国匠城工作台

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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: left;border-top: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-bottom-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: right;border-top: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-bottom-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;color: transparent;clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-radius: 6px;word-wrap: break-word;box-sizing: border-box;margin: -13px 3px;padding: 12px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">【北京·国际城市观察站】是由北京市城市规划设计研究院规划研究室为主建立的研究小组，旨在追踪世界前沿、推广国际经验，深入比较北京和其他国际大城市规划实践，为规划师和各级政府部门服务，关注领域涵盖城市规划所关注的所有方面。我们致力于：第一手资料+第一时间推送+第一流的分析总结。期待与国内外同行建立广泛的合作关系。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="height: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: left;border-bottom: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-top-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 100%;width: 24px;float: right;border-bottom: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-right: 6px solid rgb(95, 156, 239);border-top-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);border-left-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);padding: 10px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎</span></strong>，作为一个有着强大魅力和吸引力的浪漫之都，对于每个规划人来讲都既熟悉又陌生。熟悉是因为我们对巴黎的建筑和历史人文古迹都有着鲜活的认知；但由于语言的障碍等原因，我们对巴黎的了解或许远比不上英美城市。作者有幸在2018年与大巴黎规划院展开了深入的交流，在不断的沟通与合作中，对巴黎有了些许清晰的认识，了解到巴黎正在发生的变化，在此与大家共享。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0671875" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/phpiayZjqNZnk72YGLYwb7yzNm4icUuQFXOFpCCVxQhksXlbXD5WP5WkyF6XvefHtACNHyBsORrZN4gNwfaiaibU1Q/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid rgb(38, 124, 242);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本号将以连载的形式为大家展开这组巴黎和北京的双城记散想，共包括5篇。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="min-height: 40px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;margin: 0px auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" style="border-collapse: collapse;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 255);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">当你谈论巴黎的时候，你到底在说哪儿？</strong></span></p></section></section></section></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎是由什么人构成的？</strong></p></section></section></section></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎的公共交通有多方便？</strong></p></section></section></section></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎是古老的城市还是创新的先驱？</strong></p></section></section></section></td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 0px 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="10.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 6px 0%;font-size: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgba(248, 248, 248, 0);width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-radius: 0.3em;background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">5</p></section></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 8px;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;" width="85.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 5px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎面向全球的吸引力体现在哪里？</strong></p></section></section></section></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">--------<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;">今天，为大家发布的是</span></strong>--------</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(0, 128, 255);font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 第1篇：</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(0, 128, 255);font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 当你谈论巴黎的时候，</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(0, 128, 255);font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 你到底在说哪儿？</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;margin: 10px 0% -50px;transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 110px;height: 80px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/XmlU9arUOIZwdzE0RlRF7x06sAuZR0SQF6nvS49QeyrR8icaapkjd09FTvxrEibk5Vxbb3mluvbyTANQQAWeF56w/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">篇首鸣谢</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 0px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 98%;vertical-align: top;border-style: none;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 4px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Va86XON8m1oohA2w2t6hmnElAr1mdM0q3GbUEgQevW56nJz8hVz8dkZ9BGyN38yjW1rSxlX3JwIOicA9OfeF6bA/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">本篇文章撰写过程中得到来自法国建筑科学技术中心的关键先生、来自天津市规划院的吴书驰先生、来自北京市规划院的刘欣女士的帮助和支持，特此鸣谢！</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 46%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(18, 39, 54);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 8px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.345" data-w="200" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/Lv6ZOk9snicpO74FdQYhzXEDu7iaEUgl2ZxCPCNXr1YmIl2U1uicdE8NQricElFpbX4B1qwVJwNUHWYJDsHQXBFicJA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 46%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(18, 39, 54);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当我第一次和法国人谈论起巴黎的城市规划时，最令我感到崩溃的是，他们对于巴黎在各种区划语境下的称呼，包括（但可能不限于）：Paris（小巴黎）、Petite Couronne（巴黎小圈）、Grande Couronne（巴黎大圈）、The Métropole du Grand Paris（MGP，巴黎都市区）、Aire Urbaine de Paris（巴黎城市区域）、Ile de France（巴黎大区）、Aire métropolitaine de Paris（巴黎大都会）。中间还夹杂着Les Contrats de Développement territorial（CDT，地域发展合约）、Les établissements publics territoriaux（EPT，市镇联合体）……</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">注：部分名称没有中文官方叫法，由作者根据个人理解进行翻译。</strong></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">近些年，全法的国土改革波诡云谲，各层面的行政区划都在发生变化或者酝酿变化，巴黎地区更是这些变化的窗口。不了解这些变化，很可能就无法在规划领域的交流中掌握正确的语境。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本篇将为大家简要介绍这些关于‘巴黎’的不同称呼。这些称呼产生的原因各有不同，有的是为了数据统计与国际接轨，有的是为了谋求区域经济发展，有的是为了加快基础设施建设。今天这篇就为大家介绍一下不同‘巴黎’的来历和含义，为后面几篇连载打一个铺垫。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);color: rgb(245, 245, 245);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 背景知识补充：</strong></span>法国的行政区划跟我们很不同，他们的行政单元自大到小分别是大区、省、市镇。目前，法本土划为13个大区、96个省，此外还有5个海外省、4个海外领地、2个具有特殊地位的地方行政区。全国共有35287个市镇，市镇的人口规模大小不一，不足3500人的约3.4万个，超过3万的有231个，超过10万的有37个。如巴黎大区由8个省组成；人口规模较大的巴黎市（巴黎属于市镇，同时也是75省），又可细分为多个市区（即附属市镇）。如果再把选区扯进来，就更加复杂了，此处暂且不表。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1148564" data-w="801" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eP0rzbwibo4CL3R9ESRmSzWGJylGCN3fCLfG1GFlfLtYyDbapw6pVIKWJxuc9Ng3EkY7tiaTBEAicjUQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(82, 82, 84);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">【图1  巴黎地区的行政区划与各类边界示意图】</span></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: left;">图片来源：</span><span style="font-size: 14px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Polaron/Archive1；</span><br  /></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 图例翻译：作者自译、补充</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Af1zNdyGnpJzeh7NbEC6GeuWyrUIicHOn0Q1T9KtqMUBvH1h76aH3U3JILIlKKQGRxUBib66ibhfYZ1qYGKKmIoDA/640?wx_fmt=png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">小巴黎（巴黎市）/Paris</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">英文译the city of Paris</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这就是我们熟知的那个法国首都——巴黎了。小巴黎的范围即位于法兰西岛的75省，大家熟知的凯旋门、埃菲尔铁塔、巴黎圣母院都在这里了；但是，大家同样熟知的凡尔赛宫、戴高乐机场、迪士尼乐园都不在这个范围内。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">小巴黎面积仅为105k㎡，仅比北京首都核心区（东城+西城）的面积大一点点，比北京三环内区域要小一些。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Af1zNdyGnpJzeh7NbEC6GeuWyrUIicHOn0Q1T9KtqMUBvH1h76aH3U3JILIlKKQGRxUBib66ibhfYZ1qYGKKmIoDA/640?wx_fmt=png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎小圈/Petite Couronne</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎小圈是指紧挨小巴黎的近郊地区，包括法兰西岛的92、93、94三省，总面积约657k㎡。92省以优越的自然景观和富人居住区为鲜明特色，93省是世界闻名的打砸抢专区（电影暴力十三区的原型），94省比较低调，其实整体居住环境还算不错。总的来说，小圈里总体建设强度不算太大，居住占比较大，产业不强。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这个概念主要应用于人口密度、交通出行、住房政策、商业发展、社会环境等领域的数据采集和圈层对比。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Af1zNdyGnpJzeh7NbEC6GeuWyrUIicHOn0Q1T9KtqMUBvH1h76aH3U3JILIlKKQGRxUBib66ibhfYZ1qYGKKmIoDA/640?wx_fmt=png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大圈/Grande Couronne</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大圈是指更靠外的远郊地区，包括法兰西岛的77、78、91、95四省，总面积约11250k㎡，约占巴黎大区总面积的93.7%。该区域以林地和农田为主，自然公园众多，很多历史上的古典园林、城堡、村庄分布于此区域。同时，由于地广人稀，治安也还好，因为没什么可打砸抢的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这个概念主要应用于人口密度、交通出行、住房政策、商业发展、社会环境等领域的数据采集和圈层对比。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Af1zNdyGnpJzeh7NbEC6GeuWyrUIicHOn0Q1T9KtqMUBvH1h76aH3U3JILIlKKQGRxUBib66ibhfYZ1qYGKKmIoDA/640?wx_fmt=png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎都市区/Métropole du Grand Paris（MGP）</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">英文译Grand Paris</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎都市区是指小巴黎+巴黎小圈+外部边缘的七个市镇的范围，总共包括131个市镇，占地814平方公里，人口约700万人。巴黎都市区在2016年1月1日成立，拥有独立的行政机构——大都会议会，其委员会由所辖131个市镇的理事会选举产生。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建立巴黎都市区的初衷，在于提升巴黎及近郊地区的协同发展力度，加强轨道交通等基础设施建设、推动重大跨区域项目落地。与之共同发挥作用的还有地域发展合约区（CDT）、领土联合体（EPT）概念，下文会讲到。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Af1zNdyGnpJzeh7NbEC6GeuWyrUIicHOn0Q1T9KtqMUBvH1h76aH3U3JILIlKKQGRxUBib66ibhfYZ1qYGKKmIoDA/640?wx_fmt=png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎城市区域/Aire Urbaine de Paris</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">英文译作Paris Urban Area</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎城市区域是指上图中的红色虚线范围，总面积约2723k㎡（统计于1999年），人口1014万（统计于2016年），占法兰西岛总人口的84%。按照字面意思理解，就是按照城市模式建造的区域，个人认为，巴黎城市区域范围类似北京的中心城集中建设区的概念。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这个概念主要用于在全法国范围内，各大城市区域的相关数据对比。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 128, 255);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 背景知识补充：</em></span></strong><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">下图展示的是法国领土的城市化程度以及不同城市化地区间的联系密切程度。颜色越深的地方代表城市化程度越高（红色最高、橘色次之），黄色区域则说明了其与邻近城市化地区间有着较为密切的联系，空白区域指乡村地区。其中，红色部分就是上文提到的“城市区域”。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 70%;padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.9" data-w="330" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP0rzbwibo4CL3R9ESRmSzWGmKlqljENqiauNVM1iaMrkHhrfSaoJe5LiauVaIoSGYXPXysdR2ZI2f3yw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 30%;padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5545455" data-w="110" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eP0rzbwibo4CL3R9ESRmSzWGPGDSXdbVBVp7ETibpwtPnNEuRnhaknicj2rjSXTtRj1WibZodzRNKQvWA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(82, 82, 84);box-sizing: border-box;">【图2  法国城市化区域分级分布示意图，2010年】</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图片来源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki；</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Af1zNdyGnpJzeh7NbEC6GeuWyrUIicHOn0Q1T9KtqMUBvH1h76aH3U3JILIlKKQGRxUBib66ibhfYZ1qYGKKmIoDA/640?wx_fmt=png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大区/?le-de-France</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">英文译作Region of France</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大区即法兰西岛，是法国本土13个大区之一。总面积12012k㎡，现有人口1214万。该区域以巴黎为中心，因此俗称为大巴黎地区。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不严格地说，“小巴黎+巴黎小圈+巴黎大圈=巴黎大区”，类似于咱们的“一核+一主+一副+多点+一区=北京”。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Af1zNdyGnpJzeh7NbEC6GeuWyrUIicHOn0Q1T9KtqMUBvH1h76aH3U3JILIlKKQGRxUBib66ibhfYZ1qYGKKmIoDA/640?wx_fmt=png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大都会/Aire métropolitaine de Paris</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">英文译作The Paris metropolitan area</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">巴黎大都会是指文首图中的蓝色虚线范围，总面积约17,174k㎡。该概念由法国国家统计局INSEE于1996年创建并使用，旨在符合国际（欧盟）人口统计标准，是一个统计单位，目前仅用于统计人口数据，不进行经济类数据统计。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这个概念主要用于在欧盟乃至世界范围内，各大都市圈的相关数据对比。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em><strong><span style="color: rgb(245, 245, 245);background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"> 背景知识补充</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(245, 245, 245);background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(245, 245, 245);background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;">：</span></strong></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(245, 245, 245);background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong>比较复杂的是，Aire Urbaine de Paris这个词在1996年被发明之初指的是巴黎大都会的范围，而巴黎城市区域被叫做unité urbaine；直到2011年，INSEE才将巴黎大都会的名称正式确定为Aire métropolitaine de Paris，将巴黎城市区域的名称确定为Aire Urbaine de Paris。也就是说，2011年之后，较大的Aire Urbaine被称为了Aire métropolitaine。 所以，如果在2011年之前的文献中看到此类混乱的称呼，请不要怀疑自己，直接打开以下网址，你就会知道来龙去脉：</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">而维基百科在某些文字表述中，还在沿用2011年之前的法语称呼，所以看起来会有些混乱。</em></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Af1zNdyGnpJzeh7NbEC6GeuWyrUIicHOn0Q1T9KtqMUBvH1h76aH3U3JILIlKKQGRxUBib66ibhfYZ1qYGKKmIoDA/640?wx_fmt=png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">地域发展合约区/Les Contrats de Développement territorial（CDT）</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地域发展合约区的概念来源于《巴黎大区指导纲要2030》SDRIF 2030，于2010年6月3日针对巴黎大区确立，既是合约文件，也是城市规划文件。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地方发展合约的制定伴随着城市项目的实施，旨在落实巴黎大区指导纲要中提出的目标，提高跨行政区域的凝聚力，推动功能区划分，优化城市规划与交通的关系，实现住房规划目标，发展经济、促进就业、保护好开放区域。截至《巴黎大区指导纲要2030》出台，地方发展合约的制定涉及到20多个地区。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.027439" data-w="328" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eP0rzbwibo4CL3R9ESRmSzWGmzSKQXmKjZRyKTib8mu4HChfLsOnEldoXUO3SbqUCbrUcdbfbGLgrfg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(82, 82, 84);box-sizing: border-box;">【图3  巴黎大区的地域发展合约区】</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图片来源：《巴黎大区指导纲要2030》SDRIF 2030</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 40px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px 1px 0px 0px;border-style: solid solid none none;border-color: rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(239, 241, 236) rgb(62, 62, 62) rgb(62, 62, 62);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(127, 127, 127) 0px 0px 4px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -22px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0813772" data-w="639" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Af1zNdyGnpJzeh7NbEC6GeuWyrUIicHOn0Q1T9KtqMUBvH1h76aH3U3JILIlKKQGRxUBib66ibhfYZ1qYGKKmIoDA/640?wx_fmt=png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png?x-oss-process=style/xmorient"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);display: inline-block;padding: 0px 0.8em;font-size: 20px;color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">领土发展联合体/Les établissements publics territoriaux（EPT）</strong></p></section><section style="margin: 5px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">领土发展联合体的概念于2016年1月与巴黎都市区同时被提出，是一个发展单元的概念。巴黎都市区范围内一共由12个领土联合体，每个领土联合体是由若干个市镇组成。领土联合体的概念出台后，理论上巴黎周围的省级行政单位就被大大弱化。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(245, 245, 245);background-color: rgb(38, 124, 242);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 背景知识补充：</strong></span>跟EPT密切相关的概念是EPCI，两者的共同目标是促进跨行政边界的区域协同发展。目前法国层面常用的概念是EPCI，而在巴黎都市区范围内，则用EPT替代了EPCI。从图中我们可以看到，EPT和EPCI的范围是一致的，那么这样的改变有何意义呢？事实上，EPCI在法国是一个比较传统的概念了，目标就是促进市镇间的联合发展；而EPT（领土发展联合体）和MGP（巴黎都市区）打了个组合拳，对巴黎及周边地区的行政格局进行了调整，成立Société du Grande Paris（巴黎都市区发展协会），进而对各级政府权力进行重组，调整了各级政府在国土和规划建设领域的职能，尤其是削弱了省一级政府的职能。从目前的情势推测，在法国的各大都市区范围内，省级政府或将消失，但是法国政府搞事情实在是慢，这个过程会持续一段时间（其实萨科齐在位时就已经开搞了）。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7064103" data-w="780" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eP0rzbwibo4CL3R9ESRmSzWGQcJzQRRKgUwocw2HFUNI1EibPfzvibKyjibHvI0uUTIao6wwwwMoSYdTg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(82, 82, 84);box-sizing: border-box;">【图4  巴黎都市区的领土发展联合体划定图】</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">来源：https://www.iau-idf.fr</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">综上，关于‘巴黎’的不同称呼就介绍到这里，虽然听起来非常复杂，但是从近些年频繁的变动中，我们可以明显感觉到省一级的政府权力在不断被削弱；而省间协同发展和市镇间协同发展的重要性在不断凸显，这种协同通过巴黎都市区（MGP）和领土发展联合体（EPT）两种形式得以达成，尽管两者目前并非政府实体，但随着省一级政府权力的不断削弱、区域基础设施建设的紧迫性越来越高，或许还会引发新一轮的行政区划大调整；同时，面向具体项目实施，更加灵活的跨行政区的区域划定方式显示出其在协同规划与建设中的优越性，除了地域发展合约区（CDT），还有交通与城市一体化整治公约区等。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最后，我们来同体量对比一下巴黎大区与北京市的用地和人口数据~</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7971698" data-w="424" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP0rzbwibo4CL3R9ESRmSzWGHn7zSricMs9z6Gd8KUv1wz4bOj5iclXXscLaNoKaPg86LCcfib2oTMzyA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.9441341" data-w="358" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP0rzbwibo4CL3R9ESRmSzWGyzqcMpqq6QpMBeyZ8h5OH9RW3RrYSAGFk2JumFka0iaYTJeaqJs0pDQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">数据来源：维基百科，北京统计年鉴</p></section></section></section></section>
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