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<p><span style="font-size: 14px;">大家好，今天继续由我带大家读《美国大城市的死与生》的第二部分里的第六、七、八章，也就是目录中标注红色字的部分。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="2.26953125" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DucxYUeeFiaNkwO4LF183gmvt4QwLK63AWXjft19grOqxRWktHHju7DCw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" style="width: 269px;height: 611px;"  /></p><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-top: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87);width: 100%;margin-bottom: -10px;border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;line-height: 16px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10px;height: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);transform: rotate(45deg);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 10px;height: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);margin-top: -10px;margin-left: 6px;transform: rotate(45deg);"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(73, 71, 71);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第二部分 城市多样化条件</strong></p></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10px;height: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);margin-left: 6px;transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 10px;height: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);margin-top: -10px;transform: rotate(45deg);"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">>>></span><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(61, 59, 59);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">产生多样性的因素</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><<<</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">分类电话号码簿告诉我们有关城市的一个最重要也是最简单的事实：<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市是由无数个不同的部分组成的，各个部分也表现出无穷的多样化，而且大城市的多样化是自然天成的。</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuJTfCKdeA6DUObk03Uj9zYafT5ZYesa6OCO3LUGa9FVeOxhD2CSVe4g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1000" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">充满多样性的旧金山渔人码头</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">通常，人们很容易掉入这么一个陷阱：在考虑城市的用途时，一个一个分门别类地加以考虑。事实上，这样一种对城市的分析方式——一个一个用途地分析——已经成了通用的规划策略。最后，把按类别对用途研究的结果集中到一块，拼成一大块完整的画面。通过这种方法得出的“整图”就相当于瞎子摸象。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">纽约的郊区和底特律的建成区就运用了这种规划方法。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5107103" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuTAA3UjCsyWBYPrGIzs7hib4via0Jxd4BjibKqhCym45osSKzkUPbias3Ug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="887" style="text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">纽约郊区花园式办公区</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5979381" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Dua6HBK7ju6HiaEDch8G0XVGK3M3IJR5dyzepfHqB3qFwIECuKAx9vPzA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="970" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">郊区购物中心</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DumzzlQIiaibJYibF356ZGzJNcxtwibGBHERpibDZ1Cxqq5eSBKYtLkg2JuVg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuhtFJBRsMyWibujaYWicHD3mm9ptGnfgyVIe48Rmg9mkhUsUUWAVNyOaA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">缺少活力的纽约布朗克斯地区</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.654" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DulSH6SRu45kJzpnqMjaNmSByiafSbvgmh6VD0vhKXRCaMgL3e7KxRx7A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="500" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;text-align: center;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">走向衰落的底特律</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">要想理解城市，我们必须直接完整地涉及到城市不同用途的结合或混合用途，而不是单独处理这些用途。<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如果混合性可以做到足够丰富以支持城市的安全、公共交往和交叉使用的话，用途的混合性需要有丰富的多样性的内容。</span></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">以下图片介绍几个具有多样性的地区。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuSNufnt2fEVicXwUI1uUCnMO8iaHLFXZjLQQPWEynR0UbbrD1Xtic4UUaw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuJnNAhnSBQLiapXyTT6oEweBPj41bZD2Kd7pOPqjuNapRTFG9wVka7Vg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">纽约下东区功能多样性</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Du7X14VYatrbia63xKMc3YhRficohjGuc5UCDnVno2SaBqEImubIgE1JYw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">  旧金山渔人码头</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5611111" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Dut6vQ866qEzEp550KvibVXSSER4H8cIdw3v4lWHH9ZaCoZ6qTicCfSJ6w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">  多样化的旧金山社会山地区</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">要想在城市的街道和地区生发丰富的多样性，四个条件不可缺少：</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">地区以及其尽可能多的内部区域的主要功能必须要多于一个，<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最好是多于两个。这些功能必须要确保人流的存在，不管是按照不同的日程出门的人，还是因不同的目的来到此地的人，他们都应该能够使用很多共同的设施。</span></span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">大多数的街段必须要短，也就是说，在街道上能够很容易拐弯。</span></span></strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562963" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Duib8f2crzVLXtfMx6fA3IcZEavV0K5ic3FcgEnrzDia1rurStTbiaiaqPzvw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuHblAqV6EmmAz0ibNyxTKvGiaS6Xw3ZpwKGC163icyne1kz9llj3FXJicjA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"> 容易拐弯的格林尼治村</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.  一个地区的建筑物应该各色各样，年代和状况各不相同，应包<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">括适当比例的老建筑，因此在经济效用方面可各不相同。这种各色不同建筑的混合必须相当均匀。</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuEWZW323RglGnzm0fn3f6CfgUVSePwa3H5TFChiazIECJT0OV4uDm9pA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">      新旧建筑和谐共存的纽约上东城</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4. 人流的步行密度要达到足够高的程度，不管这些人是为什么目<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的来到这里的。这也包括本地居民的人流也要达到相等的密度。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">这四个条件的必要性是本书的一个最重要的观点。这四个条件的结合能产生最有效的经济资源。虽然即使有了这四个条件，也不是所有的城市地区都能生发相同的多样性。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">不同地区的潜能因种种原因而表现不同，但是，只要能在这四个条件方面有所发展，那么一个城市的地区不管其位置在于何方，是应该能发挥其最大潜能的。阻碍这个目标得以实现的障碍将会被消除。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">接下来的四个章节，将逐一讨论生发多样化的这四个条件。但是，四个条件必须共同作用才能产生城市的多样性，缺少任何一个都会阻碍一个地区潜能的发生。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">>>></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">主要用途混合之必要性</strong><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><<<</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">简·雅各布斯认为街区商业如同街区公园一样，也需要人流，但有一点不同，公园闲置下来的话，倒霉的是公园本身及其所在的街区，但若果街区商业没了人流，商店经营者就会离开。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">人流带来的经济效益来源于三种人群，当地居民、就业者、外来游客，在这里就业者和本地居民和在一起的能量会超过这两种力量简单的叠加之和，依靠不同比例的三种人群，也使得当地商店的经营能够朝着更好的、更多样化的方向发展。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">下曼哈顿地区因为人流时间过于集中成为了区域缺乏活力的案例，这个地区白天的使用时间实在是太集中了，相比之下，住宅区的居民人数再多，在比例上还是一个小数目，起不了什么作用。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DucNBiaQk9aED6USoYoqG0zVT0rZHr5AfdZwWuYiaxlCS5lq1HWic7hRbtQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5638889" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuppWMP5ndmic2B4B85VmibsL2EeZ1uUSxj1k5uZbvGeADeygiarJjnkscA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">功能单一的曼哈顿中城</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuuS9mBA7XnLYW2cyJ8HibkFZmww8BGEdqV7RRqF9MsnFJkfLshTbOpoA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5638889" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Du6f49XDhKDkEn7sSg3s37NCL5fhticoQscVhiaejmEBbEVlv3rsBbpwXA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">以及功能单一的曼哈顿下城</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">下曼哈顿在白天人群分布上出现的极端不平衡向我们表明了几个明确无误的原则，</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些原则同样适用于其他城市地区：</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">首先，</strong>不管它的名声有多大，地位如何确定，也不管其人口的密度有多高（为了某个目的），没有一个街区或地区，可以忽视白天时间段里人群分布的必要性，否则就会在多样性的生发方面大打折扣。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">再者，</strong>一个街区或地区，如果其目标只是朝着单一功能发展，不管这种发展过程计算得如何精确，也不管实现这个功能的各种必要条件准备得如何完备，实际上这个街区或地区并不能提供实现这个功能的必要条件。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">除非在白天缺少合理人群分布的地区进行的规划涉及到了问题的起因，否则最多也只能是换汤不换药，原有的沉闷被新增的单调气氛取代。街区里也许暂时看上去更清洁，但那不是花费了这么多的钱应该做得事。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">简·雅各布斯重点重点介绍了两种形式的多样性</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第一种多样性是首要用途，它把人群引向一个地方，因为这种用途本身就是一块“抛锚地”。</strong>比如，办公楼和工厂等就是一种首要用途。住宅寓所也属于这个类型。某些娱乐、教育和活动场地也属于这样的首要用途。在某种程度上说（换句好，对相当多的使用者来说），许多博物馆、图书馆、画廊也属于这种性质。但不是所有的都是这样的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">一种首要用途，不管它是什么，如果知识发挥其单一的作用，那从创立城市多样性的角度来说，它的作用是无效的。如果它与另一种首要用途结合在一起，但只是在同一时间里，把人群引入和引出一个地方，那它还是什么目的也没有达到。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">只有一个首要用途与另一个能够在不同的时间里把人群吸引到街上来的首要用途有效的结合在一起时，它们产生的效应才具备了刺激经济的作用：为第二种多样性的发挥准备了肥沃的土壤。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5611111" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuaLKe34ibwXyEicCPqwG9jh6cbZCACib0icPrKdWf4lQptic4o79QwF2xmXw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"> 卡耐基大厦首要用途生发了多种第二类用途</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第二种多样性是指那些为回应第一种用途而发展起来的商业（商店和服务设施），主要是服务于首先用途吸引来的人群。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">如果这第二类多样性只单一地服务首要用途，那么不管这是什么形式的用途，注定是无效的。如果想要产生内在的有效的作用，那就需要服务于多个的混合首要用途，如果其它的三个生发多样性的条件也被充分注意的话那么这种有效性则会是惊人的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">简雅各布斯提出“</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">首要用途的混合</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">”要发挥作用必须具体三个条件：</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">首先，</strong>有效性是指在不同的时间里使用街道的人群实际上必须使用相同的街道。如果他们使用的街道互补相同，或互相隔离，那么实际上就没有什么混合性可言。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">其次，</strong>有效性是说在不同的时间里使用相同街道的人群中间必须要包括一些使用相同设施的人群。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">最后，</strong>有效性是指在白天一个时间段里出现在街道上的人群必须与其他时间段里出现的人群有相当的关系。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">简认为首要用途混合方面的不充分是城市中心区的一个主要缺陷，而且经常是唯一的致命的根本缺陷，特别是过于关注就业方面，导致城市活力不足。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">简通过列举奥克兰等区域的例子，严重批评了把闲暇用途和工作用途分离开的有意行为，这种行为被错误地理解为把城市变得秩序井然的规划行为。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">简认为把城市当作“荣耀之地”而分离出来这种观念是与城市的功能和经济需要及其特殊的用途相矛盾的。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">她赞同这个观点：城市与单个的建筑焦点互相融合，这些建筑同时又处于日常格局的环抱之中，密不可分—是与城市的经济和其他功能行为和谐一致的。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">作者强调在以住宅为主或者有很多住宅的地区里，首要用途的种类和复杂程度越多、越高，就越好，这就像在闹市区的情况一样。但是，在这些地区里，需要使用的一个主要棋子是（人们）公众方面的首要用途。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">就像在里顿豪斯广场公园或哈得孙街的例子所看到的那样，这两种首要用途（住宅和工作）配合的非常和谐，中午因为来自住宅的人群稀少，街道正要趋于沉寂时，却因为有了在当地上班的人而有活跃起来，相反，到了晚上，上班的人离开，周边住宅的人又重新使用这个地区，街道充分了活力。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;line-height: 1.6;letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;">>>></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">小街段之必要</strong><span style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><<<</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">大多数的街段必须要短，也就是说，在街道上能够很容易拐弯。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.7332016" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Duj2ibzmG3q7xTcpRMBUAaHCptpxFouoZ9uicM2AYI6YuWn40RfERwibPWA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="506" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">小街段可以让人容易拐弯，可选择路径多</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">孤立的、互不关联的街道街区从社会的角度讲，会陷入孤立无助的处境 。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.585209" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Du5iapwsrEKk3TCV6EaUOgJWg5fhm5N8SQWMq3NjTFiappbd7lOVTMOgXg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="933" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">纽约中央公园西侧较大的街道增加了人们的出行距离，</span></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">造成街区的孤立</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 60%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.081854" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6Du32jiblVvFzib9g6pQylRkiaK4o5YS1dicR0mghzTRX6xibK7XJW6vNwcLrg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1014" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">洛克菲勒中心增加路径可选择性</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.562037" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuM7sIHicLg062CEDBvE8ymn5marF69cOnRJqFHBqBKxLV3wuWklvMXtw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">洛克菲勒中心增加路径可选择性</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">洛克菲勒中心通过将长路段打断，增加了多条小街段，增加了与周边道路的联通，提到了交通可达性，吸引了周边大量人流，打造城了区域中心。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">从本质上讲，长街道阻碍了城市能够提供的进行孵化和试验的优势，因为很多小行业或特色行业依靠从一些经过大街道交叉口的人群中，招引顾客或主顾。长街段还会使人无视这么一个原则，即如果说城市的混合用途不仅仅是标在地图上的一种虚构，那么其结构必定是这样的：不同的人群，因不同的目的，出现在不同的时间，却使用相同一条街。</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.534188" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DummUR8QnP0ILgqoo6ibAv2BCVtuOsCDkmuVIVHeibMJK7r8iasuEaa2QAw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="936" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">曼哈顿三大街以东小街区带来了持续增长的活力（120m×80m）</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5295858" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8ofkIt3iaqOQvF9bzia3x1h6DuuyeoLUsASGqWHdFxYN3O2OKh8dx1oDeX2QfVfvmOs9wd8HRcTwrS6A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1014" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 六大街以东长街道造成区域持续的衰退（250m×80m）</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">作者认为传统城市规划理论把很多城市的街道视为“浪费”，来自花园城市和辐射城市理论家的思想，他们反对建置街道用地，因为他们想把这些用地整合为“大草原”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">这种做法有非常大的破坏作用，因为它干扰了我们的智性，迷惑了我们的双眼，使我们无法看清楚造成如此之多的失败和呆滞现象的很多原因中最简单、最不必要发生和最容易纠正的原因。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">街道出现的频繁和街段的短小都是非常有价值的，因为它们可以让城市街区的使用者拥有内在有机的交叉使用。它们是通向目的的一个手段。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">如果这个目的——生发多样性和改变包括规划在内的很多人的计划——由于过多的强制性的规划，或把生发多样性的可能排除在外的统一化建设，而遭受破产，那么短小阶段就不会产生任何意义。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">就像混合首要用途一样，</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">街道的频繁只有在它们以自己特有的方式发挥作用时，才能有效的帮助生发多样性。它们发挥作用的手段（吸引不同目的的使用者）和它们能够达到的结果（多样性的发展）是密不可分的。这是一种相辅相成的关系。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align: center;"><br  /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><em style="font-size: 14px;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(109, 109, 114);box-sizing: border-box;">今天的领读也到此结束，谢谢大家！</span></em><br  /></p><section powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="font-size: 16px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;text-align: center;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.58359375" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8oeibv6XvfzHChy7jjZKNPfu6f2KYpPKgHZC9RSgLvxjfGqHmiaPqxMNh4EricBdsGk5AARcz5UvVMQAQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;font-size: 16px;text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0.544px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;">                         </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0.544px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;">     </span><br  /></p><section powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0.544px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><hr style="max-width: 100%;border-style: solid;border-right-width: 0px;border-bottom-width: 0px;border-left-width: 0px;border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px;transform: scale(1, 0.5);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: normal;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: normal;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: normal;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">本期书籍             美国大城市的死与生</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: normal;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">领     读                                 刘鹏飞</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: normal;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">编辑发布                                吕   薇</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: normal;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;font-size: 16px;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-backh="259" data-backw="556" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8oe0Dd4KzGCrlx9PdJyB0WpKq0bVDDjJwugZbRA1ENYoia8OibNLYiaOGib7ibHECr3Voq0z6yH0IOmWfiaw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.46609360076408785" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1047" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/EpyU3EBe8oe0Dd4KzGCrlx9PdJyB0WpKq0bVDDjJwugZbRA1ENYoia8OibNLYiaOGib7ibHECr3Voq0z6yH0IOmWfiaw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 15px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;visibility: visible !important;width: 556.111px !important;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br  /></p>
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