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<section class="xmteditor" style="display:none;" data-tools="gulangu" data-label="powered by gulangu"></section><section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 1.5px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;font-size: 15px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);padding: 3px 10px 3px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(160, 160, 160) 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 35%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYPwXv58l3RPFrqbOTcylxPy1ianO98NHfV5e8icnbYsFuQzBU6TJ9byhw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 65%;box-shadow: rgb(160, 160, 160) 0px 0px 0px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 5px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">ID:</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 68.3688%;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 15px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYPdKJqfXnkuxRhrHIxuDpicByTjaaKluOmgDxHTVxLRnxLfKAG86tuDg/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-croporisrc="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibBwwnlYJoamzPcibauicTEagqHqDeZU0eXYia6RqMne6eAEibYd9Gic8ibqt9mBKib1hQaA751lyzYVnTj6A/?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="900" data-cropy1="39.56043956043956" data-cropy2="463.4222919937206" data-ratio="0.4711111111111111" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYtNZnGZFphOk2c8IXFO3yhHZa54vCdWxByEbP0DtaEqic26wfLKaIEFA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="900" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 637px;height: 300px;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 1.3px;box-sizing: border-box;">重点导读：</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">尼尔·布伦纳批判性思考了“去地域化”理论的不足，提出了强调“再地域化”的“尺度重构”理论，他认为在全球化背景下，以1970年石油危机为分界线，全球相对固定的空间社会地域结构被不断地“创造”“调整”或“转型”，以适应与承载新的发展环境，从而产生不同的特征。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);">本文以大伦敦规划、巴黎大区规划、东京首都圈基本计划、首尔首都圈重组规划为例，比较分析国外典型首都特大城市地区空间规划的发展演进</span></strong>，并提出三大共同趋势，即权力下放的主体转变与协作导向，区域竞争力导向的多元发展议题与多中心分散集聚的区域空间布局。同时，本文初步对京津冀协同发展的空间规划进行了展望。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0% -5px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 8px 1px 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(73, 109, 75);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Part.1</strong></em></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">全球化背景下的城市区域“尺度重构”</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6523438" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYqvFibzj7JRmGicb5EhBHdCBJnBJk2D6UkfNnzdwTJtPzWkPgM8EQB37w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1024" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“去地域化”与“再地域化”</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">1970年代前后，信息化技术的大发展带来了相比于工业革命时期的交通、通信技术现代化更为深刻的“时空压缩”，并且，其开放化、平民化特征更是促进了经济发展模式由福特式向后福特式转变。与此同时，国际贸易与国际金融得到了高度的发展，从而与信息化带来的物质基础共同推动了国际相互投资的全球化经济进程。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在这样的背景中，在1970年经济危机的刺激下，以国家为核心的凯恩斯主义发展模式正在逐步瓦解，城市与国家的捆绑关系开始松动，向着新自由主义式的全球化资本积累转型，政治体制界限被不断弱化，城市区域传统的核心聚集和边缘扩散的效应正在逐步消失，而网络化的“流动空间”（space of flows）得到强化，体现为一种“去地域化”（deterritorialisation）的趋向。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">另一方面，列斐伏尔与大 卫·哈维提出相对固定的地域“空间结构”与“空间生产”的“再地域化”（reterritorialisation），支撑了“去地域化”与“流”的过程，并指出需要进行“空间修复”（spatial fix）以应对特定时间下的资本活力衰落，即通过借助地域性优势，建构生产、交通、通信等空间结构以及法规、制度、规范等社会结构，来支撑并适应新的资本流通模式。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“尺度重构”与区域空间规划</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">尼尔·布伦纳借助列斐伏尔与大卫·哈维的“再地域化”思想，批判性思考了“去地域化”理论的不足，提出了“尺度重构”（re-scaling）理论，即在不同时代背景下，不同尺度相对固定的空间社会地域结构会被不断地“创造”“调整”与“转型”，不同尺度地域间的关系也会发生变化，以适应与承载新的发展环境，强调不同时期不同尺度地域发展的动态性与应变弹性。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">他认为1970年代后的资本全球化是相对于19世纪末围绕国家封闭式、被动式进行地域发展组织的第一波资本浪潮，转变为国家尺度组织向次国家、超国家尺度组织的第二波资本浪潮，国家与城市两种再地域化形式会与超国家、国家与城市区域的资本积累尺度相关联而产生不同的特征，体现为国家权力向下或向上转移，增强了超国家对区域的引导，以及区域内部的相互合作（表1）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box;">表1  全球化与再地域化：尺度重组中的城市与国家</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3703704" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYDRT2mJ3NFHypr059AYS6RvLIMYZKLybVNpuSToWRR8iaDoByMm0Uorw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">城市区域层面的“尺度重构”，从政策导向方面来看，体现为通过国家的战略力量为区域发展创造自由、良好的环境成为关键；从空间形态方面来看，体现为以大都市、世界城市等为引领，以区域综合竞争力提升为目标的多中心超级都会区正在形成。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">而区域空间规划作为一个政策驾驭空间发展的能力，受到了以上两方面的影响。1970年代以后，随着福特—凯恩斯主义以国家尺度为核心向后福特—新自由主义以城市区域尺度为核心进行“尺度重构”，全球区域空间规划的编制机制、规划内容等都发生着转变。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0% -5px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 8px 1px 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(73, 109, 75);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Part.2</strong></em></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">  国外首都特大城市地区空间规划的<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">共同趋势</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6679688" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYCsqGmCXzNBLBL6KS78QgvB9FdXBoFzj1icrLZRGZaKRT9YGxClHlLBA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1024" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 国外首都特大城市地区空间规划发展历程</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);">工业革命以来，城市的“爆炸式”发展带来了各种环境与社会问题，在霍华德、盖迪斯、芒福德等学者的城市规划区域观影响下，空间规划由“就城市论城市”逐步走向“区域整体观”。</span></strong>而首都特大城市地区在作为国家经济中心的同时，也承担着国家行政管理、国家文化象征、国际事务交流等重要的国家功能，因而在城市形象、政治安全等方面都提出了极高的要求。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，首都特大城市地区更需要从区域的视角疏解首都功能，重塑首都形象，保证政治安全；而区域空间规划作为城市区域发展与形象重塑的重要空间工具，在首都特大城市地区的空间布局、功能配置、形态塑造等方面都起着至关重要的作用。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>在“尺度重构”的理论背景下，本文以1970年石油危机为重要时间分界线，以大伦敦、巴黎大区、东京首都圈和首尔首都圈为例，分析两波资本浪潮背景下的国外首都特大城市地区空间规划发展历程。</strong>总体来看，国外典型首都特大城市地区空间规划在“尺度重构”的大背景下，在编制机制上，逐步从“国家主导”向“区域主导”（如大伦敦、大巴黎）或“国家引领，区域协作”（如东京首都圈、首尔首都圈）转型；在编制内容上，逐步从“规制—计划”向“战略—协作”，从“增长导向”向“多元导向”转变；而在空间形态上，顺应全球化经济发展的大趋势，强化了区域城市布局向多中心分散集聚形态演变（表2）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">表2  大伦敦、巴黎大区、东京首都圈、首尔首都圈空间规划演进概述</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></em></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></em></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="377" data-backw="540" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vAOKDa4s1wE6rxhAosh9xibLQ3gJWJsql2WlUzzDlBGicaZDKSMoIKZDw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="540" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="378" data-ratio="0.6977152899824253" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vAOKDa4s1wE6rxhAosh9xibLQ3gJWJsql2WlUzzDlBGicaZDKSMoIKZDw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1138" style="width: 661px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 趋势一：权力下放的主体转变与协作导向</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">随着全球化的逐步深入，“尺度重构”理论下的国家权力转移首先影响到了首都特大城市地区空间规划的编制机制。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在大伦敦和巴黎大区，空间规划的编制权力在1970年左右均从国家逐步转移到了区域政府层面。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">大伦敦1969年版规划的编制主体从国家政府转变为1964年成立的大伦敦议会（GLC: Greater London Council），成为规划权力下放的雏形。但在撒切尔政府时期，随着政府职能削弱，议会被撤销，大伦敦地区规划编制权力先后由作为中央政府环境部、中央政府派出机构的伦敦政府办公室与伦敦规划咨询委员会（London Planning Advisory Committee）承担。随着1994年工党大选胜利，走“第三条道路”成为政治主线，2000年大伦敦当局（GLA: Greater London Authority）成立。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">GLA是为了改善32个自治市委员会之间的协调工作而设立的享有战略性区域权威的行政体，拥有运输、警务、经济发展、消防和应急规划的权力，由一名直选市长、区域议会（由25名不同社会领域选举产生的具有审议权力的代表组成）以及大区行政部门构成，包括伦敦交通局（TfL: Transport for London）、市长警务和犯罪办公室（MOPAC: Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime）、伦敦消防和应急规划局（LFEPA: the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority）、大伦敦土地与财产管理公司（GLAP: GLA Land and Property，取代伦敦发展署[LDA]）等</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong>四大职能机构</strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">。伦敦市长的规划政策在伦敦法定计划中有详细说明，该计划定期更新和发布（图1）。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="180" data-backw="540" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vmXUzI1mGkBADvZrqibib1c7Ug9QdjibjwNiaia9KfoZmwxViaB878Hzw24icg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.33355840648210666" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vmXUzI1mGkBADvZrqibib1c7Ug9QdjibjwNiaia9KfoZmwxViaB878Hzw24icg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1481" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 482px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">图1  大伦敦政体的主要结构</span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">1965年出台的《巴黎大区国土开发与城市规划指导纲要（1965—2000）》（SDAURP规划）被认为是巴黎大区空间规划发展的重要转折点。规划的编制主体从国家政府转变为1964年成立的巴黎大区议会，后逐步演化为巴黎大区政体，包括大区议会（常设委员会、分管不同事务的委员会与全体会议）、由大区议会产生的政府（由议会主席代表，下设由议会主席和15位副主席组成的办公室）、大区行政机构以及大区议会咨询机构经济社会理事会，大区行政机构负责实施大区议会和政府的决定（图2）。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.3955071477195371" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vlywskZGibJcay07l0QotRWl8o9xSLPPEwnjIpWugnwezk8Oic8HrCIKQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1469" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 500px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">图2  巴黎大区政体的主要结构</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></em></span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">而在东京与韩国，由于首都的特殊地位，首都特大城市地区空间规划的编制权力集中于国家政府的状态并没有发生改变，但地方发展自由的诉求越来越大，且应对区域性中微观公共事务对于国家尺度的权力来讲过于细节化、繁琐化</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">，因而在空间规划的编制过程中，国家政府逐步开始注重与地方政府的沟通以及规划实施的地方府际协作。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">以东京为例，从第四次首都圈基本计划开始，日本国土厅首都整备委员会多次与地方政府沟通，以应对地方发展和地方间协调的问题，成立了“七都县市首脑会议”（1998年）、“首都圈港湾合作推进协议会”（2002年）等，还成立了东京都市圈交通规划协议会等解决区域专项事务的非正规协作平台。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">与之相对应的是国家和地方的投资占比从1980年代以前国家出资80%，到1988年东京都道路建设中地方政府出资首次超过国家。2004年，中央更是取缔了全国性的国土规划，中央对于区域的干预更多地变成了引导和协调。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在这样的背景下，规划内容逐步从“限制”“控制”走向“战略引导”发展，强制控制性条款和措辞减少，战略引导性条款和措辞增加（但在一些发展底线问题上还是强调刚性控制，如生态保护），给予地方更多的决策空间，并从“目标导向”的计划分配走向“问题导向”的协作治理。大伦敦2036规划中划定了东西南北中五大次区域（sub-region），作为打破行政边界的协作区域（图3）。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong>巴黎大区2030规划中，也划定了14个“大都市共同利益区”，确定了每个“利益区”的发展战略，并以此为背景，指导地区间通过签订协议的方式推动区域性项目落实（图4）。</strong>同样，在东京第五次首都圈基本计划中，提出了“合作轴”和“特别强化合作区域”概念，以及在第二圈层建设多摩、神奈川、千叶、琦玉四个自立都市圈（图5）。在首尔第三次首都圈重组规划中，则提出将二三圈层的产业带作为地区协作的空间基础（图6）。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.7572463768115942" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vAyXPm1I0fL1povBRqDVtLFe0ibQUkfzyCiaARVQJ1kE57yOOC0k4jSNg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1104" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 677px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">图3  大伦敦2036空间规划的战略协作区</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="540" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="515" data-ratio="0.945664739884393" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vVXhER0UrZG4L33ZnPzwFwd3iagsm2iblXpxMyzGzgQAcnTYSejvcaRpg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="865" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 545px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">图4  巴黎大区2030空间规划的战略协作区</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="540" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="467" data-ratio="0.8662613981762918" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vMicUIoKIkRHtViaCJ3to4u2QD5phrGOVVCYuoiabPqsWCkXa7dPc9mvxQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="987" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 540px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">图5  东京首都圈“分散型网络”空间布局</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></em></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="540" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="445" data-ratio="0.8252525252525252" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vOgGZicZxK10sEQFNFQdtxDlNKZ6YAU0hqar7Fkib6wghjRYFbXwN6pVQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="990" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 540px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">图6  首尔首都圈“多核联系型”空间布局</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></em></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">3</span></p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">趋势二：</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">区域竞争力导向的多元发展议题</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">“尺度重构”所带来的区域协作与全球协作，改变了“诸侯经济”式的城市间过度竞争，</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">并在环境恶化、贫富差距加大等全球挑战下，使得各城市之间开始以区域公共问题为导向，基于更多元的价值取向而共同努力，在规划上体现为从“增长导向”的规划议题走向圈层转型、包容发展、可持续发展等“多元导向”的规划议题。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">首都特大城市地区作为一个国家的权力象征和实力体现，在政治敏感的环境中需要更加和谐的社会环境，在全球化、信息化的时代背景下，霍尔认为国家行政职能通常还会吸引金融、文化创意、传媒等功能，加上其本身具有的历史文化资源，其中心区域将成为一个以高端服务业为引领的多元功能高度复合体，而工业革命时代发展起来的制造产业等功能逐步向外围圈层或者其他城市地区转移，从而形成从制造业主导向高端服务业主导的产业转型（图5—图8）。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">同时由于气候变暖等全球环境问题，对于生态保护的关注也是必不可少的。因此，通过高端服务引领的圈层转型、社会和谐导向的包容发展和生态保护的绿色发展而创造区域竞争力，成为首都特大城市地区空间规划的核心议题（表3）。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="540" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="383" data-ratio="0.7100271002710027" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vCgNXua8cPdF0IvgI9pukQNeicdomMr52dcEYSEkcVgCnIGTEuPXKCeA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1107" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 540px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">图7  大伦敦“城镇中心网络”空间布局</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></em></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="540" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="396" data-ratio="0.7368913857677902" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2v6L10U8h4tL0WkHyrwsEqVp9Wp1pP4RxU6chICaWqNWHBXzQoS0WUug/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1068" style="box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;width: 540px !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">图8  巴黎大区“极化－平衡”空间布局</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">表3  大伦敦、巴黎大区、东京首都圈、首尔首都圈最新空间规划的三大议题</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></em></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="156" data-backw="540" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vezZK5IsLtIC8DPFVSvwODGFGoocehXCFQ8uyRa80TBL84grRiclnicYg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="540" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="157" data-ratio="0.28894806924101196" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vezZK5IsLtIC8DPFVSvwODGFGoocehXCFQ8uyRa80TBL84grRiclnicYg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1502" style="width: 661px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">趋势三：多中心分散集聚的区域空间布局</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">“尺度重构”理论的国家权力下放背景下，区域发展有了更高的自由度，而加之全球化、信息化带来的“时空压缩”潜力，区域层面的城市化将向更大空间范围扩展，并按不同距离的圈层进行再集聚</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">【全球化通过跨国公司五类部门（公司总部[headquarter]、研发[research and development]、加工处理[processing]、装配[fabrication]和总装[integration]）的分散协作模式等影响了城市空间布局聚集与扩散，进而产生了“世界城市”（全球城市）。经过许多学者对伦敦、纽约、东京等城市空间布局的研究，归纳出了世界城市圈层式、集群式的空间布局模式：容纳企业总部、银行金融、文化产业等的“核心集群”；容纳高端商务与政府行政等重要非营利部门的“衍生集群”；容纳从高层次商务服务中衍生出来的“支持集群”；作为制造业转移重要区位的“外围集群”；以及被全球化经济边缘化的“边缘集群”】</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">，从而促进了区域多中心城市布局的出现。同时，大伦敦、巴黎大区、东京首都圈与首尔首都圈都在其空间规划中，出于集约发展、中心辐射、地区带动的目的，进一步强化规制了“多中心”发展格局。</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">总体来看，大伦敦2036的“城镇中心网络”（Town Centres Net）、巴黎大区2030的“极化—平衡发展”、东京首都圈“分散型网络”和首尔首都圈的“多核联系型”空间布局，都有背景性的分区管制作为基础，以公交、慢行、信息基础设施等作为网络支撑，设置带动各个发展片区的中心城市，并且对于这些中心城市及其所引领的地区都制定和强调了差异化、互补化的发展规则（表4,图5—图8）。另外，国家行政管理及相关非政府机构也在有选择性地随着“多中心”分散集聚，进行逐步疏散，而这一趋势在东京第三、四、五次首都圈基本计划和韩国首都圈重组规划提出的建设行政中心城市中都得到了体现（表5）。</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">表4  大伦敦、巴黎大区、东京首都圈、首尔首都圈最新空间规划的多中心空间布局策略</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></em></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="288" data-backw="540" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vV8FOUHibHmM9fIC2dqib4B6oF4Rxa80xOcQSfribKNtqBiaxPM5Hn2ZKLg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="540" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="288" data-ratio="0.5322687957418496" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vV8FOUHibHmM9fIC2dqib4B6oF4Rxa80xOcQSfribKNtqBiaxPM5Hn2ZKLg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1503" style="width: 661px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">表5  伦敦、巴黎、东京、首尔中央管理职能的区域疏散</span><em><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></em><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></em></span></em><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></em></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="139" data-backw="634" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vjhO0X4gGhPZabz8vLqj4xsxpmiaO8J7V2oLkREibJlsuV7JLaCSQicZXg/?wx_fmt=png" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.21991978609625668" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2vjhO0X4gGhPZabz8vLqj4xsxpmiaO8J7V2oLkREibJlsuV7JLaCSQicZXg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1496" style="width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;height: auto;"></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0% -5px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 8px 1px 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(73, 109, 75);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Part.3</strong></em></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 对京津冀协同发展空间</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划的<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">启示与展望</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">自2013年京津冀协同发展上升为国家战略以来，《京津冀协同发展纲要》《北京、天津、河北法院执行工作联动协作协议书》《京津冀税收风险管理协作机制》以及京冀之间签署的《共同打造曹妃甸协同发展示范区框架协议》《共建北京新机场临空经济合作区协议》等文件，都在不断推进区域协作治理的深化。</section><section style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section><section style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);">与此同时，十八届三中全会明确了区域空间规划的重要地位，规划对区域发展的战略作用逐步得到认可和强化，空间规划的战略职能中需要更加关注对于区域协作的促进作用，以落实规划中的各项战略目标。</span></strong></section><section style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 15px;"></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 启示一：“国家主导”走向“</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">国家引领、区域协作”</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在京津冀地区，空间规划编制机制是“国家主导”的模式，其集中决策的属性在工作效率上相对于单纯的区域主导有明显的优势，<strong>但与东京都市圈一样，在面对一些中微观区域性的公共事务处理过程中，体现出了其在灵活性和信息灵敏性方面的劣势。</strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">与此同时，诸如行政区划调整、建立区域政府等区域公共问题内部化措施灵活性较差，动荡性较强，因此，为避免结构性改革带来的巨大波动，本文认为“国家引领、区域协作”的东京模式在近期更值得我国借鉴。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">国家权力向城市区域转移并不意味着国家作用的削弱，而是国家将某些关键决策和关键制度从民主控制中抽离出来，并安排到值得“信任”的社会力量中，某种程度上强化了国家的权力。</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">权力转移背景下，国家承担着结构性的战略选择、宏观性的战略统一以及空间性的战略调整。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">区域协作的目标一方面是为了实现“1+1>2”的协同发展以提升区域竞争力；另一方面是为了应对诸如住房保障、交通联系、生态保护、文化互动等区域性公共问题，而且所要面对的阻碍在于GDP导向的政绩竞争，协作带来更多利益相关方而催生的更高的预期成本和风险。为应对这两方面的阻碍，本文认为需要设置互惠（针对府际）、互信（针对府）、互通（针对市场）三方面的措施（表6）。</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(125, 116, 108);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">表6  “国家引领、区域协作”的空间规划编制机制和执行措施</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></em></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: left;line-height: normal;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages" data-backh="120" data-backw="540" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2v8wqkoxGspwADA6qgZWtDJXwL0SmNZP20o5XU7Cia8gmXMKVJDtvWKtA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="540" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="120" data-ratio="0.22191967324710687" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/VUQicaUeJAkR9BfBABUFgQ4Xa9z6KIr2v8wqkoxGspwADA6qgZWtDJXwL0SmNZP20o5XU7Cia8gmXMKVJDtvWKtA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1469" style="width: 661px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;"></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 20%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;font-size: 9px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;line-height: 1.6em;border-radius: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -0.76em;border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(62, 62, 62);border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.5em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">启示二：从“两强极化”走向</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“多中心可持续发展”</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">十九大报告指出，在新时代，我国社会主要矛盾为“人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾”，京津冀在后奥运时代虽然经历了“廊坊共识”“‘3+2’首都经济圈”“北京倡议”等一系列区域协作探索，但京津两强极化，生态、住房问题交织等不平衡不充分的发展现状仍然明显</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">【国家统计局数据，2009—2016年，京津两地的GDP总量与河北省GDP的比值从1.14上升到了1.35，人口比值从0.45上升到了0.50；2016年，据《京华时报》统计，北京、天津、河北房价收入比分别达14.5、10、7.3，均列全国前十位，是国际惯例合理区间3~6的1~2倍以上；据《2016年生态文明建设年度评价结果公报》，北京、天津、河北环境质量分别排名全国31个地区中的28、31、30名</span><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">】</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">。</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></span><strong><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">因此，京津冀的空间规划也可采用多中心的空间发展模式，既能疏散过度聚集的大城市，也能在“时空压缩”的背景下更好地带动地区其他城市的协同发展。</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">这并不是追求理想化的平衡发展，而是合理利用平衡与极化两种模式。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 15px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">另一方面，二战以后，全球首都特大城市地区竞争力主要以高端服务业、高新技术产业和国家管理、对外交往等功能来彰显，而制造业急剧萎缩；同时，面对京津冀严重的住房、生态问题，京津冀空间规划同样需要将圈层转型、包容发展、绿色发展作为核心议题。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong>在多中心可持续发展的过程中，功能疏散成为一大难点，也是多中心可持续发展的关键。</strong>在我国，借鉴国外经验实施的常规的以疏散“低端功能”为主的措施，经过多年的验证，并不能有效疏解中心城市的过度聚集，更无法缩小核心与边缘的差距。</p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(73, 109, 75);">以日本为例，其成功的首都功能疏解首先需要在理念上认识到周边城市并不是中心城市的附属，而是地区功能的重要组成部分</span></strong>，因此，周边城市应从区域历史发展进程与区域自然特征中寻找属于自己的合理定位，主动发挥自身相对于中心城市及其他周边城市的比较优势。</p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">此外，当今信息和交通技术的发展，允许一些国家行政功能以及一些诸如研发等重视宜人工作环境的功能外迁。<strong>一方面</strong>，政府职能部门可以起到功能疏解的“带头作用”，<strong>另一方面</strong>，研发等当今城市发展的重要职能也能够真正意义上带动周边城市发展。当然，外围承接功能的城市，也需要主动发挥比较优势，为迁入的功能配置充足的生态休憩、文化场所等基础功能，进而寻求与地区其他城市形成功能联动。<span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-2px, 0px, 0px);margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0% -5px;transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(5px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 8px 1px 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(73, 109, 75);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Part.4</strong></em></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(73, 109, 75);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结语及延伸<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 202, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">探讨</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-croporisrc="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYSjsc8KlWbRBibdwvUUoVmsOqP7U9mW5BAdaOgMWAic3stxsXw5Uvqz0w/?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="1024" data-cropy1="32.30283911671924" data-cropy2="694.5110410094637" data-ratio="0.6474609375" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAyBrR3IZSSgjkhRXaPwBibYaFgh7liaOkCicowMmWwgACHjkAgdLrEbuXGYnrgPIrJiajicYLR9XKJPAg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1024" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 634px;height: 410px;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">由国外首都特大城市地区空间规划的发展演进来看，区域空间规划为适应不同时期的政治经济环境，会出现不同的机制与内容，总体来看国外首都特大城市地区空间规划从“竞争”走向了“协作”，从“增长主导”走向了“多元可持续”，从“核心—边缘”走向了“多中心”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">2013年，我国首都特大城市地区（京津冀地区）的协同发展上升为国家战略，其空间规划和区域发展的模式都需要借鉴全球趋势，但由于中外政治经济环境不同，新旧时期机遇、挑战不同，需要制定因地制宜、因时而异的空间规划和发展措施，而<strong>“尺度重构”理论强调的动态性和应变弹性能够为这种差异与变化下的空间规划应对提供理论支撑，从而真正服务于我国首都特大城市地区以至其他特大城市地区的发展。</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">文章来源丨国际城市规划</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">严正声明丨 本文素材来源于网络，版权归原作者所有</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 投稿邮箱丨xjxtd@126.com</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong 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style="box-sizing: border-box;">传统村落：需要的是另一种“旅游”</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.5em;height: 2.5em;margin-bottom: -2.5em;border-left: 2px solid rgb(193, 193, 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224);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 11px;color: rgb(105, 105, 105);line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 1px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong 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