国匠城工作台

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fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M135.7,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S135.7,1.7,135.7,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding: 0px 15px;font-size: 15px;color: rgb(107, 107, 107);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">【北京规划建设】是由与《北京规划建设》杂志联合推出的栏目，这里有新认知与旧经验的碰撞，新媒体与传统媒体的聚合。《北京规划建设》创刊于1987年，迄今已有32年的办刊历史。期刊强调深邃的思想性、厚重的理论性、丰富的实践性及敏锐的新闻性。【北京规划建设】系列既有严谨洗练的学术论文，也有轻松活泼的随笔。你走，我不送你；你来，无论多大风雨，我都等你。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 303.3 4.6" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M189.5,1.8c-1.4,0-2.7,0-4.1-0.3c-0.6-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.7-0.5c-0.3-0.1-1.5-1.3-1.3-0.4      c-0.4-0.4-1.2-1.2-1-0.1c0.1,0.4,0.6,1,0.6,1.4c0,0.1,0,0.3,0,0.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,0.4-0.5,1-0.6,1.3   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style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px none rgb(243, 243, 243);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(184, 53, 52);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">摘要<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid rgb(243, 243, 243);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 10px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-shadow: rgb(231, 231, 231) 0px 0px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">北京中轴线，是几千年来中国古代都城通过空间规划所体现出国家政治制度的唯一“活化石”，是中国古代都城建筑的最高形式，是彰显中国古代“天人合一”哲学思想的载体，是中国贡献给世界的独特人类文化遗产。今北京中轴线的古规划可分为三个时期：第一时期为隋代以前的商道，即古永定河东北岸地势较高处的商品货物储藏地通往古永定河西南岸“燕市”（位于正阳门以西的和平门西至西便门一线，即考古发现有151口战国至东汉时期的陶圈古井的区域，笔者结合史料记载，第一个推断此处为历史上著名的“燕市”所在的具体位置）“渡口”（东汉后期改道的古永定河的“燕市”渡口，位于今正阳门处）以北的南北向道路。第二时期为隋代规划的离宫临朔宫泛中轴线和金代离宫大宁宫泛中轴线。第三时期为元明清三代规划的国都中轴线，即元大都城中轴线和明清北京城中轴线。完整地保护好北京中轴线的历史规划空间，是北京中轴线申请世界文化遗产的前提条件。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px none rgb(243, 243, 243);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-25px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(184, 53, 52);font-size: 18px;line-height: 1.5;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关键词<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 6px solid rgb(243, 243, 243);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding: 0px 20px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 95%;vertical-align: top;padding: 10px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 10px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-shadow: rgb(231, 231, 231) 0px 0px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">北京中轴线 千年规划 空间变迁 保护</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">北京中轴线，是几千年来中国古代最后一个国都的中轴线，是中国古代都城通过空间规划所体现出国家政治制度的唯一“活化石”，是中国古代都城建筑规制最高（纵贯五重城）、规划最为完美的中轴线，是彰显中国古代“天人合一”哲学思想的载体，是中国贡献给世界独特的人类文化遗产。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">北京作为“帝都”始于辽南京，至今已有逾千年的历史。随着千年来北京城池规划的变迁，<span style="color: rgb(184, 53, 52);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">北京出现了两条中轴线，一条是辽南京城和金中都城的中轴线，一条是元大都城和明清北京城的中轴线。</strong></span>这两条中轴线都有着逾千年的规划史。辽南京城和金中都城的中轴线是延续前代规划而为之的。元大都城和明清北京城的中轴线也是在沿用前代规划离宫中轴线的基础上形成的国都中轴线。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">辽南京大城与皇城中轴线因沿用唐幽州子城中轴线，故偏于大城西部，南北长约4050米，北起拱宸门（约在今广安门外滨河路与北线阁北口、小马厂东西一线交汇处），南至丹凤外门（约在今广安门外西滨河路与凉水河北岸东西一线交汇处）。<span style="color: rgb(232, 153, 45);box-sizing: border-box;">辽南京中轴线，规划为准“三重城”和“南宫”“北市”组成的“前朝后市”格局。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1957年5月考古调查发现：在广安门外桥南约700米护城河西岸，因新修一条南北方向的滨河公路，连续打破三座夯土高台，遂形成三段夹谷状断崖，这里的夯土高台，呈正方形，长、宽各约60米，夯层厚8厘米，夯土高台高出新修公路路面约3.5米<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[1]</span>，为辽、金时期宫城宫殿基座遗址。结合史料记载，得知辽南京和金中都的城市中轴线就在今广安门外西滨河路南北一线。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(232, 153, 45);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-left: 5px solid rgb(232, 153, 45);line-height: 1.5em;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(232, 153, 45);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">史载辽南京中轴线上规划的建筑有：</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">皇城丹凤门、宫城南端门、外朝元和门、元和殿、内廷弘政门、弘政殿、紫宸殿、宫城北门子北门、大城北门拱宸门等。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">金中都大城是在辽南京大城向西、南、北三面扩充而成的，因沿用辽南京皇宫和中轴线，故金中都中轴线仍位于大城略偏西部，南北长约4520米，北起通玄门（约在今广安门外西滨河路与头发胡同东西一线交汇处），南至丰宜门（约在今广安门外西滨河路与凉水河北岸<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">交汇处）。<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">金中都中轴线，规划为准“四重城”和“南宫”“北市”组成的“前朝后市”格局。</span></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">金中都以宋汴京为蓝图，依“帝京规制”将中轴线规划为准“四重城”（宫城、皇城、内城、大城）建制。在宫城以南的南皇城中轴线空间里，规划有千步廊和“左祖右社”，在皇城以北的中轴线通衢空间里，规划有“后市”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-left: 5px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);line-height: 1.5em;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">史载金中都中轴线上规划的建筑有：</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 10px 0px 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">丰宜桥、外城丰宜门之瓮城前门、外城丰宜门、周桥、皇城宣阳门、宫城应天门、外朝大安门、大安殿、大安殿后门、内廷宣明门、仁政门、仁政殿、紫宸殿、内廷北门、宫城北门、皇城北门拱辰门、内城北门拱宸门、大城北门通玄门、大城北门通玄门之瓮城门等。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">辽南京城中轴线和金中都城的中轴线，因元代修筑大都城而退于次要地位，后又因明北京增筑外城而废弃，特别是20世纪50年代因修筑北京外城西护城河西侧公路时而拆除了辽金时期宫城宫殿基座遗址，使辽金时期的国都中轴线大部分为西滨河路所覆盖。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">元大都城和明清北京城的中轴线规划空间基本保存完好，成为中国古都中轴线规划的“活化石”，具有世界文化遗产的性质。<span style="color: rgb(184, 53, 52);box-sizing: border-box;">因此，保护好元明清三代规划的北京中轴线历史空间，就成为北京中轴线申请世界遗产必须高度重视和无法回避的重要课题。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">北京中轴线的原始前身，是春秋战国至东汉时期，位于古永定河<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[2]</span>渡口<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[3]</span>以北的一条“商道”，是该时期在“燕市”经商的商贾将位于渡口东北地势较高的区域作为货物仓储点，通过“渡口”正北的这条南北方向的“商道”，将仓储点的货物运往“渡口”以西的“燕市”<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[4]</span>，从事日常的商业经营活动（图1）。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4463519" data-w="466" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK4AicT6Gh0JN8gdI7xCt1hz0J8crosvIlkBUBudG190rCIibSiaB5oURiccA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图1 东汉中后期改道前的古永定河“渡口”以北“商道”空间示意图</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">7世纪初，隋炀帝为远征高句丽，诏修驰道与大运河至涿郡，并在涿郡东北郊规划修建了远征高句丽的大本营——临朔宫<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[5]</span>，又因为涿郡地处北方枢纽，自古就有着十分重要的战略地位。故临朔宫应为隋炀帝在全国所修建的40多所离宫中，规制应属于最高等级的行都。隋临朔宫中轴线规划，是北京中轴线千年规划变迁中的第一个里程碑（图2、图3）<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[6]</span>。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.2217484" data-w="469" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK4zw49tuGndO98oCbD7IE0XOUMyyiaC1DK5X6UEtRXr68ExIhKo0KmthA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图2 隋临朔宫泛中轴线与大运河永济渠及涿郡空间关系示意图</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.465704" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK47xVFk8WQr9pTwiaZRaUy3GNRCXnPhQH1XibI3VUak0ZHWa8Xz530hNpw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图3 隋临朔宫泛中轴线空间规划示意图</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">12世纪中，金世宗在位于金中都东北郊的前代离宫空间遗址上规划修建了离宫大宁宫<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[7]</span>。因此，金大宁宫中轴线的空间区域规划，几乎完全同于隋临朔宫中轴线。但金代将大宁宫中轴线往南延伸至另一座离宫建春宫（即南苑），使大宁宫中轴线的空间长度超越了隋临朔宫。金大宁宫中轴线的规划是北京中轴线千年规划变迁中的第二个里程碑，为元大都中轴线的前身（图4）。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.2021661" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK4X9IJRKhiaWl3Gy4oYw13jlsZd6PJlGdPicEQzibficfa3TaOcY8SHKROicw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图4 金大宁宫泛中轴线空间规划示意图</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">元大都中轴线，是在沿用金大宁宫（前为隋临朔宫）宫城<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[8]</span>及其中轴线规划的基础上，在中轴线北端规划了钟楼、鼓楼和钟楼市，使国都中轴线规划体现出周礼所规定的“面朝后市”的国都规制。又在国门以南七里稍东空间位置规划天坛<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[9]</span>。元大都中轴线将金大宁宫泛中轴线之三重离宫中轴线改为“帝京规制”的准“五重城”<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[10]</span>的国都中轴线规划格局，由钟楼北街至丽正门，全长2595元步，约合4080米，可谓是北京中轴线千年规划变迁中的第三个里程碑，为明北京中轴线的前身（图5、图6）。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.1425993" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK4j4cSLsqVbY2dGhAzFapYcZ8pazGphzGTQI25wR94966msGkSV9p0EQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图5 元大都中轴线在大城空间位置示意图</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4737864" data-w="515" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK4odYqGmbrkWZQibBMmictEEoricBBSeiasDO6ibrjKJ10RuGRuoLp4cce4cA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图6 元大都中轴线空间规划示意图</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由于刘秉忠规划元大都时，沿用了650年前隋临朔宫中轴线的规划走向<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[11]</span>，所以使得元大都中轴线出现了南端点较北起点向东偏离约2度的现象。因为元大都中轴线的原始规划要早于元上都中轴线的规划，所以认为元大都中轴线是指向元上都中轴线，或认为是元上都中轴线的向南延伸的观点是难以成立的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">明永乐朝迁都北京时，继承了元大都中轴线准“五重城”的规划格局<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[12]</span>，但将中轴线上“三朝五门”的空间南移，因端门、承天门、大明门的规划而“南拓”皇城南垣和大城南垣，使中轴线向南延伸了约450明步（约712米）至新丽正门（正统朝改称“正阳门”），全长约3029.5明步（约4792米），可视为北京中轴线千年规划变迁中的第四个里程碑（图7）。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.477396" data-w="553" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK4wp7jibyrTibQaE7eOHiata9UZNVUvhJoUyYL1x9BfCfyU76hxKgHJUhBw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图7 元大都和明北京中轴线空间规划变迁示意图</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">明嘉靖朝规划修建了北京外城（南郭），使北京城中轴线从正阳门又向南延伸了1959.5明步（约3100米）至永定门<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[13]</span>，形成了北京中轴线准“六重城”的规划格局，由钟楼北街至永定门，全长4989步（约7892米），可谓是北京中轴线千年规划变迁中的第五个里程碑（图8-图11）。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.5469314" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK45iaAQCGs1lGQ5c24Gu4Kx3NhXJj0lXibJCP8ibjBOVDEZG3wFCXS9JYSQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图8 明北京中轴线两次空间规划示意图</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.467509" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK4zAgiavkJsMp2HQCFdGcLshVWpgxAicpjoAcUy7zqa4VgHEYoVsAH3lTA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图9 元大都和明北京中轴线之“中心点”示意图</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4873646" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK4xFKn1abY5S28u98pNLWoM8CoRomcldJMJ4FL3dgO5XNibia8n50xOWuA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图10 元大都和明北京中轴线之“黄金分割点”示意图</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.4783394" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK4uozibTF21fdqg9rAtBKCe33DnCNPzTl0iaDxjd2ChAe03m2NCtBxRuag/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图11 明代北京中轴线空间规划示意图</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1644年，清朝迁都北京，完全继承了明北京城池和中轴线的规划。乾隆14-16年（公元1749-1751年），重新规划了大内禁苑中轴线：第一，在景山主峰之巅建万春亭，亭中置大佛一尊；第二，将景山南麓原山前殿改建为绮望楼；第三，在景山山后的禁苑北部建寿皇殿<span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">[14]</span>。第一、第二点属于中轴线上的原有规划建筑的原地改建，第三点属于中轴线上的新规划建筑（图12）。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.5288809" data-w="554" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eP1gvcSLvknP3wX7JwDFrK4mCYqJJFq4VykeRT0YD47ROjialk3wS0Ujs1QjDQchk39ueRQtEibp0wQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图12 清代北京中轴线空间规划示意图</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">清代顺治、康熙两朝对明北京中轴线的主要建筑进行的修葺、重建，基本做到了“修旧如故”，算是比较成功的；而乾隆朝对明北京中轴线主要建筑进行的修葺、重建和重新规划，则显得比较失败和无知：</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">第一，修葺故宫北部的道教宫殿钦安殿时，却要在宝顶的金瓶里安放佛经，没有遵循“修旧如故”的原则；第二，在大内禁苑中轴线上规划修建寿皇殿，破坏了“天衢”的风水。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">史载北京中轴线上的建筑，除寿皇殿宫门、寿皇殿戟门、寿皇殿为清代的新规划外，其它区域建筑多为明代规划，万宁桥为元代规划。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">北京中轴线上元明清三代规划的建筑自北至南依次为：<span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;">钟楼、鼓楼、万宁桥、北安门、（元厚载红门）、北中门、寿皇殿、寿皇殿戟门、寿皇殿宫门、万春亭、绮望楼、景山正门、北上门、神武门、顺贞门、承光门、钦安殿、天一门、坤宁门、坤宁宫、乾清宫、乾清门、云台门（清代已无）、保和殿、中和殿、太和殿、太和门、内五龙桥、午门、端门、（元千步廊）、承天门、外五龙桥、（元丽正门、丽正门瓮城前门、丽正桥）、明千步廊、大明门、正阳门、正阳门瓮城前门、正阳桥、天桥、永定门（2004年复建）、永定门瓮城门、永定桥。（注：北安门、北中门、北上门、明千步廊、大明门、正阳桥、天桥、永定门、永定门瓮城和永定桥为20世纪拆除。</span>括号内的元代建筑为明代拆除。）</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">进入20世纪，北京中轴线千年规划变迁出现了一个拐点：一改历史上继承与重建为继承与拆除——<span style="text-decoration: none;box-sizing: border-box;">民国初年拆除了</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;">北中门、千步廊、正阳门瓮城</span>；50年代拆除了<span style="text-decoration: underline;box-sizing: border-box;">永定门及瓮城、天桥、正阳桥、长安左门、长安右门、千步廊外红墙、地安门、北上门、中华门。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">进入21世纪，随着“人文北京”的建设，北京中轴线古规划和古建筑受到国内外人士的高度重视，永定门得以复建，中轴线规划向北延伸至奥林匹克公园之仰山，北京中轴线进入了申遗名单。然而，钟楼北街以北的元代古规划却没有得到有关部门的高度重视，甚至出现过“打通钟楼北街至北二环路”的规划方案。针对这一规划方案，笔者为保护中轴线北端点的元代规划，曾特意致函罗哲文、徐苹芳等政府文物保护顾问，又在《北京日报》刊文，呼吁“要完整地保护钟鼓楼区域的古规划”，提出“恢复元大都钟楼市”的具体建议，特意指出规划师不得有意破坏、改动古规划和古建筑。笔者还在《北京日报·古都版》发表过关于保护北京中轴线古规划的多篇文章，有如何复建北上门的建议方案，有如何保护景山西街的具体办法，有针对西城区复建地安门南燕翅楼的不同意见，有对前门外大街和永定门内大街规划的建议。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国家文物局和北京市政府将北京中轴线列入申遗目录，作为北京城池变迁史和北京古都中轴线规划变迁的研究者与北京中轴线申遗的首倡者，笔者愿借《北京规划建设》这一平台，就保护北京古都中轴线规划和建筑等问题抒发自己的一些浅见，谨供各级主管单位领导、规划师和读者参考。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">北京古都中轴线经历了辽、金、元、明、清五代上千年的发展历程，产生过两条中轴线，其规划、建筑及遗迹，都应该得到切实保护；不能只保护元、明、清三代古都中轴线规划与建筑，而忽视保护辽、金两代古都中轴线规划及其遗迹。位于今广安门外西滨河路南北一线的辽、金两代古都中轴线，还残存着宫城应天门、外朝大安门、大安殿、鱼藻池、内廷仁政殿等规划空间遗迹、遗址，特别是与蓟城、蓟门有着密切的关联，应该引起市政府和文物、规划等有关单位的高度重视并得到切实保护。保护的方法是：第一，保护原有地貌及地面以下的建筑基址；第二，不宜在原有地貌上规划、修建旅游景观和楼堂馆所；第三，在相应的古规划和古建筑的遗址、遗迹的空间位置上，树立图文“地标”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">现存的元明清三代古都中轴线古规划和古建筑，是中国古都中轴线规划的“活化石”，是北京、乃至中国最为重要的历史规划和历史建筑遗产，可谓是世界上独一无二的文化遗产。<span style="color: rgb(184, 53, 52);box-sizing: border-box;">笔者以为，保护好北京古都中轴线规划和建筑，就要处理好其与城市发展和城区改造的矛盾，因此保护工作从某种意义上说是一项长期而艰巨的任务。目前有几项涉及保护的前提工作要做。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(184, 53, 52);box-sizing: border-box;">一是应该明确需要保护的北京中轴线古规划和古建筑的空间范围</span>，是狭义的中轴线规划空间，还是广义的中轴线规划空间。这一点，不仅申遗需要，而且还应成为今后北京城市发展和城区改造需要进行新规划时的“禁区”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(184, 53, 52);box-sizing: border-box;">二是应该按区域保护和复原北京中轴线的古规划空间。如钟鼓楼区域（可以复原元大都钟楼市）、什刹海区域、锣鼓巷区域、北皇城区域、景山四周区域（北可复建北中门，南可复建北上门）、天坛区域、先农坛区域。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(184, 53, 52);box-sizing: border-box;">三是应该复建那些客观条件允许复建但已经拆除的中轴线上古建筑</span>，如北上门、北中门、正阳桥、天桥，以尽可能完整地展示北京古都中轴线规划的空间节点和整体原貌。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(184, 53, 52);box-sizing: border-box;">四是切忌“借建设之名，行毁坏之实”的所谓以新规划取代、改动、掺入中轴线古规划原貌、改变古规划空间和破坏古建筑的悲剧重演。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 303.3 4.6" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100%"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path 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border-box;"><path d="M135.7,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S135.7,1.7,135.7,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 153, 45);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">注释</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[1] 《北京考古四十年》，北京市文物研究所编，燕山出版社1990年版第53页。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[2] 流经今积水潭、北海、中南海、人民大会堂西南、正阳门、天坛东北、龙潭湖、十里河一线。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[3] 在今正阳门处。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[4] 位于正阳门以西的和平门至西便门东西一线，即考古发现有春秋战国至东汉时期的151座陶井的区域，笔者综合史料记载分析，第一个推断此区域即为历史上著名的“燕市”区域。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[5] 《旧唐书》和《新唐书》及《资治通鉴》均记载：故隋临朔宫，在唐幽州蓟县界。唐幽州城郊由两个县组成：西为幽都县，东为蓟县。结合史料记载和北京历史地理变迁的史实，笔者在《隋临朔宫空间位置考辨》一文中论证了隋临朔宫位于涿郡东北郊的古永定河畔，其中心在明清北京故宫、景山一带。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[6] 参见拙著《北京中轴线变迁研究》，学苑出版社2012年版，第65-91页。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[7] 笔者通过梳理史料和实地踏查，论证了金大宁宫宫城系沿用昔日隋临朔宫宫城之空间规划，后又为元大都宫城和明北京宫城所沿用。论证了金大宁宫空间规划是以宫城为中心，而非传统主流观点认为的“以北海为中心”的观点。参见拙著《北京中轴线变迁研究》，学苑出版社2012年版，第92-98页。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[8] 笔者通过56个论据论证了元大都宫城系沿用和改造金大宁宫宫城规划而成，后为明北京宫城所继承和改建，但空间位置始终如一，始终未变。参见拙著《北京中轴线变迁研究》，学苑出版社2012年版，第109-143页。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[9] 笔者在研究金中都规划时发现：金中都规划的日坛空间，后为元代改建规划为天坛，即在金代规划的日坛祭坛南，规划祭天的圜丘，后为明清两代沿用为天坛。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[10] 从内到外依次为：宫城、卫城（宫城夹垣）、禁城（宫苑禁垣）、皇城、大城。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[11] 万宁桥西北的“火德真君庙”为唐代所建，其山门东向，正对万宁桥以北的南北道路。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[12] 元大都宫城及宫城夹垣、宫苑禁垣“三重城”的空间规划为明北京宫城所沿用，明北京皇城是在元大都皇城规划空间基址上外扩而成的，又因“三朝五门”规制而南拓皇城南垣和大城南垣。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[13] 正阳门至永定门的外城中轴线，其前身是金代规划的大宁宫中轴线通往南苑建春宫的道路，元代沿用为丽正门通往天坛的道路，明代因之。</em></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">[14] 明代规划的寿皇殿在景山东北，即中轴线东侧位置。</em></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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border-box;"><path d="M140.1,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C139.7,1.2,140.1,1.7,140.1,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M135.7,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1s-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1S135.7,1.7,135.7,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g><g style="box-sizing: border-box;"><path d="M131.3,2.3c0,0.6-0.5,1.1-1.1,1.1c-0.6,0-1.1-0.5-1.1-1.1c0-0.6,0.5-1.1,1.1-1.1    C130.8,1.2,131.3,1.7,131.3,2.3z" fill="rgb(204,146,94)" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者简介：郭超，现任中国科学技术史学会建筑史专业委员会副会长兼秘书长、中国科学技术史学会建筑史学术委员会副主任委员，研究方向为中国历史、中国建筑史、古城规划史、艺术史。在建筑历史理论和方法论上有新的建树，提出“六重证据法”和“尺度法”，为复原古代城市规划和古建筑提供了客观依据。</p><p style="white-space: normal;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">学术著作《北京中轴线变迁研究》（约68万字，学苑出版社2012年2月出版，2013年12月被国家新闻出版广电总局评选为第四届“三个一百”工程原创学术著作）和《元大都的规划与复原》（约46万字，中华书局2016年3月出版，为国家社科基金2012年度后期资助项目），从规划史上揭示了北京中轴线的历史变迁和北京城池史的发展演变。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原文发表于《北京规划建设》杂志2019年第1期。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">获授权微信首发，如需转载请联系本号。</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section>
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