地区基本都集中于中心区边缘地带，而中心区中部地区的高度变化则相对较弱（图4a）。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">上海人民广场中心区因没有多少连续的高度变化带，所以表现出一种高层建筑簇群式散布的特征（图4b）。进一步观察，两个中心区的高度变化也有一些相似之处，如变化剧烈的地区基本集中于中心区的硬核边缘地区，硬核内部高度变化反而较弱。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">聚类分析</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">聚类分析是一种基于指标数据的空间相近性分析，会弱化一些相对微小的差异，而反映出整体趋势，对于分析空间尺度巨大、空间变化复杂的城市中心区空间形态</strong>，具有较好的归纳作用，能够更为清晰地反映出中心区的各类形态变化总体特征。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在对东京都心中心区空间形态的分析中，分别对其平均街区层数（高度）、建筑密度和容积率进行了聚类分析。通过聚类分析，可以较为明显地反映出中心区各类空间要素的分布特征（图5）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">高度较高的街区主要集中于中心区硬核范围内，并依托轨道交通山手线向南侧延伸。整体上呈现出圈层式递减的特征，东北侧地区（荒川区、墨田区及江东区，以居住功能为主）衰减较大（图5a）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">通过对建筑密度的聚类分析可以看出，高度最低的东北侧地区却是建筑密度最大的地区，而硬核范围内建筑密度较为适中。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">同样，圈层式递减特征较为明显，而由于热点地区靠近中心区边缘，因此表现出一定的扇形特征（图5b）。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">容积率的布局特征与高度较为相似，表现出明显的硬核范围内最高，东北侧居住区最低的圈层式递减规律（图5c）。总体来看，聚类分析反映了东京都心中心区硬核高度及建设强度较高，而居住用地建筑密度较大的特征，同时空间形态上的圈层式特征较为明显。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5166667" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYLpmav1aZQqZJ4rs1jZkh5pibeeKtkfwxDVb1DBO4rII4uQVNbPpunZQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="600" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;">图5 东京都心中心区空间形态聚类分析</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">5</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">核密度分析</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">核密度分析是分析相应指标的建筑或街区具体空间分布规律的一种分析工具，能够较为直接地反映出相应指标建筑或街区的核心集聚区以及相应的空间影响范围，是相应的数据分类统计分析技术方法的有效补充，与之结合使用，可以更为清晰与全面地反映出空间形态的规律特征。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">仍以东京都心中心区为例。</span></strong>由表2可知，东京都心中心区是以低层及多层建筑为主，而只有结合核密度的分析，才能清晰反映出低层及多层建筑主要集中分布在中心区东北侧的荒川区、台东区、墨田区及江东区范围内，以居住功能建筑为主（图6a,b）；中高层及高层建筑则主要集中分布于硬核范围内，且中高层建筑集聚程度更高（图6c,d）；超高层建筑比重较低，其分布与传统上认为的高层建筑集中于硬核区域有所不同，分布较为分散，在硬核外围一些轨道交通站点附近也有一定的分布（图6e）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;">通过核密度分析，可以直观地看出东京都心中心区内不同高度建筑的分布规律，与分类统计分析相结合，共同构成了对于中心区建筑高度构成及布局的深入认知。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.021575" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYX3vej8dWLHJa3CQMD2M78OSxSoNZq2a7ojV06Z34kSrqiaaSVgA2ic5w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="927" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0% -5px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 8px 1px 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(73, 109, 75);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Part.4</strong></em></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结语及延伸<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">探讨</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6787109" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYSjsc8KlWbRBibdwvUUoVmsOqP7U9mW5BAdaOgMWAic3stxsXw5Uvqz0w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1024" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文针对城市中心区规模尺度巨大化、空间形态复杂化的状况，提出了对大尺度城市空间形态最基本要素</strong>——高度、密度及强度的研究及分析的主要技术方法，并认为只有通过类似于GIS这样同时可以处理指标数据与空间数据的技术平台，才能更为深入地研究大尺度城市中心区空间形态的规律与特征。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">为此，在一定研究及实践的基础上，提出了基础数据分析及空间形态分析两大基本技术簇群，包括七种较为主要的技术方法<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;">【GIS平台工具较为复杂多样，文中所列仅为作者的既有研究成果，但分析方法并不仅限于文中所列，也期待更多专家学者提供更多的技术方法，以丰富大尺度空间的研究】</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在此基础上，试图构建对于大尺度城市中心区空间形态研究的方法体系。进而，由于GIS的兼容性及适用性较广，对于空间数据处理的功能较强，是一个开放式的技术平台，并可与空间相关的大数据进行对接，也为进一步对空间形态的关联性研究，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">如与城市业态、能耗、人流等大数据的关联与耦合分析提供了良好的技术支撑平台。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">文章来源丨国际城市规划</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;">作者信息丨</span>史北祥 杨俊宴</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">严正声明丨 本文素材来源于网络，版权归原作者所有</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 投稿邮箱丨xjxtd@126.com</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">中规建业城市规划设计院 信息中心</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br 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