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                        <section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggH9WicxZicXBJv2Kl93vfFicTynWaQUMoYRc6KyPM3tkZq9bS6PTMWm85Eg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-size: 101.066%; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(8, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">     编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">      原文/ Mamata Akella、Mark Byrnes</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">      翻译/ 谭舒曼   文献/ 解珊珊   校核/ 众山小 </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">      编辑/ 众山小   排版/ 徐颖</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; width: 70%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHrXK0am4XY1nY03B5Je6M0lyQIZRmHBuFxOEr3ViautbMcQQOY38FuMQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="149"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: block; float: left; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: block; min-height: 4.5em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></section><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">今天让我们继续讲一些有关地铁的故事。则一介绍的是地铁的大数据分析应用，纽约的Canarsie隧道因飓风受损急需修复。隧道的施工将极大的影响穿过其中的地铁L线。辣么问题来了，地铁要中断服务，到底要怎么办，影响有多大？怎么选择替代方案呢？L线乘客量较大，纽约大都市区交通管理局正在考虑如何应对这次的考验。CartoDB团队利用美国人口调查局的数据、L线的线路和站点位置以及Valhalla的路径算法，首先分析了L线停运的受影响人口及其分布，然后提出了替代方案并进行了评估。分析方法简洁易懂，或许可以为你的公共交通规划、方案决策提供思路和帮助。而则二关注了铁路系统的品牌问题，讲述了一名英国铁路发烧友与英国标志性的国家火车服务手册发布之间的故事，还穿插地介绍了英国铁路在过去几十年的所有权变迁，并通过设计师的介绍概述了目前铁路标识的设计理念以及手册。</em></section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); width: 90%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 8px; margin-top: -4px; margin-right: -4px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(8, 8, 8);"></section></section><section class="" style="text-align: right; margin-top: -1.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">请</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">看</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">正</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 18px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 1px 5px 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">纽约地铁中断服务的替代方案与影响评估大数据分析</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Mamata Akella  翻译/ 谭舒曼</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHrVh2gicVUPGC3yLa2F4nQbuzTYstzfEAGw59x9om7TpZlBdibV3rmBcg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5197841726618705" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、纽约地铁L线</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">上周，纽约附近的数百万公交乘客听闻，纽约大都市区交通管理局提交了关于修缮被2012年的飓风桑迪（Hurricane Sandy）严重损毁的Canarsie隧道的提案。这条隧道是地铁L线通过东河（East River）连接曼哈顿（Manhattan）和布鲁克林（Brooklyn）的重要通道，因此所提议的恢复工作将极大地影响L线乘客的出行。我们可以通过位置智能技术（Location Intelligence）来更好地了解影响的程度以及具体位置。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">纽约大都市区交通管理局（Metropolitan Transit Authority）正在权衡在隧道施工期间L线的运营方式，或全线暂停，或降低发车频率并停止周末服务。与此同时，CartoDB开始挖掘开放数据，试图说明L线的停运将对布鲁克林居民们产生颠覆性的影响。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 129, 36); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">L线概况</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHRIOtjWlrQre97K5rj6LsfGibq7C8o0Htep3DTJHooJbnvWolZziakibXQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5179856115107914" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、L线概况与关闭段位置</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">L线是纽约东西方向的地铁干线，连接曼哈顿和布鲁克林的大部分地区。如果你认识住在威廉斯堡（Williamsburg）需要早间通勤到曼哈顿的人，你或许早就听说这条线早间挤得像沙丁鱼罐头一样，人挤人人挨人。近年来，这条线是乘客数量增长最快的地铁线路。在2014年，平均每个工作日有27224个乘客在威廉斯堡的贝德福德大道（Bedford Avenue）下车。撇开拥挤不谈，L线是纽约十分方便的一条地铁线路，这得益于它很早便采用了先进的信号灯技术，使得同一轨道上可以通行的列车更高效。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 129, 36); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">哪些数据可以用来深入了解L线呢？</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">为了回答这个问题，我们使用了美国社区调查（American Community Survey [ACS]）的数据（<span style="line-height: 1.6;">https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/</span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">）和LODES数据（</span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">http://lehd.ces.census.gov/data/</span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">）。前者描述了人口概况，后者描述了家庭住址和工作地址间的动态联系。两份数据都来自于美国人口调查局（United States Census）。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">为了可以研究L线和这些数据间的关系，我们还使用了L线入口处的位置数据（<span style="line-height: 1.6;">https://nycopendata.socrata.com/Transportation/Subway-Entrances/drex-xx56</span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">）。收集完所有的数据，对于工作在曼哈顿的布鲁克林居民和可能会乘坐L线的布鲁克林居民，我们就可以根据邻近度组装起来关于他们的信息。我们使用了Mapzen’s Valhalla计算的步行方向（</span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">https://mapzen.com/projects/valhalla/</span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">）来计算曼哈顿每一个人口普查分块 （Census Block）到L线入口的邻近度。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">根据各个人口普查分块到某一个L线入口的远近程度，我们关联了一系列有共同值和共同空间关系的表格，并据此得到满足了以下条件的人口普查分块群（Census Block Group）的汇总统计数据：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">      <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">·</strong>离L线比离其他任何地跌线都近</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">      <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">·</strong>有住在布鲁克林但在曼哈顿工作的人口数量数据（数据来自LODES）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">      <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">·</strong>有人口统计信息（数据来自ACS）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">      <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">·</strong>有从人口普查分块到最近的L线入口的线路信息 （据此我们可以估算步行距离和时间）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">现在我们来看看结果！</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 129, 36); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">为什么说L线很重要？</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHYxLNShB2oudMq8GtES18JAKK0xFnKicqTpT3UDic5nsjIdFmIM9KBicCA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5215827338129496" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、L线为什么重要</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">上图展示了11.4万人为了乘坐L线上班最可能走的路线。每个线段的宽度表示了所估计的步行者的数量。你或许立刻注意到了L线在布鲁克林西北和东南方向的服务覆盖面积。在这两个方向上，L线为许多其他线路没有途经的人口普查分块提供了地铁服务。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">首先，对L线路最东边的人们来说，在到达曼哈顿出行时间近乎不变的前提下，最可行的替换线路是在进入隧道前换乘另一条地铁线（例如，在百老汇路口[Broadway Junction] 换乘A线）。其次，我们只查看了一方面到地铁线路步行距离30分钟以内的，另一方面也在布鲁克林区内的人口普查分块。美国人口调查局只收集了通勤所使用的一种交通方式，所以，如果乘客乘坐公共汽车到达地铁站，公共汽车这一交通方式并未被包括在所使用的数据内。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在L线全线都可以看到前往曼哈顿方向的地铁乘客，我们很好奇出行时间与在曼哈顿工作人口数量的比例关系。我们发现，三类不同的出行时间都与曼哈顿工作人口成负相关（p<2e-04）。这三类出行时间分别是：步行至地铁站的时间，乘坐地铁到曼哈顿的时间，以及总的通勤时间。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHNeO3M0xP9LhnG8OEtw7iakLoMX0SjVOibr7AJWHTleKvpqEbnp8rSwkg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.28776978417266186" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、通勤时间与通勤次数</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">关系已经清楚了，但原因还不是很明朗。有可能是因为许多人根据到工作地点的方便程度来选择居住地点。也有可能是在人们求职的时，工作的选择有时与到居住地的出行时间有关 （例如，你最先从周边开始找工作）。但这仅仅是两种可能性。关键点在于L线的停运将彻底打破这个关系。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果你对原始数据感兴趣，这里有一些关键数据：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">      ·</strong>纽约大都市区交通管理局近期估计每天有20万乘客乘坐L线从曼哈顿抵达布鲁克林（<span style="line-height: 1.6;">http://web.mta.info/sandy/river_crossings.htm</span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">）。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">      ·</strong>根据美国人口调查局的数据和我们基于邻近度的估计，114,067人使用L线到达在曼哈顿的工作地点。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">      ·</strong>在布鲁克林的所有地区，541,803人使用地铁线路作为通勤到曼哈顿的主要方式。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果L线在较长一段时间停止运营，这些人没办法以搬家来作为应对措施。接下来我们就来看看这些人是谁，然后看看接驳公共汽车的方案如何。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 129, 36); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">被影响的人口</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">虽然我们可以研究很多人口变量，但此次我们把焦点集中在美国社区调查中定义的贫困程度上，据此来看看被影响的人口到L线的邻近度。在我们估计的L线乘客中，大概有18,889个布鲁克林家庭处于贫困状态而且他们最邻近的地铁站是L线。我们可以用如下的颜色梯度图来可视化数据的分布：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHZovZ0rdXZ4Jm0rNR5IgwTicMv7c9O8zF0REhQ1ZdricnUNZTzY7yEkQQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5179856115107914" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、人口收入可视化(一)</strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们用CartoDB进一步分析了数据，按贫困率在布鲁克林找出了类似于人口普查分块群的重要群块。如果L线将停运相当一段时间，这些群块将有利于规划的走访和制定潜在的、有针对性的替换方案。我们在寻找贫困率高或者低的较大区块，这是为了找出经济水平和工作灵活度都不足以抵抗住地铁停运的地区。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHETsoeagTpnsqFMMzXK8AtoN9QGibzZ8JBpJ7BjibFz1giaQIpzDpEPmxg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5197841726618705" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">六、人口收入可视化(二)</span></strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如上图所示，小一些的群块在布什克（Bushwick），而大一些的在布朗斯维尔（Brownsville）。纽约东（East New York）有大量地区一方面贫困另一方面靠L线很近。这些群块很有可能并不是完全由L线服务的，因为他们同时也邻近M线、J线和A线的地铁站。取决于其他替换选择的载客量，这些群块可能是可以添增公共汽车服务的地方。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">离L线非常近的格林波因特（Greenpoint），与邻近的人口普查分块群相比，贫困率很低。它也在G线沿途，因此可以从南北方向上换乘到曼哈顿。如果纽约大都市区交通管理局开通接驳车服务，格林波因特居民也可以轻松抵达威廉斯堡大桥（Williamsburg Bridge）、皇后区大桥（Queensboro Bridge）和皇后区中城隧道（Queens Midtown Tunnel）。当这一部分人可以被公交汽车运送到曼哈顿时，一些人会说，在L线停运期间，会有大部分的受影响人口变成商业交通方式运营商的目标。搞不好你就能在街边看到Uber和Lyft的小广告。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 129, 36); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这会是一个现实的替代方案吗？</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">当地报纸Gothamist报道L线可能停运时，他们称之为史诗般的中断。我们很好奇到底L线的全线停运会导致多大的麻烦。纽约大都市区交通管理局建议说，修缮好L线最快的方式之一就是彻底关闭Canarise隧道并用公交接驳车来暂替L线。这会是现实的吗？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">为了回答这个问题，我们用CartoDB假设了不同的公共汽车覆盖范围，分析了乘客们的最佳选择。以威廉斯堡大桥为基准点，我们假设公共汽车始发于或者接近在威廉斯堡的洛里默（Lorimer）站，终止于曼哈顿的下东区 （Lower East Side）或者联合广场 (Union Square)。再次使用Valhalla算法生成路径，我们发现在不堵车的前提下，一个乘客通过新公交线路可以抵达曼哈顿的最短时间是10分钟。乘坐公共汽车到达L线可达的任一曼哈顿地点会花将近20分钟的时间。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果乘坐接驳公共汽车将花20分钟，我们可以计算出L线沿线需要去往曼哈顿的乘客的最佳选择。他们是该从洛里默站乘坐公共汽车？还是在桃金娘-威科夫（Myrtle-Wyckoff）站换乘至M线？或者从百老汇路口换乘到A线？答案就在下图中。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们发现，对一条20分钟、除了5个站点外的所有站都在L线上的公交接驳线路来讲，乘客们最好提前下车换乘至其他地铁线路。挑战的是，我们意识到了接驳公共汽车是每日几乎75,000乘客的最佳选择；大型公共汽车可载客65人，这会需要每天1154趟或者每隔一分半钟一趟公共汽车。<span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 36); box-sizing: border-box;">这意味着所有公共汽车客满或者全天都是高峰期。要解决这样的客流量，需要建一座新的大桥。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHszHu8V8f0qPSUnQVpXgqLEehrgWvMIDibkxNDiaiceicd7cr8L0eMQllMA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5179856115107914" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七、公共交通替代线路</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">然而，公交接驳车的速度各异，到底速度为多少的时候，对地铁乘客而言乘坐接驳车是比返回去坐M线更好的选择呢？我们发现这个数字缓慢地上升到了28分钟。如果接驳公共汽车花28分钟，那它会是5.3万乘客的更好选择。这个情况下，仍然需要816辆公共汽车。如果接驳公共汽车花29分钟，L线沿线的各位最好换乘M线或者A线前往曼哈顿。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHa2IL7wpbDic03vVyJfpvm8BKmE2PqXDXblkhwTHLdkdUjzFiau8PQeBg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.3183453237410072" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图八、公交出行的客流量和出行时间对比</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="width: 2.8em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/Px09BAQCgsxJEanoGUyBiceGwVngcXNX9gdgb2ibHynQwiaeIS90MIRS2q6oib7D7qwMPianKP07RxaAh6RMoyaibDuQ/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.35555555555555557" data-w="45"  /> <section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); box-sizing: border-box; background: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHVKS2xy8QnFW6aE9pqomvIfgz8QY634m8BUiasYrmuL8NyNJdaiabpMYQ/0?wx_fmt=png") repeat-x;" class=""></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(31, 156, 202);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 21px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 1px 5px 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">经典的英国铁路标志标识设计手册正在凯旋而归</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Mark Byrnes  翻译/ 谭舒曼</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(31, 156, 202); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHiayPVGBUxsicKTZPbzuZNuHtNN0xZXuO44BSfTLmDk49fB3el3YoSkHQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.6654676258992805" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图九、英国铁路综合图标标准手册</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在1965年更名为英国铁路公司（British Railways）后，其向乘客宣布已经准备好迎来一个现代又高效的服务时代。这个铁路系统在1948年国有化，在此之前以老式的蒸汽火车头、过时的车厢和难找的站台而闻名。把名字简短为英国铁路的同时，这个公共交通系统也定制了一份综合图标标准手册（Comprehensive Graphic Standards Manual）（<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">购买链接：https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1863728218/british-rail-corporate-identity-manual?ref=project_link</em>），以此迎来有着更快的火车和更便捷的站台的新时代。这份手册最初由Design Research Unit公司制作，现在图形设计师和英国铁路发烧友Wallace Henning正在重新把四卷装订的手册重新制作成书本的形式。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2006年，Henning在报纸文章中读到了这份手册后被它所吸引。不久之后，他注册了一个Flickr账号，用来收集所有他能找到的英国铁路的昙花一现的产物，并且将他在瑞文斯博学院（Ravensbourne College）的硕士论文定为为一个重新国有化的铁路网络创造视觉标识。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHCqqdicIDLLL0e8QzxexkXBtvBngPF7TRyEo4tRtpgicZej9DXy7c7xxw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.6636690647482014" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十、英国铁路综合图标标准手册</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">变身为全国范围的铁路系统数十年后，英国铁路在1990年代乘着撒切尔时代私有化的东风也变成私人所有。或许火车上的三明治一直难以下咽，但让人很难不向往一个政府足够强大、富足、有野心来拥有并运营欧洲最好的铁路系统的时代。这个愿望可能要成真了。今年初，随着私人承包合同的到期，劳工党（Labour Party）的领袖Jeremy Corbyn宣布了重新国有化铁路系统的计划。《卫报》（the Guardian）认为，Corbyn的规划可能意味着“在2025年他第一个议会任期结束之前，三分之一的铁路会重回国有”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHLjyCB95XGP3Ca1DpOqBNdDgBrvoxdoXicOibGyvuYVEmDnO1SQJxpdsQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6654676258992805" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图<span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">十一、英国铁路综合图标标准手册</span></strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">就像纽约市交通管理局1970年版的图标标准手册，英国铁路的现代极简风很容易被崇尚化繁为简的人们所接受。设计英国铁路字体的Margaret Calvert在BBC的纪录片中解释道“<span style="color: rgb(255, 129, 36); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们需要它看起来很低调，这样才能从商业标牌中脱颖而出。我们之所以想要这种区分，是因为我们觉得人们会因此相信英国铁路也是出色的。它看起来很寻常，我很喜欢‘寻常’这个词，因为人们会认为它不是被设计出来的。</strong></span>”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Gerry Barney设计的商标至今依然是英国铁路在整个英国的官方铁路标志。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Henning在Kickstarter网站上为他的项目集资，并希望能在明年五月出版此书。一些挑战依然存在。他有了98%的页数，这意味着他依然在寻找拥有此书完整内容的博物馆和私人收藏者。Henning承诺给任何帮助他的团队找到缺失页的人“一本免费的书以及在致谢里感谢他”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHSyEThPjH4OKO6yt7IFiaYibM9NcwKXQRrk8qiarAqY6XaC5OkwpYvs7Lg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6672661870503597" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHc2X7ibRUHR4LWiacuK7GsNhKibyRW3ORuWiaOonfWcnQQ2vdVby8xicp4ag/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6672661870503597" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHwqXMZLGPicbAjMXSB3e02AXsiaQzcRXIstj4ibIpQdricad36f4xcdnIbA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6348920863309353" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHNHvJkq0gKbcFZDUPVlWdiaIpHk7MWrJU2NWQPKZDQDrvEElo9JIejXg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6348920863309353" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHT97CvCAROFX7K4Dmr6KFpZDR2A3FQZvVvfc9Vrq0S1G4FJjhO7FNDA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6672661870503597" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHl2NevaAefAicSBCWDwJnftHMfAspkU0gLDS9S3VicFUaGfKCOvV5x87g/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6672661870503597" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHMsVUnjSFv3AlSyp2zJzSLiaSkk6iaZORpZwF3EbxYgcuLu4guZPr8glg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6672661870503597" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图十二、英国铁路综合图标标准手册（简图）</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="width: 2.8em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/9NQkdx76iaQ6A0cyy2Tz5MZjmWv7ueHA2oL4eTZb4hykz1D1sORfDFXpRhJqnre0RRsaxxaSNopTpzYkic9ibJxqw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.35555555555555557" data-w="45"  /> <section style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin-top: -0.2em; box-sizing: border-box; background: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHVKS2xy8QnFW6aE9pqomvIfgz8QY634m8BUiasYrmuL8NyNJdaiabpMYQ/0?wx_fmt=png") repeat-x;" class=""></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggH5IwxakVNuOdq7VHfM7zGcEr7IlicRkhVwDnSRPq6f9eicrJA8TPbvl0g/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.75" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.2em; height: 2.2em; border: 0.12em solid rgb(225, 224, 224); border-radius: 50%; margin: auto; padding-top: 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(194, 190, 190) 0px 0.2em 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1.7em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin: -0.5em auto; border: 0.1em solid rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.45098); border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"></section></section><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(45deg); -o-transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.5em; height: 2.5em; border-left-width: 0.1em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-width: 0.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0.3em auto; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2.9em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 3.5em; height: 0.5em; display: inline-block; margin: auto auto -1em; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 1.3em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 0.5em; padding: 1em; margin-top: -1.5em; border: 0.1em solid rgb(204, 204, 204); height: auto !important; width: 100%;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; width: 30%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia8nL3Dk0S5TrRvp398V7ggHKea8HblQYL1lES2rePlicW1syMtFZKws2JWGPFMgJrh3Mh44qjnhIQg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.0256410256410255" data-w="156"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; 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