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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.2px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">本刊原创，谢绝转载</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">内容合作请查看文末联系方式 </strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 30px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 20px;padding-left: 20px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">美国公共土地基金会（TPL）作为一个第三方非政府非盈利组织，从法律、金融、设计、运营等维度，重点关注美国城市中的公园体系建设。其创建的美国城市公园评分指标体系，综合了空间、投资、人口、维护等层面的信息。这一指标体系的交叉可比性，帮助各城市寻找自己的优势和痛点，进而为完善“公园城市”的建设提供直观且有效的指导。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 92%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;margin-top: 60px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px 1px 1px 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 105, 144);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 2px 0%;transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">指标<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(86, 108, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">分析城市公园系统的优劣，协助政策制定及规划者因地制宜地就改善人居环境制定策略<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">美国公共土地基金会（TPL）ParkScore对美国100个大城市的公园服务进行了统一指标评估，将每个城市的指标分为三个层级。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">第一层级为总览。以评估地图为引导，涵盖公园、城市的总体数据。具体包含诸如公园总面积、最受欢迎公园等的总体描述，以及公园投资人均支出、人均设施配比等具体数据。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4199179" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOU1u8HA6xvrrcxUWOgD5Er3rU0ExpTIE8lnicBsUeY1axDbgEPm8dC1CQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="974" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(149, 149, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">以纽约为例，第一块包含了公园面积占城市总面积的21.3%等基本信息。（图片来源/parkscore.tpl.org）</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">第二层级为构成城市公园评分排名四大类调查数据的参数量化，及其它相关数据。包括最终得出城市得分及其在100个大城市的横向对比中的排名。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6714579" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOUwMSBGuf9xNKNI6jlCEwkZl5aBGBMfoOm83506eReFtvm5Sl1C9lklg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="974" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(149, 149, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">纽约在100个城市中排名第九，通过四项评价参数计算相对得分为74.8分。（图片来源/parkscore.tpl.org）</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">四大类评价参数分别为占地面积（Acreage），投资量（Investment），便利设施（Amenity）以及可达性（Access），以均等比例进行加和得出总分。其中，面积参数又包含面积中位数、公园占城市总面积比例2项指标；便利设施参数则又囊括了人均篮球场数、宠物公园数、游乐场数、长者服务中心数、卫生间数、互动喷泉数共6项指标，均为等比取得均分。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">以纽约为例，从各项指标中可直观看到纽约公园体系中存在的欠缺，集中在公园面积的均等度、长者服务设施量以及卫生间配比几个方面；而其优势则在于投资量、可达性，以及互动和宠物设施配比几项。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">第三层级为“可达性”单项参数的进一步展开，包括分年龄层、收入水平的居住者到公园的可达性对比。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4117043" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOUM5rW3agHD6jywMZuB7RG259QIapZBIHStRmgcrAWaPNPVZlIawbmFQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="974" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4218107" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOUJGbguR5Z3kJI2N4DIRQ04LSPG3ArHc9BibXN28HRT8gQbxicDYK63aWQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="972" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(149, 149, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">对比排名第9位的纽约与排名第66位洛杉矶的第三块评分。其中，绿色柱为公园可覆盖的服务人群数量，蓝色为未能获取公园服务覆盖的人群数量。（图片来源/parkscore.tpl.org）</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">举例而言，对比纽约（上图）与洛杉矶（下图）的可达性细分数据，以10分钟内行至公园的人群比例作为参数，对比可发现：总体上，纽约公园体系的可达性较高，基本达到10分钟步行范围的全覆盖；而洛杉矶则有城市总人口的44%未被覆盖。具体到各年龄层（图中左侧数据）及收入水平（图中右侧数据）的覆盖度上，纽约对各群体的照顾程度较为均等，而洛杉矶则出现随着年龄和收入水平的增长，分别表现出被公园服务覆盖下降的趋势。基于这一系列数据，根据地方社会实际情况进一步解读，可反映出公共空间公平性的优劣，是衡量公园体系质量的重要因素。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;margin-top: 60px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px 1px 1px 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 105, 144);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 2px 0%;transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">榜单</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(86, 108, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建立系统且客观的横向评价体系，明晰城市公园体系居于全国的水准</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对单个城市评分后，全美城市就具有了横向的可比性。TPL ParkScore对美国前100座大城市，按评分结果进行排名，发布年度排行榜。第一份榜单，发布于2012年。此后的每年更新一次数据，并推出当年度排名榜单。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">这一榜单的直接效用在于，城市可以横向对比，清晰地明了自己的城市在全国城市中的公园发展水平，以及单项指标的优劣。以2018年榜单中纽约的评分为例，尽管纽约整体排名靠前，位于第9位；但正如前文提及的，纽约在长者服务设施、卫生设施配比两个单项上的评分，在全国平均水平中近乎倒数。因此，今后纽约城市公园服务提升应重点加强的领域，便一目了然。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.829291" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOUt8j5DBBns9icHfkblFRBl61QUQrSR9zhP8cJKBj2t7VZZ5yXPhxkk7w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1072" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(149, 149, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">2018年的公园评分榜单节选。前三名城市分别是明尼阿波利斯市、圣保罗市和华盛顿市。前二十名中，仅芝加哥、纽约、圣地亚哥是人口过百万的城市，分别排在第8、第9、第16位。[1] （图片来源/parkscore.tpl.org）</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我们利用这一对比方式，进一步将榜单中排名居前、中、后三个水平的城市进行比对，发现他们在评分指标中的某些共性，和指标之间的关联性。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其一，排名靠前的城市，在公园10分钟可达性、公园投资人均花费、篮球和宠物设施配给等领域，鲜少有短板。这一发现不难反映出，大城市居民就近前往公园的主要目的集中为休闲、运动、遛狗，城市管理者对此给予了更多的重视，若此类活动需求能较好地被投入的建设资金所满足，则城市将整体上快速构建起较优质的公园系统。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其二，排名较后的城市，普遍在“10分钟可达覆盖率”指标上偏低。此外，排名落后的城市并非整体指标不足，反而多有单项指标吊诡的情况。如运动设施配给或长者服务设施配给等指标表现的十分充足，这一定程度上可反映出，某些城市公园政策的导向或设计思维上，具有明显偏侧，而在整体均好性上表现不足。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">另外，纵向对比同一城市不同年份的排名及数据，亦可管窥其排名上升或下降的具体分值变化，此处不再赘言。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;margin-top: 60px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px 1px 1px 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 105, 144);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 2px 0%;transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">对标</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(86, 108, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对标同类型城市，借鉴兄弟城市既有建设策略</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作为一套可以指导城市宏观自省的数据系统，TPL ParkScore还提供城市对标的功能。用户可将城市与相似面积、人口、人口密度的城市进行对标，了解城市公园体系的短板，参考改进方略。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4921956" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOUTlUO0n0hxgIsib5X0YfKLQdibXwpII0dTdrpJlr1XFrvGawhTo3bE8yg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="961" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(149, 149, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">首先选择主体城市，其次选择希望对标的另外至多两座城市。（图片来源/parkscore.tpl.org/）</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8597938" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOUx6TFjdwoh5FS5jhy8RNqjIXriagEyiaSdXwsWAbicgITfHk7WjFrO1cvA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="970" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.0113519" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOUxd6XAgMb0coETib2ZukxvYnaw5GEiatqtZpAGfvPiaZtIiabcdsebgVQrg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="969" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(149, 149, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">对比洛杉矶、明尼阿波利斯、西雅图，获得对比指标。可以发现，作为人口数量远超明、西两市数倍的城市，洛杉矶在基础设施和可进入性上均落后于其他两市，甚至在投资量的得分上，也仅为其他两市的一半。（图片来源/parkscore.tpl.org/）</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">将洛杉矶与人口密度相似的城市进行对标，筛选了排名第1的明尼阿波利斯市和排名第11的西雅图市，可见以公园面积占比来看洛杉矶市的公园品质并不差，而具体差距主要体现在公园的可达性、公园投资量、服务设施完善度三项指标上。其中，可达性又表现出对老少年龄层居民、低收入者的服务覆盖度上表现欠佳。由此，可初步判断洛杉矶在规划与城市管理上对公园投资重视程度不足，也可能间接导致在公园空间公平性上欠缺精细化的布局设计与考量。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: left;margin-top: 60px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 20%;vertical-align: top;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px 1px 1px 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(0, 105, 144);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 2px 0%;transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">地图</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(86, 108, 17);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">评估城市内各地块公园服务指数，遴选公园服务欠缺地块，指导公园投资建设选点</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">具体到城市内部，TPL ParkScore给出了美国前100座大城市公园服务评估地图。ParkScore的地图将指数以色块叠加呈现，其中从橙色到红色，分为三级递增梯度，直观地标示出公园服务紧缺的地块。为进一步甄别公园服务紧缺地块中的内部差异，这套线上系统地图还叠加了人口密度、年龄层、低收入居住者比例、儿童肥胖指数等图层，用户可根据不同关注点进行遴选分析，更加精准地为政府和开发商的公园投建策略提供数据支持。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7476828" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOUDCdENnzN7BypqpAyb83bDW6UPtLtMHQTPtl2ChIcCPD74P8Ypzt4Pw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="971" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(149, 149, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">纽约市的公园服务评估地图。纽约市大部分地块基本达到10分钟公园可达覆盖，只有少量红、橙色区域为公园服务并未覆盖的区域。（图片来源/parkscore.tpl.org）</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不过，TPL ParkScore实际上为决策者、规划者提供了更加有效的模拟工具——公园评价分析系统（ParkEvaluator）。藉由这一工具，用户可根据自己的判断，在城市地图上自由新增公园项目，一旦选定，系统便自动进行选址分析和模拟测算。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5194444" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOUvhqicChAbNJ3UibqEsqlPPu3vZMCc13vh3nYwcIyGkMIWFNeWjK27byg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(149, 149, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">ParkEvaluator的模拟工具界面。其中图上标注出的蓝点数字，代表了系统筛选出的当前公园服务较为紧缺的地块，序号代表了紧缺首要程度。（图片来源/parkscore.tpl.org/evaluator）</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以纽约为例，基于城市的公园服务评估地图，分析系统罗列出纽约市前20个亟需建设公园的区域（上图）。就此，我们模拟选择排名第二的区块，并在其中选择了一个街区，模拟插入了一个公园地块（下图）。根据系统要求，每个模拟公园均需至少选择一个出入口，以便于计算人们到达的实际距离。我们同样假定了三个公园出入口。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 3px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5194444" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUnfBI9Vicbg90cCnlyJUnOUmaZ3Nep3dSzib2bpt9aL290nxXDiaZkiaekC4NFaH2g3lu38rYPMlDtAg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.6;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(149, 149, 149);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">（图片来源/parkscore.tpl.org/evaluator）</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">启动分析模拟后，系统按照步行道路的距离和交通通达性，计算出公园的两级服务范围（分别为图上紫色、浅蓝色），并对新增公园的服务区域面积、人口数、服务居民的年龄、收入及种族构成给出了详细的分析数据。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">从中可以发现，公园评价体系之所以得以实现，其基础数据依赖于美国大城市完善的GIS信息系统。城市中不同区块的基本空间信息，以及步行网络、居民构成、经济水平等方面都有周详的统计数据，可直接进行交叉对比利用。实际上我国也在逐步构建系统的电子地图数据，例如各个省市开展的“天地图”网上地图工程，就是在全国统一推行的地理信息系统的一种。只不过目前各个地区尚没有完全统一的数据类型，例如在浙江除基本的地理数据外，还包含生态保育、古村庄、地理保护标志等数据。而在上海，则因较早的记录基础而推出历史遥感影像等内容。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">不过可以确信的是，这种类似的城市公园以及其他公共数据服务研究机构，在我国的城市研究、建设中同样具有广阔的空间，我们也呼唤此类专业服务机构的涌现。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">文/宋雅婷+崔国</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><a 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style="box-sizing: border-box;">上一篇：<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">10分钟步行计划之基① ：美国城市公园第三方组织</span></p></section></section></a></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">《城市中国》<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">084期《都市微绿——公众需求及参与推动的绿色空间转型》</strong>部分内容可在微信浏览，请点击 <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阅读原文</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section 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