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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(156, 156, 116) 0.707107px 0.707107px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">城乡二元体制导致我国乡村人居建设长期滞后。相比于农区，牧区乡村的建设发展水平更低，存在问题更多，影响要素也更加复杂。而通过深入的调查和研究后发现，牧区乡村同广大的农区农村类似，问题的解决不能仅局限于“乡村”这一层级，需要从更高的视角来寻找最合适的发展方向与解决思路。</span></strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;">（注：小城镇一般意义上包含县城、乡镇，但由于牧区旗县距离牧区乡村牧民定居点较远，因此仅以牧区乡镇作为讨论对象。）</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.1" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WOoxfJ4gIcrLdtyXsibesOgp8LKcYFqtnr4koiacfA9wXq5eTxNH02JVQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(47, 69, 125);padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 3px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(47, 69, 125);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</strong></p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(47, 69, 125);line-height: 0;word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">牧区乡村人居环境建设概况</strong></p></span></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">深入的调研表明，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">牧区乡村人居环境有着不同于农区乡村的鲜明特征</span></strong>，并且也伴随着较为严峻的发展困难。其中，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">牧区乡村人居环境与“三生”系统（即生活、生产、生态）紧密结合是其区别于农区农村的最大特点。</span></strong>因此，下文主要通过“三生”框架来对牧区乡村人居环境建设的特征及困境进行简述。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">生活方面</span></strong>，我国牧区乡村牧民的居住模式已基本由传统的游牧模式转为了“定居定牧”，现实牧区乡村的基本定居格局是以自家草场定居、高度零散分布为主，集中定居仅存在于少部分地区，即呈现“大分散、小聚居”的状态，且城镇化进程缓慢，牧区家庭现代化程度相对不高。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">生产方面</span></strong>，在大量草场分散定居的基础上，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">畜牧业仍是牧区乡村家庭产业发展的核心</span></strong>，并且在历史悠久的游牧文化的影响下，牧民生产生活对畜牧业有一定的依赖性，牧民兼业的现象相对较少。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">生态方面</span></strong>，草原生态系统脆弱、气候条件相对恶劣、各类自然灾害与生物灾害频发是牧区乡村发展需要长期面对的现实与挑战。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding-right: 2px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.75" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WbAZiazMY8eLcNRsPN6mCGuV1cXiaSic42fjUeVrUYBpDKBI7CbmkzWHGw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="412" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;padding-right: 2px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.751861" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3W7T5EhFm1G9I8EzicqZKrCvPwicv6KJtIvZibDISNjNeRRsmYatQI9Bq6A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="403" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;letter-spacing: 0px;padding-right: 2px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7506234" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WcgrKwiaZaMNWmFfpicpcqBGLF7AwKqZQsy9qYBjkYSBeTumgTZC9tl9Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="401" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">图1  牧区分散定居风貌、牧民家庭草场、沙化退化草场</p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">注：拍摄地点为内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗呼热图苏木、正镶白旗乌兰察布苏木、镶黄旗宝格达音高勒苏木            </p><p style="text-align: left;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：作者自摄，2015/2016</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尽管牧区的发展一直得到各界的关心支持，但是牧区乡村的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">人居环境建设</span></strong>依然面临诸多困境。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">生活方面</span></strong>，基础设施与公共服务设施建设严重滞后、服务能力明显不足，极大地阻碍了牧区乡村的现代化、机械化和信息化水平的提升；<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">生产方面</span></strong>，畜牧业发展的市场风险不断出现，牧民收入无法得到有效保障，贷款问题也在影响着牧民家庭；<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">生态方面</span></strong>，牧区的生态环境仍在不断遭受破坏，草场保护政策难以有效落实，草场沙化、退化仍然严峻。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7506112" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WwJWiaDoyZibuwjz9v0nnPOmcBGK3Vou3lUYuHjdNviapcJUAthPcsBrAQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="409" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7493917" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WibicHJaCYAuXxLoxicJhz97t3U09JgDhEtV4t4p1LN1aVrAXg9LfALhww/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="411" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.75" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WBTBBYFl9VLbIpWGSSjEld3rib19gMXY3FESk6hIIbc9PKwoGKBux7jA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="524" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图2  牧区乡村基础设施建设、牧民就业转型、草原生态保护困境</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">注：拍摄地点为内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗呼热图苏木、青海同德县尕巴松多镇、内蒙古阿拉善盟嘉尔嘎勒赛汉镇</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：作者自摄，2015/2016</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">从深入调查研究以及国内外各方面的经验借鉴中可以总结，我国牧区乡村人居环境建设的提升需要全面、系统地考虑，适度且有序地<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">集聚牧区乡村人口、提升公共服务与基础设施建设水平、提升畜牧业生产效率、提高牧民素质水平、减少牧区畜牧业人口、恢复草原生态品质等是牧区乡村人居环境质量提升的有效方式。</span></strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">适度且有序地集中牧区乡村人口有利于减少牧区乡村的各方面物质建设投资，提升基础设施及公共服务设施的覆盖率与服务能力；公共服务与基础设施建设水平的提高，有助于解决的牧民生产生活需求与落后的牧区乡村现代化发展水平之间的矛盾，是牧区乡村发展建设逐步实现现代化、信息化、机械化的基石；提高牧民素质水平可促进牧民就业转型、提高家庭收入，同时也能逐步减少牧区畜牧业人口，有利于促进家庭牧场统筹升级，提升畜牧业资源的使用效率。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 4px solid rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin-top: 3px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(47, 69, 125);padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 3px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(47, 69, 125);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</strong></p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(47, 69, 125);line-height: 0;word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">牧区小城镇对于牧区乡村发展的重要作用</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></span></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">从全国层面来说，小城镇对于乡村地区的发展带动作用已经得到较多的认可，并且随着小城镇建设的步伐逐渐加快，我国东部许多小城镇已经取得了较好的发展成效。通过全国调研的数据也可以发现，在被问及在“镇或是城市”二者中选择一个居住地时，有39%的村民选择了镇，这从侧面也反映出了小城镇建设对于农村居民已经形成一定吸引力。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding-right: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7741935" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WDfjXvsV5ic2jzWQkNuze9fVUsicicbZlbrMEmdskM8kMZR1LZavboF8LA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="279" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7859779" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WD9DaxPsiaL6dWD5KN6KnhyI7Pyf8VibED21PX5ISMmrXVibOhk2BT8x7g/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="271" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图3  全国调研农民理想居住地选择统计      </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图4  全国样本村民对于镇与城市生活<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;">的选择意愿统计</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：《我国农村人口流动及安居性研究》课题组，2015</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">从牧区乡村人居环境建设特征与困境来看，牧区小城镇所承担的责任巨大，且作用更加重要。</span></strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">首先，在“大分散、小聚居”的定居格局下，大部分牧民定居点距离城市（旗县、市）非常远，而小城镇是距牧民生产生活地点最近的服务点，无论是生活生产设施的采购，还是日常就医、子女上学等基本生活需求的实现，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇都是成本最低且效率最高的选择。</span></strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">其次，未来草原畜牧业人口减少大势所趋，而<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇所处的地理位置可以使得牧民在实现定居的同时也能在一定程度上保留原有的草原生活习惯，有助于草原游牧文化的传承。</span></strong>并且，小城镇对于人口的集聚有助于提升牧民的生活品质：从住房条件改善、基础设施建设水平提升到公共服务质量的提升，小城镇所起到的作用都要强于游牧民集中定居点。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在集聚规模上，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇有更大的空间容纳游牧民的集聚，并由此带来各方面物质建设成本下降的红利</span></strong>（包括住房建设、基础社会覆盖等），对于政府来说避免了低效的投资建设，提高了资金的使用效率。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">并且，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">城镇人口的增加能够带来更多的第三产业就业机会，</span></strong>为游牧民就业转型、减少草原畜牧业人口、家庭牧场的升级转型以及缓解畜牧业资源分配压力创造条件。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">而在此基础上，草原生态环境破坏的势头也能得到有效缓解。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;">牧区乡村人居环境的提升始终需要围绕现代化与城镇化的议题，在草原特殊的条件与环境下，提高牧民生活居住水平、提高牧民文化素质水平、改善畜牧业发展情况、保护草原生态环境等都离不开小城镇的发展。</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 4px solid rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin-top: 3px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(47, 69, 125);padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 3px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(47, 69, 125);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</strong></p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(47, 69, 125);line-height: 0;word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">牧区乡村小城镇发展的现实问题</strong></p></span></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">但就现实情况来看，牧区乡镇的发展远远滞后，其对于牧区乡村的服务功能基本没有发挥作用。现状牧区乡镇更接近于游牧民集中定居点，从镇区空间及人口规模，以及公共服务设施的服务能力、基础设施建设的水平来看，牧区乡镇的建设发展水平与经过投资建设的游牧民集中定居点并无太大区别，甚至在房屋质量上还不如游牧民集中定居点；牧区乡镇仅多出少量的商业服务功能，但受限于人口规模，同样无法实现大部分牧民的就业转型。可以说现状牧区乡镇还无法发挥提升牧区乡村现代化、城镇化水平的作用。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(223, 142, 77) 0%, rgb(255, 248, 241) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7542998" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WUwNXBxoXwQWv4pugHNlP8MJD7TvbzytZ3HzMKXheicWFQept3tVOYnA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="407" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(254, 247, 250) 0%, rgb(236, 199, 169) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7493917" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WGgy25ia8n8W0FGfYZicv1icUc8ykHkWuxJA6Y29mhoDscXZ4lpibNU6dDw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="411" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, rgb(250, 235, 220) 0%, rgb(223, 142, 77) 100%);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7506112" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WCfzicLkexsaDhply4bRQgtUSfSGa3kOnDITpbDdxvaZBWZalEsEHibgQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="409" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图5  内蒙古苏木镇面貌</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">注：拍摄地点为内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗呼热图苏木、正镶白旗乌兰察布苏木及伊和淖尔苏木</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：作者自摄，2015/2016</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">而从调研的数据中也能看出，相比于全国数据，在理想居住地的选择中，并没有牧民选择“镇区”，而在城市与镇两者的选择中，也仅有28%的牧民会选择镇作为未来居住地，远低于全国数据，这也从侧面说明了牧区乡镇建设发展的严重滞后。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding-right: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8351648" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3W6ahApMoF8lkkzcleicuWOtlH8HnicREgXlGcz6ULC0ObSrAticwMDk59w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="273" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8286385" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WwRCrzvZGiaxgUxnzNcNticqtWUruoGuiaNK4SF6UToZF3TZmYAKwlSFjQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="426" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图6  调研牧区牧民理想居住地选择统计    </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图7  调研牧区村牧民对于镇与城市生活的选择意愿统计</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">资料来源：《我国农村人口流动及安居性研究》课题组，2015</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 4px solid rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin-top: 3px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(47, 69, 125);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(47, 69, 125);padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 3px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(47, 69, 125);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(47, 69, 125);line-height: 0;word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">小结</strong></p></span></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">随着老一辈牧民的老去，牧区乡村人口数量必将减少，牧民实现现代化、牧区推进城镇化是现实发展的大趋势，也是未来牧区乡村发展的必然结果。牧区乡村人居环境质量的提升是一个长期的过程，在此过程中，牧区乡镇所承担的作用不可或缺。牧区乡镇的发展是实现牧区乡村现代化、城镇化的重要环节，也是提高牧区乡村人居环境建设效率的不可缺少的环节。因此，需要<span style="color: rgb(11, 41, 142);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">进一步重视牧区乡镇的建设发展以及服务能力，为牧区乡村人居环境的提升打好坚实的基础</strong></span>。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">（作者简介：<span style="font-size: 14px;">林楚阳，</span>广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院，规划师）</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0546875" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WzFzjClTB7BjCasLfY0sdI95SqaC2vwJ37ysf6ewLdb2sfKZhXZKuKg/640?wx_fmt=gif" data-type="gif" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">依托于同济大学建筑与城市规划学院，中国城市规划学会学术委员会秘书处致力于与建设领域的实践成果和最新学术信息分享，促进相关学术交流。住建部优秀期刊《小城镇建设》是学委会的会刊。优秀案例和信息分享请发邮件：town@planning.org.cn</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 45%;padding-right: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WFM8uDmbyIVibWZQmibm2wqVqcsSphQAH1wfMqwNTNhaf1TMYskQ7sbOg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 45%;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/gKGAjSvjgDhyFajEkLaXdyReUxNNZF3WB1RAkG9VjG2zDMewdJc5TPFmBMZQ7SQGia1I1GicSCTUAtEMduvZHhnA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p>
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