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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0px;padding-top: 1.3em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -16px;margin-left: 30%;margin-right: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotate(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(45deg);-moz-transform: rotate(45deg);-o-transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 30px;height: 30px;border-left: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-top: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 22px;height: 22px;margin: 2px;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px;height: 16px;margin: 1px auto auto;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;margin: 1px auto auto;border-left: 12px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-bottom: 12px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">点击上方“”可订阅哦！</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;padding: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: white;box-shadow: rgb(225, 225, 225) 7.77817px 7.77817px 3px;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者<span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">重庆大学建筑城规学院硕士研究生</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尹名强，重庆大学建筑城规学院教授、博士生导师</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">胡纹，重庆大学建筑规划设计研究总院有限公司</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">李志立，重庆大学建筑规划设计研究总院有限公司</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">胡一之</span><span style="text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2019年第3期撰文，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在城市发展转型过程中，城市设计作为城市发展与治理的抓手之一，需要应对新的变化和发展。英国作为世界上</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">最早经历城镇化的国家，其百年前所面临的城市问题与当代中国具有相似之处。文章应用比较方法，基于对英国的城市背景</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">演变、规划体系和城市设计国家框架的研究，以英国的国家城市设计框架为鉴，将英国的国家城市设计框架的责任、城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">计的法律地位和城市设计的评价标准与中国的进行对比，形成适合中国的评价城市设计成果优劣的标准。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 5px solid rgb(42, 118, 162);border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(254, 183, 182);padding: 5px 0px;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[关键词]城市设计；国家框架；评价标准</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[文章编号]1006-0022(2019)03-0082-07　</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[中图分类号]TU981　</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[文献标识码] A</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[引文格式] 尹名强，胡纹，李志立， 等．转型与发展：城市设计国家框架体系的构建思路 — 英国的经验教训与中国的发展 [J]．规划师，2019(3)：82-88．</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/a4xECpzYE4m6y985CmqEKlibnULtkxFcBBSxpLtES7oqrAibbmuIHelbsChXkKVHOof4CkVGgJG21MxDibLicmcicgw/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国实现高度城镇化后面临的困境及转型</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市发展停滞</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国是世界上率先进行城镇化的国家，截至20世<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">纪初叶，英国的城镇化率超过了 75%，成为世界上最</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">早一批进入城市更新阶段的国家。长期的工业化发展，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">使英国的城镇化水平极高，但是也暴露出巨大的弊端。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">从 20 世纪 70 年代开始，“去工业化”成为英国最大</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的危机。以制造业为例，其作为英国曾经的主导产业，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">由于成本的上升和利润的急剧萎缩，各大城市在近20</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">年的时间里，失去了50%左右的就业人口，导致城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的发展停滞，“岗位缺口”现象频繁发生。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间两极化</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与城市经济萧条并存的是经济空间的不平衡性，<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">地理空间和经济活力逐渐呈现两极化，南北不均衡的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">发展局面长期存在，以伦敦、米尔顿·凯恩斯和剑桥为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">代表的英国南部城市的经济发展远远超过北部的杜伦、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">布莱克浦等城市。由于经济发展的不平衡，英国产生</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">了社会和空间的极化现象。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 城市设计制度缺失</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">20世纪的英国，城市设计制度缺失。国家政策制<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">定者没有把城市设计政策按照逻辑顺序概念化，个别城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">市直接把威尔士亲王的“建筑与设计十大诫命”纳入管</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">理政策，还有一些城市直接以其他城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">成功的设计指南作为案例政策，如埃塞克</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">斯设计指南、伯明翰城市设计研究等。虽</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">然编制的政策中引用了Cullen、Lynch和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">Alexander等人的观点，但是也仅仅是直</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">接引用而非延伸拓展。此外，这些政策的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">编写者很少具有专业的知识。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从20世纪后半叶开始，城市设计从<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">传统的图面设计转变为动态过程，但理</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">论与实践脱节。政策制定者迫切需要一</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">个统一的、被广泛认同的国家城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">概念，以便为其政策提供理论基础，确</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">保理念原则可被理解并得到发展，确保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">设计事项的合理性。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（四）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">转型之路的探索</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国经过百年的探索，在城市设计<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">框架制度层面形成了较为完整的管理经</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">验。作为框架的制定者——政府，在国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">家层面和地方层面各自具有不同责任。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在政策实施过程中，城市设计与导则之</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">间的理性互补，解决了城市设计“管控</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">不落地”的问题；城市设计的动态性是</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计的本质所在，长期的实施评估</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">确保了城市设计的合理性与可持续性，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">全生命周期的评价标准促进了英国城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">设计又好又快地发展。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/5q8yWRDgHJTHqeTIn4wfrsP5FC5oownuibsibvhMLDAaXONSgI7EhicoCcxiavKHcQjon3cOBEAmfCQHZOicFzl3tkQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">二</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中国在高速城镇化过程中的社会<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">矛盾</span></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(132, 81, 21);padding: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">党的十九大报告中明确指出经过长<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">期努力，中国特色社会主义进入了新时代，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">社会主要矛盾发生了重大的变化，已经转</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">衡、不充分的发展之间的矛盾。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2016年末中国常住人口城镇化率为<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">57.35%，中国用近40年的时间走完了其</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">他发达国家半个世纪多的发展路程 ① 。如</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">此高速的发展，导致经济发展不平衡现</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">象日益突出，东、中、西部的差距逐渐</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">拉大，粗放式的发展也导致生态环境被</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">破坏。而且由于缺乏对城市空间环境的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">系统引导，城市文化缺失、城市“千城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">一面”、交通堵塞和空气污染等问题越</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">来越严重。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计作为城市物质空间的“二<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">次订单设计”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">，在城市高速发展的背后，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">制度框架的不完善、不充分日渐显露。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计工作在全国火热开展，然而大</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">部分省市缺乏技术指导，普遍出现了“成</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">果泛化、层次混乱”的问题，从中央到</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">地方，各地对城市设计的认识和编制管</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">理较为分散。本文对江苏省、浙江省、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">福建省、河北省、北京市、深圳市、天</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">津市、重庆市、南京市、武汉市、贵阳市、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">郑州市和成都市的地方城市设计技术管</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">理规定进行了调研分析，发现各地在城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">市设计的分类标准、法定性和实施管控</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">等方面有不同的判定依据，急需在全国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">层面建立起基本的城市设计框架。城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">设计的合理性和有效性作为城市设计最</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">基础的内涵，需要一个合理的国家层面</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的基本技术管理规定作为指引，否则城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">市设计工作只会是项目“量”的堆积，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">并不会出现“质”的提升。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/5q8yWRDgHJTHqeTIn4wfrsP5FC5oownuibsibvhMLDAaXONSgI7EhicoCcxiavKHcQjon3cOBEAmfCQHZOicFzl3tkQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.28;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">三</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国家系统框架机制</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国的国家城市设计框架</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.靶向明确的英国规划体系</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国自1947年颁布《城乡规划法》<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">开始，就建立了以“发展规划”为核心</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的城市规划体系。1968 年，根据社会</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">经济发展状况的改变、城市规划的实施</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">及城市规划思想与理论的变化，英国在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">更加明确中央政府与地方政府事权的基</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">础上建立了城市规划体系，此后英国的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划体系基本沿着这一方向发展。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">2004年《规划与强制购买法》再次对“发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">展规划”进行了调整。根据新的规划法，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">以英格兰为例，“发展规划”有两种规划:</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">一个是区域政府和机构组织编制的“区</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">域空间战略”，另外一个是地方政府组</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">织编制的“地方发展框架”(图1)。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4165289" data-w="605" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miaibibwIZ2OUylEpubbJ7ol2vU13c73yI1gj4Ee2E4lbJVZFibYrUIUvmgoGMibfzibyliao9sgz0C554pQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">经过半个世纪的更迭，英国的规划<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">体系表现出 3 个明显的特征：①规划体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">系从单纯的物质空间规划向综合规划转</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">变，不仅关注城市综合的物质环境，还</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">强调规划作为公共政策的综合性。②规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">划体系越来越强调“规划引导”的作用，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">中央与地方在实施管理的过程中保持了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">高度的灵活性，其中法定规划不用报上</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">一级政府审批，地方开发商如对地方政</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">策不满意，可越过当地政府直接向上一</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">级政府申诉。③规划体系作为开发项目</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">政策工具的作用愈发明显，法定规划不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">单单是开发项目的实施依据，各种规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">政策都可以为法定规划作补充。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">发展并实施全国性的城市设计</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">框架</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1998 年英国新工党成立了以“解<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">析城市衰败的原因、提出实际的解决方</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">案”为目的的城市工作小组(Urban Task </span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">Force)，由副总理牵头，建筑师理查德·</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">罗杰斯作为主要负责人，以协调行动为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">基础，以设计质量、经济提升、环境保护、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">生态维护和社会福利为原则，于1999年</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">形成《城市工作报告》。报告总共提出</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">了 105 条建议，包括城市设计、交通联</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">系、环境管理、城市更新、技术和创新、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划、土地供应、建筑循环利用和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">地产投资等。其中，第7条建议提出“发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">展并实施全国性的城市设计框架，通过</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">土地利用规划和公共资金引导传播关键</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">性的设计准则”。此后，根据一系列迭</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">代优化的实践指南的要求，英国政府推</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">出了国家城市设计框架(图2)。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4029851" data-w="603" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miaibibwIZ2OUylEpubbJ7ol2vkOMR9iabibK5hancwo7Rfdg0ppiazh0QvAicmpuRgbdWxZLmIzjFV7Qxicw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在国家层面，国家城市设计框架<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">以提高整体设计水准为目标，对城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">计的原则、程序和方法进行了规定。在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">《城市工作报告》的基础上，英国政府</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">对原有通告和规划政策导则进行修改，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">强化宏观控制的设计监管作用，鼓励地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">方追求高质量、富有包容性的设计。例</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">如：① 2000 年建筑与建筑环境委员会</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">(CABE)在英国政府部门的授权下发表</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">了《设计》，并将其作为基础的设计指</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">南。该书强调了城市设计在规划体系中</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的作用，进一步强调场所的评估、政策</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的谋划、方案的设计、决策的制定、工</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">作的协调等对理想场所塑造的重要性，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">为国家中观层面提供综合的设计指导。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">②副首相办公室作为主要发布单位，颁</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">布了一系列的城市设计指引，以此来统</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">一城市设计的实施标准、实施路径。同</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">时，政府还资助各级研究机构编制城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">设计的转型手册，包括《Urban Design </span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">Compenidum》《Residential Street </span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">Design》。各类转型手册和技术指南为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">各类专项规划提供技术参考和规范依据。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在地方层面，英国主要实行的是地方发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">展框架(Local Development Framework，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">简称为“LDF”)。地方发展框架是在可持</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">续发展战略的基础上，对未来发展方向提</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">出“核心策略”，但是它主要聚焦于改造</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">区域，很少关注详细的开发(规划)控制，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">微观层面的城市设计政策则是为弥补这项</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">缺陷，对具体的开发项目进行城市设计的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">引导与控制。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国的城市设计框架本质上属于政<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">策指导下的战略性框架，不能脱离现有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的规划体系而衍生，因而从本质上看英</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">国的城市设计框架体系是在规划体系基</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">础上进行的再发展 ( 图 3)，其通过一个</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">整体的视角来对城市空间进行评估，优</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">化配置人力、财力等资源，有效地组织</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">城市的开发行为。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4710744" data-w="605" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miaibibwIZ2OUylEpubbJ7ol2vuUUuHeV64qHZd00icRN1RmPPlGAoeEWhdoX4Wt13nCzLCyiaWc6jia0hg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3.英国国家框架体系的发展问题</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国的城市设计通常主要关注亟待<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">更新的城市地块，宏观层面和中观层面</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的城市设计在战略策略方面的成果都较</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">少。此外，现行的城市设计框架是新工</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">党执政时期的政策产物，而现行的设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">框架能否得到延续尚未明确。一个优秀</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的设计政策或规划政策的实施，需要一</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">定时间的积累与不断修正，而英国政党</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">是轮流执政的，一个政党的执政周期对</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">于政策需要的实施周期而言是短暂的。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 中国城市设计框架体系</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">虽然城市设计在中国已发展多年，<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">但是未能形成系统的城市设计框架。建立</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计制度，完善规划与建设管理，是</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">全面开展城市设计工作的重要政策保障。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.城市设计制度现状</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在国家层面，2016年中国正式实施<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的《城市设计管理办法》(以下简称《办</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">法》)梳理了城市设计的工作定位、工作</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">原则等，明确规定了城市设计的编制类</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">型为总体城市设计、重点地区城市设计，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">并对总体城市设计和重点地区城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的内容、成果形式进行了规定(图4)。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.410299" data-w="602" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miaibibwIZ2OUylEpubbJ7ol2vICOepywW9fvX5Z7PfjauPdsPhu3uuiaV2MaVYHgku57Y3SFwC4kFXaQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在地方层面，许多地方都在积极探</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">索地方城市设计管理条例，但是各地的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">成果都是基于自身的项目实践进行研究</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的，没有形成区域的城市设计框架，且</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">各地城市设计技术管理条例在诸多方面</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">存在着矛盾点。例如，对于城市设计的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">编制类型，有些城市是按照编制范围来</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">划定类型，有些城市是依据控制性详细</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">规划层面的特定意图区来划定类型。中</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">央与地方也存在着一定的矛盾，《办法》</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">只将城市设计规定到重点地区层面，至</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">于地块需不需要做城市设计，或是需不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">需要纳入城市设计技术管理条例并没有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">明确。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中国虽有探讨城市设计制度，但并<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">未形成框架体系。国家层面和地方层面</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的分级探讨，在一定程度上又相互交叉，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">权责与工作重点并未彻底区分开。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.明确城市设计框架制定主体</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由于各地的城市背景和发展文化皆<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">不相同，很难确定一整套固定的指导原</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">则和操作指南。但是英国的探讨为中国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的城市设计框架指明了一个方向，即总</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">结和归纳原则、目标、分类与管控技术</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">文件等，在此基础上构建一个全国性的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">基础文件。在《办法》的基础上，更多</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的技术文件需要被陈列叙述，如城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">计的编制类型、城市设计的管理手段与</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">基本图件等内容。在可行性研究方面，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">国家规定城市设计需要提供可行性研究</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的文件，同时由地方决定细则性的元素。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">从系统论的角度看，城市设计作为一个</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">系统，最重要、最基础的特性是整体性，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">国家城市设计框架作为系统的顶层设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">也应符合整体性要求。相对于项目的全</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">生命周期而言，设计框架的制度延展不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">能只停留在项目初期的设计阶段，实施</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">管理层面的设计框架更为重要。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/5q8yWRDgHJTHqeTIn4wfrsP5FC5oownuibsibvhMLDAaXONSgI7EhicoCcxiavKHcQjon3cOBEAmfCQHZOicFzl3tkQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">四</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计的法定性</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国城市设计的法定性</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.法定性的互补</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国于1947年颁布的《城乡规划法》<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">规定，所有的开发项目必须取得规划许</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">可。法定规划是规划许可审批的主要依</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">据，城市设计作为规划的组成部分，同</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">样对开发项目具有约束和引导作用。但</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">是在英国，城市设计本质上的法定作用</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">是借助城市设计管控政策 ( 即设计导则 )</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">体现出来的。由于城市设计贯穿规划的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">全过程，设计导则的法定政策也是分层</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">次的。其中，国家层面的主要是设计原</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">则；地方层面在遵循国家设计原则的基</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">础上，结合地方发展目标，因地制宜地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">形成了地方工作设计导则。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计通过设计导则与建设开发<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">项目挂钩，作为审批实施程序的重要参</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">考标准，主要的聚焦点为建筑与环境的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">协调关系、建筑方案设计等。虽然审批</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的最终决定权在地方政府，但是设计导</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">则作为主要的依据，对开发项目的最终</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">结果会产生重要的影响。基于此，城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">设计的法定性可以通过设计和设计导则</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">体现出来。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">设计导则具有多元的分类体系(图5)，<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">因此并非所有层面的导则都具有法定作</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">用，只有发展规划文件 (DPDS)、补充规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">划文件 (SPDS) 之间的交集部分 — 设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">准则，才具有法定作用。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6672185" data-w="604" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miaibibwIZ2OUylEpubbJ7ol2vtOic0q88Ak8NLnT6C1Xs7qTXITiabKUtY8InuJHyXCYV5nDsk51JLzYQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国“城市设计”与“设计导则”</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的实施互补</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国通过广泛的实践，建立了一个<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">综合的城市设计框架，为了保障城市环</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">境质量的综合提升，编制了设计导则。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">为了保证设计导则能够实施，许多公共</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">部门编制了各式各样的纲要和导则，以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">更好地为设计提供保障。《Preparing </span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">Design Codes: A Practical Manual》将设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">计导则的编制体系划分为 7 个阶段，包</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">括国家政策、战略政策、政府政策、区</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">域政策、基于地区的愿景、特定场所和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">初步设计 ( 图 6)。由此可见，英国的城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">市设计导则覆盖面十分广泛，从规划发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">展框架到地方发展框架，从区域政策到</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">初步设计皆有涉及。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4321192" data-w="604" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0miaibibwIZ2OUylEpubbJ7ol2vjAGiao9Uo0Qep4z1uicFiaGHU7xfn3PwnVmnJWX7ibXlJ8X7V9ZErv9Y9Q/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计作为特定场所和初步设计<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">阶段的产物，长期以来主要关注的是三</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">维风貌布局，对实施管理、可行性研究</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">和公众参与的关注较少，设计导则则可</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">以弥补此缺陷，与其形成优势互补。实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">施管理、可行性研究和公众参与等要素</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">作为空间设计的成果不易被图形化，从</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">而被忽视，但是作为设计导则的规范性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">语言则具有较强的法定引导作用。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">  中国城市设计的法定性</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.城市设计是否需要法定性？</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计的可实施性一直被认为是<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">衡量城市设计是否有用的标准，其中最</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">大的争议为城市设计该不该具有法定性。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">从英国的经验看，城市设计的法定性不是</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">通过设计文本来体现的，而是通过导则的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">形式，借助导则将法定内容融入国家政策</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">和规定，从而实现法定化。城市设计作为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">“二次订单”的设计方，一旦将城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">文本列为法定文件，那会约束设计者的创</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">新思维。“中庸”思想一直是法定规划的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">基本准则，创新性可取但并不一定会被接</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">受。但城市设计是一个注重创新性空间塑</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">造的设计门类，一旦加入“中庸”(依据</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">规范画圈布点)的思想，城市设计又会变</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">成“控制性详细规划2.0版本”。但是城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">市设计如果不具有法定性，那又是“原地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">踏步”。历史的经验教训表明，城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">需要有法定作用，只是不能简单的“一刀</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">切”，“规划与设计”本为一体，设计融</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">入规划才是符合规律的。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.中国的城市设计与设计导则</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">设计导则的英文名称为“Design <span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">Guideline”，中国不同地区对这一概念</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的理解稍有不同，台湾地区将其译为设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">计准则，香港则称之为设计指引，大陆</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">普遍采用设计导则的提法。从汉字的含</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">义上看，“导”兼具引导的意思，“则”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">有准则之意，相较台湾和香港的译意，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">大陆的提法更为全面、更贴近本质，显</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">示出导则对城市开发建设的双重管控</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">性——控制、引导。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">虽然国内对导则名称的提法基本一<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">致，但是对导则的内涵与定义却持有多</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">种理解。从物质环境角度定义，城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">计导则是城市设计最基本和最有特色的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">成果形式，是对未来城市物质形态环境</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">和组成要素之间的关系的条文化描述；</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">从管理角度定义，城市设计导则是城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">设计与规划管理相对接的中间媒介，它</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">包含了城市设计的目标愿景与设计意图，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">通过文字和图画的形式提出城市及其特</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">定地段的原则性控制要求，是管理部门</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">对建设项目进行引导、控制的重要依据。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">不论是从物质环境角度还是从管理角度</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">定义，设计导则都是城市设计的构成体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">系，是城市设计的重要组成部分。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3. 城市设计法定性的两种创新办法</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文从国内既有的探究出发，将“英<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">国经验中国化”。城市设计的成果可通</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">过两种形式法定化：导则法定化、成果</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">与控制性详细规划分图则相结合。成果</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的法定化强调的是城市设计核心政策的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">法定化，纳入法定程序，而不是简单的“二</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">分法”，成果的法定化既保留了城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">计的灵活性，又可以传承国家政策的法</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">定性要求。基于此，本文提出城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">法定化的两种创新方法：城市设计法定</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">化、城市设计成果法定化。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1)城市设计法定化。《办法》中规<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">定总体设计的规划成果可与城市(或县人</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">民政府所在地建制镇 ) 总体规划一并报</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">批，将重点地区城市设计的内容与要求</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">纳入控制性详细规划。这是国家层面自</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">2016年《办法》颁布以来的初步尝试，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">本质上也是对城市设计法定性的探究。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">但还没有将城市设计的法定内容写进《中</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">华人民共和国城乡规划法》，导致城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">设计还没有明确的法定作用。近年来，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">国家逐渐重视城市设计的作用，希望强</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">化城市设计的法律地位，以城市设计为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">工具来塑造城市风貌、传承城市精神，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">进而控制、引导城市建设。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2)城市设计成果法定化。现阶段探<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">索的中国城市设计成果法定化是以设计导</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">则为城市设计与规划体系的结合点，如深</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">圳市和南京市将设计导则纳入土地规划的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">运转程序，并将设计导则中的要点作为土</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">地出让时重要的考核指标。中国对设计导</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">则的法定化一般采取两种方式：规定性导</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">则、绩效型导则。其中，规定性导则以强</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">制性条文表达城市设计的强制性内容；绩</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">效型导则主要以引导与说明为主，加入城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">市设计的公众交往性内容。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/5q8yWRDgHJTHqeTIn4wfrsP5FC5oownuibsibvhMLDAaXONSgI7EhicoCcxiavKHcQjon3cOBEAmfCQHZOicFzl3tkQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">五</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">构建城市设计的评价标准</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国的设计评价</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.代替技术管理规定的评价标准</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计作为贯穿项目全过程的规<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">划类型，其目标愿景是抽象的，只有通过</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">具体的物质空间建设，才能成为公众的城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">市设计。英国经过多年的讨论，总结了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">12条城市设计原则评价标准。这些原则</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">源于美国和西欧在监管与自由裁量的规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">体系中对审查实践的批判总结，包括4个</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">方面的内容：社区愿景、规划与分区整合、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">实质性的城市设计原则、正当程序审查。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">这些评价标准主要针对 4 个问题：</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">①社区如何制定愿景，地方政府如何制<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">定企业计划，如何发挥城市设计的战略</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">作用，并为设计的审查提供背景依据；</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">②如何利用规划、分区、住房及财政手</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">段来协调设计方案，确保设计的质量；</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">③什么类型的城市设计原则才能支撑城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">市设计导则；④何种审查手续可以确保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">决策过程的公平、公正和有效。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span>评价标准的理想化问题<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国的自由裁量的规划体系，导致<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">其12条城市设计原则评价标准是理想化</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的，这些评价标准一般是借助案例来引</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">出较为微观的描述，缺少细节的操作语</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">言。除了荷兰、英国和美国等少数几个</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">国家采取的是相似的城市设计体系，其</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">余国家都未能推行适应本国国情的设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">标准。此外，随着新技术的应用，传统</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的空间规划在经验主义的推动下越来越</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">受到新技术的影响。英国在城市设计领</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">域还未引入新技术，中国近年来已注意</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">到新技术对于城市设计转型迭代的重要</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">性，新技术的引入已然不可或缺，并急</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">需纳入城市设计的分析技术之中。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建立中国的城市设计评价标准</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《办法》除了对城市设计的目标、<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">原则和编制类型做了说明，对各个层面</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的实施细则也做了描述。实施细则的国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">家强化，一方面有利于统一全国城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">计的编制内容，另一方面会导致地方层</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">面的技术管理规定的内容固化。作为一</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">项动态公共政策，城市设计是一个高度</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">灵活的项目，自由裁量显得尤为重要。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文在分析英国城市设计评价标准<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的基础上，结合中国国情，从 4 个视角</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建立中国的城市设计评价标准。由于本</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">文的目标指向是国家层面的城市设计，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">评价标准也是基于中央政府结构框架下</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的评价标准建立的。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">视角一：城市设计的实质原则。视<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">角一强调的是城市设计的本质 — 构建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">富有活力的城市空间、城市设计编制的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">重要性和城市设计的靶向性。国家层面</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的城市设计，应把握和掌舵城市设计体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">系的大方向、大原则；对于细节要素的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">把控，建议在地方管理体系中再完善，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">增加城市设计的管理灵活性。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">视角二：城市设计典型的编制类型。<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在“新常态”的背景下，中国中观层面的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计项目实践逐渐形成了统一的“范</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">式”，宏观层面和微观层面的城市设计被</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">忽视了，急需完善这两个层面的评价标准。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在宏观层面，建议从区域层面就开始引入</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计整体性的思想，将区域规划中的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">核心战略思想贯穿整个规划体系，强调“上</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">位规划”的实质性靶点。在中观层面，基</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">于视角一，在中央总体统筹下，地方基于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自身的经验，继续推进城市设计实践，强</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">化地方城市设计的灵活性。在微观层面，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">推动“城市设计进社区”。社区规划不能</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">仅注重工程设计的重要性，还需推进视觉</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">美学和生态环境的协调统一，将城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与工程性设计紧密相连。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">视角三：城市设计评价体系。评价<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体系主要是针对编制完成的成果内容而</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建立的，在总结既有研究的基础上，提</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">出生态结构、人文特色、空间形态、公</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">共空间、道路交通和实施措施6个要素。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其中，生态结构、人文特色是城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最基本的设计手法和理念基础；在空间</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">形态、公共空间的设计上强调“以人为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本”；在道路交通方面，突出道路交通</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">承载主体的空间性；在实施措施方面，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">强调城市设计全过程的重要性。由 6 个</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">要素构成的城市设计总体评价内容，并</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不是一成不变的，针对不同层面和专项</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的设计，地方政府仍需依据项目类型划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">分主次性和着重点。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">视角四：城市设计的程序。程序的<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公正合理与可实施性是城市设计得以贯</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">彻的坚实基础，城市设计的程序主要包</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">括由明确的城市设计行政管理机构牵头</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的城市设计技术管理程序、城市设计的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">技术管理程序、公众及相关利益主体参</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与城市设计全过程的详细论述、城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">计项目完结的审查程序。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中国传统的城市设计评价强调的是<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">物质空间对象，未把城市设计当做一个</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">动态的过程。全过程全生命周期评价的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">缺失，极大地束缚了中国城市设计的发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">展。在新时期，中国的城市设计制度需</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">要开拓新的发展途径。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/5q8yWRDgHJTHqeTIn4wfrsP5FC5oownuibsibvhMLDAaXONSgI7EhicoCcxiavKHcQjon3cOBEAmfCQHZOicFzl3tkQ/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/hx0xxBHhXsEZgnWqHEzw1R2iahRSOBsyueIAjdTgyPqibmfMwt9OVVj2EKWCuCOhrZx1wdFOF41jZia0yYogic3JAA/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 5px;border-style: none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(216, 98, 34);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 6px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;padding: 5px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(252, 242, 241);padding: 0px 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">六</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">总结</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 10px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(247, 239, 226, 0.498039);margin-bottom: -2.5em;padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">本文对英国的城市设计框架进行了<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">深化总结，强调国家层面城市设计框架</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的重要性，从城市设计框架的制定者、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计的法定性和设计评价标准等角</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">度来探讨框架的核心内容。同时，本文</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">结合中国国情，强调中央政府在国家框</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">架中的地位作用，提出“英国经验中国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">化”，以两种创新手法形成城市设计的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">法定性，从国家层面构建设计评价标准</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">以代替基本技术管理规定。但是由于时</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">代的发展和技术的革新，此次提出的城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">市设计制度仍只是初步的构架，具体的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">工作还需进一步研究、深化。</span></p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="float: left;text-align: start;padding-left: 10px;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;max-width: 5em !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6875" data-w="128" 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style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/T9teQ3PQCt5PrRO8lVkDiah8VicuEJTZB1HgQLuicburEF7bIBR1Bm4WPQic0hXId63ucINyicdoXD6MzlNRPdbBGrg/640?wx_fmt=gif");background-position: 1.2602% 100.746%;background-repeat: repeat-x;background-size: 76.798%;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 10px 10px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 61.8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">更</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">多</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">精</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">彩</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(67, 103, 117);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">请猛戳右边二维码</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 38.2%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(67, 103, 117);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公众号ID</p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1" data-w="430" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0miaibibwIZ2OUylEpubbJ7ol2vBg5icWer0vcpasiadsLtTHxriaoTsNEGaLpq3bYicjtDJfITDYSuYOkZjQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 9px;height: 9px;float: left;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-left: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 9px;height: 9px;float: right;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-right: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section>
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