国匠城工作台

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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.1384892" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI748WcjhdmX8psib469XRcMlS6HHFxeJibgyibeqVSyvxSpxQ7EQsy44IVIg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="556" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;padding: 15px 10px 25px;border-radius: 1em;margin-bottom: -30px;background-color: rgb(241, 235, 228);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(113, 13, 42);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">历史钩沉----首都规划及规划管理工作实践方面的历史回忆纪实。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">建国以来首都的规划工作，道路漫长，历尽艰辛，其中曲折复杂、千变万化的协调、决策过程鲜为人知。在这里我们请老一辈规划工作者回顾自己的亲身经历，把精彩纷呈的历史事实写下来，作为正史的补充和解读，以帮助后人进一步深人理解首都的规划建设实践。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.1078125" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74JUrbAicpW0uWb7HDMZTTdsDSMLypYiaWXu58fcpicbPtAYicgjTkl1P9TA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">本文选自“首都城市规划事业60年纪事”征文。谨以此篇向王世仁前辈表示崇高的敬意和谢意。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">王世仁，首都规划建设委员会专家组成员，北京市古代建筑研究所原所长，国家一级注册建筑师</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.1078125" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74JUrbAicpW0uWb7HDMZTTdsDSMLypYiaWXu58fcpicbPtAYicgjTkl1P9TA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">北京城市总体规划（2004～2020年）第61条“旧城整体保护”第1项规定：“保护从永定门至钟鼓楼7.8公里长的明清北京中轴线的传统风貌特色”。应当说，这是抓到了保护北京旧城的重中之重。但中轴线上的“传统风貌特色”几经变化，应当具体分析。为此，笔者仅就有关内容试为述略。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74GwJTfjwF1ZF5rNRg4ONoQGqQvVKQGicP48PB3oTGqu1h8UlBhBDCt1A/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -2px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 5px;border-style: none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(216, 98, 34);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 6px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;padding: 5px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(252, 242, 241);padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">中轴线是中国古代都城建设的主要价值取向</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">都城是权力统治的中心，都城的中轴线首先被赋予了政治价值</strong>。《说文》：“中，上下通也”。君主高踞首都，政令要直达底层，中轴象征政令贯通。《礼记?中庸》：“中也者，天下之大本也”。中庸即中用，是儒家的核心哲学，把“中”提升到“天下之大本”而用（庸），更加突出了它的政治价值。《周礼?春官》注：“中，忠也”，这是对中的政治价值更直白的诠释。既是天下根本，又体现政令畅通，还表示对王权的忠贞，可见它的政治色彩非常鲜明。其次，它还被赋予了伦理价值。《易?蹇》释文：“中，适也”。《易经》是最古老的经典，“蹇”是六十四卦之一，对卦象解为“行得中也”，中就是适，适当，适合，适可而止，都是调整伦理关系的价值取向。《易?蒙》释文：“中，和也”。“蒙”也是六十四卦之一，对卦象解为“亨行时中”。亨即通顺，意思是顺畅来源于中；又解为“刚柔节”、“上下顺”。中就是和，和睦，和平，家和万事兴，它的伦理价值渗透到中国人的心理深层。《庄子?在宥》释文：“中者，顺也”。庄子是道家宗师，主张人事与自然和谐相应，因此处世一切顺其自然。但《在宥》又说“中而不可不高者，德也”，也就是说，中就是最高的德行。中既是德，又是顺，可见顺其自然是以“中”为规范而不是放任无序的。中为顺，顺利，通顺，顺理成章，由中而顺，社会就和谐。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">再次，它又被赋予了美学价值。</strong>《易?坤》“文言”：“君子黄中通理，正位居体，美在其中而畅于四支，发于事业，美之至也”。意思是，君子生活起居居中，就可以四支通畅，从而达到美的极至，简言之，美的根本就是中。《诗?关睢》序：“情动于中”，“疏”谓：“中，谓中心”，也就是说，情感（审美效应）是由“心”的中间发动的。同样，《礼记?文王世子》：“礼乐交错于中”，“疏”谓：“中，心中也”。礼是行为，其价值是善；乐是情感，其价值是美。美善合一，交汇“心”中，也就达到了至美至善，这就是中华民族审美心理积淀的价值观，中轴线正体现了这一价值观。城市既是实用的生活场所，也是居民的审美对象，前者要“善”，后者要“美”，美善合一就在中轴线上。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74GwJTfjwF1ZF5rNRg4ONoQGqQvVKQGicP48PB3oTGqu1h8UlBhBDCt1A/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -2px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 5px;border-style: none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(216, 98, 34);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 6px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;padding: 5px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(252, 242, 241);padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国历代都城轴线简述</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">北京的中轴线是在前代都城建设经验的基础上发展而来的。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-bottom: -2.25em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 5px;background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242);border-style: solid;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7609094" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74Lcd7rBianEsSWNickeA0B6t33kTicKo1qHrG9FPpUdxYNqH6MtfYSCiaqw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2727" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 2.25em;height: 2.25em;border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(245, 124, 0);border-left: 5px solid rgb(245, 124, 0);transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">商朝的都城多次迁移，无论是河南偃师、郑州早商的，或是安阳殷墟晚商的，从现有的考古资料上都看不出有明确的轴线形态。西周的丰、镐二京早已毁弃，位置不确定，无从了解其布局。东周的雒邑（成周），被汉魏洛阳叠压，无法考证其详。春秋战国时各诸侯的国都，大都是以高台式宫殿为主体，周边里坊工场基本上是自由拓展，也未见有明显的轴线格局，只有流传至今的《考工记》对王城规划有明确的记述。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">《考工记》大约成书于春秋晚期，是一部以官职为纲，记述工程和工艺制度的典籍。因《周礼》六“官”（天、地、春、夏、秋、冬）中遗失了“冬官”，而《考工记》的体例与其他五官相似，所以后人把它补入，也可以称为《周礼?冬官》。该书中的“匠人”是一种官职，其职责中有一项是“营国”。“营”即规划，“国”即都城。国的制度是“方九里，旁三门。国中九经九纬，经（即途）九轨。左祖右社，面朝后市。市朝一夫。”轨是距离单位，夫是面积单位。春秋战国时期，诸侯争霸，引发了筑城的高潮，但文化歧异，百家争鸣，还没有形成“中轴”的文化心理条件。上述“国”的规制，实际上体现的是一个“九宫”式的十字对称的构图理念。“九宫”构图，缘自阴阳家的天文地理模式，它更具有神秘的象征意义。齐地（在今胶东）山海相连，天象变幻莫测，是阴阳家一派的发源地，前辈学者考证《考工记》出自齐国是有道理的。总之，春秋战国时期，各诸侯国的都城尚未发现中轴线的遗存。秦的都城咸阳，是以咸阳官为主体的宫殿组群，在还没有发展成城市意义的都城时便被项羽烧毁了。秦始皇统一天下，高度极权，又大量驱使奴隶营造宫殿陵墓，他追求的是绝对霸权，绝对扩张，绝对奢华的极端行为，因此也就不可能出现有一定规制又有一定人文色彩的中轴线式的都城。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">汉初在秦末大战乱后迫切需要休养生息，朝廷的国策是以“自然”、“无为”为主的黄老（道家）学说为主导，因之在都城建设方面也不去刻意追求某种特定的形制或象征意义。汉长安的主体是在秦代兴乐宫（汉更名长乐宫）的外面扩展的大型宫殿群组，各宫间缺乏必然的联系，南面正门安门内是一条大道，但并不是城市的中轴线。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">真正开始有中轴概念的都城是在东汉洛阳基础上完成的魏（曹）晋洛阳。自汉武帝罢黜百家，独尊儒术，降至东汉，董（仲舒）派的儒学成了统治社会的主导理论。东汉建都洛阳，筑有南、北二宫，虽然不在同一轴线上，但两宫间有复道相连，可说已有了南北贯通的萌芽。曹魏和西晋，全面改造了洛阳。新洛阳以北宫为主体，宫前辟大道直对都城南门宣阳门，大道两侧安排太庙、太社（左祖右社），形成明确的中轴线。但由于北宫偏于城西，新皇城的北门也偏西，所以中轴线仍然不是南北贯通。十六国之后的北魏首都洛阳更加恢宏规整，大大拓展了外郭，中轴线向南延长至洛河以南。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">东晋、南朝的建康是在丘陵中拓展形成的，它延续着西晋洛阳的格局，但把中轴线向南延伸至“国门”以南，向北延伸直抵皇城。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">上述洛阳、建康，尽管已开始出现明确的中轴线，但它们毕竟都是在前代地方城市基础上拓展，受到许多条件限制，难以真正发挥出理想的皇都气派。中国历史上平地营造的第一座王都是隋唐长安，它的中轴线是中古时期皇都的代表。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">隋文帝开皇二年（582年）开始营造都城大兴，至隋亡基本建成。唐代沿用，更名长安。这是一座规模空前绝后的大都城，东西9721米，南北8651.7米，面积达84.1平方公里。中轴明确，宫室、市场、里坊对称布局，充分发挥出大国盛世都城中轴线的统驭功能。隋炀帝大业元年（605年）又新筑东都洛阳，唐代沿用，这是中国历史上第二座平地营造的都城。由于它的地理位置适中，水运便利，物资丰富，所以自盛唐以后，其地位已超过了长安。洛阳的宫城以南临洛水定位，宫前跨洛水的天津三桥，增添了京城前方的恢宏气势。由此而形成的中轴线偏于城西，但城南正门定鼎门内大路向北正对北门，贯通全城，所以仍然显示出强烈的中轴线气派。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">唐末至元，中国处于多政权并存的状态，也是城市形态发生巨大变化的时期。这时期的城市有两大特点：一是街巷制代替了里坊制，横（东西向）街加多，城市活力大大增强；二是都城中轴线更具有人性的尺度，其标志是中轴不仅为宫室壮威，北端止于宫城，而且穿过宫城向南北延伸，将市井与宫室融为一体。北宋的汴梁（开封）和金朝的中都最为典型。元大都是中国历史上第三座也是最后一座平地营造的都城，很明显是吸收了金中都和宋汴梁中轴线的形态又参考了《考工记》的模式规划的，并一直延续至明清。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="min-height: 40px;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;vertical-align: middle;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;padding: 0px;" width="2.0000%"><br  /></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;padding: 0px 5px;vertical-align: middle;background-color: rgb(243, 240, 235);box-sizing: border-box;" width="92.3800%"><section style="height: auto;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="min-height: 40px;margin: 5px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><table class="table-box" width="100%"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;padding: 10px 8px;box-sizing: border-box;" width="100.0000%"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">综上简述，可以把历史上都城的中轴线归纳为五种形态：</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一是早期纪念象征型一一《考工记》的王城构图；</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二是“无为而治”无轴线型——西汉长安；</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三是宫殿前导型——魏晋洛阳，隋唐长安、洛阳；</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四是前朝后市型——宋汴梁、金中都、元大都；</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">五是整体贯通型——明清北京。</strong></p></section></section></section></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);border-radius: 0px;vertical-align: middle;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;padding: 0px;" width="2.0000%"><br  /></td></tr></tbody></table></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">轴线的长度，隋唐长安最长，为8.6公里，但宫城前实为7.16公里。隋唐洛阳轴线贯通宫殿直至北门，总长6.8公里，但偏于一侧。元大都由丽正门至中心阁3.9公里。明清北京由永定门外护城河桥至钟楼，长7.86公里。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74GwJTfjwF1ZF5rNRg4ONoQGqQvVKQGicP48PB3oTGqu1h8UlBhBDCt1A/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -2px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 5px;border-style: none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(216, 98, 34);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 6px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;padding: 5px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(252, 242, 241);padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">北京中轴线简史</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">成吉思汗十年（1215年），蒙古兵陷金中都，宫室遭到破坏，忽必烈至元元年（1264年）又定它为蒙古中都。至元四年，选定中都西北郊金代万宁宫附近兴建新都，八年（1271年）定国号为元，九年定新都为大都，十一年建成大内宫殿，十三年建成大城，二十二年全面开展城市建设，三十年完成积水潭下游通惠河工程，至此经过二十余年建成了大都。经考古勘测，城廓略呈方形，北墙长6730米，南墙6680米，东墙7590米，西墙7600米。南面三门，由正门丽正门向北至中心阁，中轴线总长3.9公里。大都城的几何中心在中心阁以西之齐政楼（鼓楼），其址在今旧鼓楼大街南端。钟楼在其北端，中轴线偏东约180米（60丈）。有研究者认为元代钟鼓楼连线即今旧鼓楼大街为大都中轴线，但据考古勘探，此轴线上未发现有大型建筑遗址，而在明清宫殿轴线上则有元代宫殿遗迹，再与多种文献互证，多数人认定元大都的中轴线为明清北京沿用。大都中轴线南端丽正门内为千步廊，正对皇城（萧墙）正门，再北为大内宫殿和御苑，至皇城北门厚载门。门北为后市，终于中心阁。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">明洪武元年（1368年），明军攻入大都，一月之内将大都北部废弃，另沿城内东西向漕渠筑新墙，同时拆毁大内宫殿。翌年大都降为北平府。永乐元年（1403年）以北平府为北京，但国都仍在南京。永乐十四年决定迁都于北京，大举营造，十八年仿南京建成宫殿、坛庙、衙署、钟鼓楼，同时拆除原大都南墙，在其南约1000米另筑新城。正统元年至五年（1436～1440年）重建京师九门，又重建了三大殿，北京的中轴线基本定型，共长约4.75公里。永乐营造北京时，在南郊兴建了天地坛和山川坛（即天坛和先农坛的前身）。两者之间有大道正对正阳门，已初步具备了中轴形态。嘉靖三十二年（1553年）修筑外城，同时完成了天坛和先农坛外墙，外城永定门成为中轴线的南端。至此，从元代至元十三年元大都大城建成，至明代嘉靖三十二年明北京外城建成，历时277年，世界古都中最长的城市中轴线终于形成。清顺治元年（1644年）清军占领北京。清朝仍以北京为京师，中轴线保持了原有格局，但中轴线的界面有了一些变化。一是乾隆十八年改造天坛，在临街（外坛）西墙增设圜丘坛门，与先农坛对称；二是清初废弃了千步廊以西明代武职衙署，变成了街市；三是乾隆十九年至二十五年（1754～1760年）重修皇城，在长安左、右门外延长皇城墙，加建东、西三座门（东、西长安门）；四是拆除景山后北中门，重建寿皇殿于景山后中轴线上，又在景山上对称建造五亭；五是改建了鼓楼和钟楼。另外，以中轴线为核心的皇城发生了根本变化，皇城不再是禁区，城内明朝内府大部分衙署和下属厂、库、局、作被撤销，散为民宅用地，逐步成为街巷。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-bottom: -2.25em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 5px;background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242);border-style: solid;border-width: 5px;border-radius: 0px;border-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 100%;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5586207" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74wd8F8xPDh2ejNxv2ibiaNPzWOxamzdJ4QEjwJVqfROhYndKiax1rxbI1w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2755" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 2.25em;height: 2.25em;border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(245, 124, 0);border-left: 5px solid rgb(245, 124, 0);transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1911年清朝覆亡至1949年新中国成立，这期间北京城经历了近代的蜕变，近代城市建设对中轴线也产生了巨大的影响。</strong>首先，先农坛北、西部改变为工厂街市，一半以上坛墙被拆除；天坛南墙也被拆除，两坛之间的天街两侧形成了天桥平民市场和简陋居住区，为铺设电车轨道拆除了天桥。其次，正阳门外大街两侧在1900年的义和团运动和“八国联军”侵占北京时焚毁殆尽，至20世20~30年代再度兴盛，风貌全部更新。第三，1915年改造了正阳门，拆除瓮城，1919年改造了正阳桥。第四，1913年拆除了中华门（原大清门）内千步廊和天安门前皇城墙，新辟中山公园和太庙南门。第五，拆除东、西、北三面皇城墙，地安门成为孤立的建筑。第六，地安门至鼓楼前大街在1900年也遭到严重损毁，至20世纪20~30年代风貌全部更新。总的看来，天安门至地安门间轴线的界面仍然保存古代式样，其他地段已蜕变成为近代风貌了。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1949年至21世纪初，中轴线又经历了一次蜕变。</strong>一是1954年拆除永定门，使中轴线南端缺失。二是拆除了正阳门外正阳桥及五牌楼。三是全面改造了天安门至正阳门间的空间格局，拆除了天安门前全部皇城墙、中华门及长安左、右门，取消了棋盘街；建造人民大会堂、历史博物馆、人民英雄纪念碑、升旗台和毛主席纪念堂。四是拆除地安门内四座雁翅楼，在南雁翅楼位置新建仿古楼房，沿“内皇城”出现大量杂乱建筑。五是天坛北墙南缩约50米；天桥市场消失，改变成拥挤简陋的居民区，两坛内兴建了大体量的公共建筑。六是地安门外大街陆续新建、改建商业建筑，风貌杂乱无章。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">21世纪初开始，在保护历史文化名城的战略决策下，又开始恢复中轴线的格局和风貌。</strong>一是2004年在原址按原状恢复了永定门城楼，虽然限于当时条件，护城河桥、瓮城、箭楼未能同时恢复，但毕竟重现了这一重要地标。同时，永定门外燕墩周边环境得到彻底整治，亮出了中轴线“前导”的身姿。二是拆除了两坛间杂乱房屋，亮出了现存的坛墙，恢复了天街御路。三是从2006年起全面修复正阳门外大街风貌，目标是再现20世纪20～30年代的繁华景象，同时全面修缮了正阳门。四是拆除了地安门内“内皇城”边杂乱建筑，计划在原址恢复部分雁翅楼。五是全面整治鼓楼至地安门大街风貌，修复了万宁桥和火德真君庙，商店门面品质得到提高。六是整治了钟鼓楼间环境，修缮了钟楼和鼓楼。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">综上简述，北京的中轴线从开始建立到逐步定型，再到衰敝、复兴，可说是历尽沧桑，但总的看来它作为一国之都的构架根本，始终保持一贯。皇权统治时期，它是清朝“康乾盛世”的标志。当时的清朝，是世界上人口最多、民族最多、宗教最多、国土最大、文化传统最长的国家。7.86公里的中轴线，既体现了政权统一、政令贯通的政治理念，也体现了中正顺畅、平衡和谐的社会理想，同时还展示出中国古代都城规划中处理空间、节奏、界面、标识等方面的高超美学技巧。1949年以后，作为快速发展的大国首都，古都原来的中轴格局，必然要出现明显的不适应性。改造天安门前广场，使中轴线的中心地段发生了重大的改变，这是历史的必然，是城市生长的规律。著名历史地理学家侯仁之教授评价天安门广场的改造是北京城市发展的一个里程碑。现在看来，1977年匆忙建造的毛主席纪念堂，从它和广场、正阳门之间的空间关系来看，确实有“先天不足”的缺憾。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74GwJTfjwF1ZF5rNRg4ONoQGqQvVKQGicP48PB3oTGqu1h8UlBhBDCt1A/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -2px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 5px;border-style: none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(216, 98, 34);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 6px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;padding: 5px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(252, 242, 241);padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">盛清时期北京中轴线的</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">主要界面建筑</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一一燕墩</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">燕墩又名烟墩，位于永定门外西南。民间传说，南方属火，故在城南设烟墩以象征火。其实它本是明代防御体系中的一种设施，官方名称即为“烟墩”。当边防有警时，夜间举火，白天焚烟（即狼烟，因狼粪焚烧的烟浓），逐墩传递直达京师。此墩位于京师门户，应当是最后一个接收站。乾隆十八年（1753年）修葺烟墩，取其谐音命名“燕墩”。乾隆帝撰写《帝都篇》与《皇都篇》诗文，叙述京师形胜，镌碑立于台顶。其中《帝都篇》有句：“我有嘉宾岁来集，无烦控御联欢情”，从内容到形式，此墩此碑都是京师迎宾的前导。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.704386" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74lOMeRZYZShHxwFRMOhGqjiczPPhCXt4g06jTJN0XwPCKsjUtRrm7uhA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2280" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">燕墩</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">永</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">定</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">门</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">明嘉庆三十二年（1553年）建。初建时是一座面阔五间，一层重檐布瓦歇山顶的城楼。四十三年增筑瓮城，但无箭楼。乾隆三十一年（1766年）改建城楼为二层重檐三滴水，绿琉璃剪边；瓮城上建三间七窗二层，单檐歇山式箭楼。</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4961089" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74r6Q6PnAKsic3cSQAuXjibOfZHznJUvxWfKN7FibSBobPSOiaicFRr5nMLvA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2056" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">永定门原状</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7133459" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74vWsfQU9ysxibQ1TKibdI8eGaic3lrZsRIiaF2LyicTk3dDIe7W3QE59rJ7Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2128" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">重建之永定门城楼</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在外城七门中，只有永定门和广宁（道光后改广安）门较为高大。其原因是永定门为京师南面正门，体制自应高于其他各门。但永定门外只有皇帝赴南苑的御道而无商民通行的驿道，而由中原和南方至京师的驿道都汇合在涿州，然后过卢沟桥进广安门入城。广安门实际上是进京的主要城门，因而体制和永定门相同。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">外城的城墙比内城低矮，城外护城河上原只设一座木吊桥，后改为单梁石桥。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">天</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">坛</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">永定门内天街东侧的主要建筑是天坛。明永乐十八年营造北京时，仿洪武十年（1377年）南京规制，于“国之阳”（首都之南）建天地坛合祭天、地。古礼中之“坛”有两种形式，一种是露天的砖石台，另一种是“坛而屋之”，即在殿堂内的石台座。永乐初建大祀殿，殿内设坛祭祀天地。据明代文献记载，大祀殿是一座十二间的方殿（可能是每面三间，四面显十二间），外绕坛墙一重，北墙和东墙即今之外坛东、北坛墙（北坛墙在20世纪50年代初因拓路南移约50米），西墙即今之内坛西墙，南墙在今圜丘北成贞门一线。嘉靖九年（1530年）重订礼制改为天坛，在大祀殿南新建圜丘坛，露祭昊天上帝（清代改称皇天上帝），同时新筑南墙。二十四年拆改方形大祀殿为圆形祈年殿，殿下台基为三层圆坛，每岁正月于殿内供“皇天上帝”牌为民祈谷。因祈谷礼与祭先农礼制重复，祈谷礼并不经常举行，但祈年殿却成为天坛主要的象征性建筑。此时的圜丘坛，通体为蓝琉璃，祈年殿的屋顶为黄、绿、蓝三色。嘉靖三十二年外城建成，天坛沿天街拓出外坛西墙，临南城墙拓出外坛南墙，在原东、北坛墙内另建内坛墙，形成了内外坛墙而轴线偏西的格局。清乾隆十八年（1753年）改造天坛，圜丘坛改为白石，祈年殿屋顶全部蓝色，另在西外坛墙南新辟坛门（圜丘坛门），与对面先农坛斋宫东门相对，强调出天街的对称格局。</span></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6633929" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74ID75h6T0205ufYhoicTwemhsxVo4rM8rWM22qLYY4VBBxTOJlYobVAw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2240" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">天坛外西坛墙</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7363757" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74Ll5XXlWQ6debyAKk6sGI7SlnhKZ7lRuq4HdpVYXXHozibpxRXT177xA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2257" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">天坛圜丘坛门</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7680067" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74JWdF0xyP9D4ptfn9dIrlCicyWia2nATQUgiaC7CKcIjxFSUGeKH83gNRQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2388" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">天坛祈谷坛门</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">先</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">农</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">坛</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">永乐十八年仿南京制度在天地坛以西建山川坛，同样是“坛而屋之”，殿名太岁殿，内设七坛（台）祭天下名山大川。又建先农坛于山川坛之西，在其东建斋宫、神仓、旗纛庙，设藉田、观耕台。嘉靖十一年（1532年）改订礼制，在太岁殿西南别筑天神、地二坛，绕以围墙，南面设门，统称神坛。原山川坛改为太岁殿专祀太岁。三十二年与天坛同时建外坛墙，把上述各个分散的坛殿包在一道围墙内，其西、北部统称外坛。东墙设二门，北为外坛东门，南为庆成官（斋宫）门，与天坛西墙二门相对。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6665154" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74ibsJ2L0MXfqJaD9hz9KXbYUZW7RQ8fSWeicPadpM0k1uejicI0bxKwGiaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2204" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">先农坛东墙</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7688022" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI745ucChOccibFkNyQjVTepVDKPzbODUNaBBqbKclkJKEnGeEc27PdSyNw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2154" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">先农坛东南门</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">天</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">桥</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">沿先农坛和天坛北墙，有一条自西而东的水沟，通称龙须沟。在天街上跨沟有桥，名天桥，为皇帝祭天和先农时通行，两侧设边桥供民间交通。此桥在乾隆《京城全图》中剥蚀不清，难辨形制。龙须沟在天坛北部汇成若干水池，名金鱼池，明代此处颇富园林之盛，可见其水量较丰，估计天桥是一座大跨度的木桥。清代水枯，大约在乾隆十八年改造天坛时改为单拱石桥。1906年修筑外城马路，降低了桥拱，1927年铺设电车轨道，又垫平了桥面，但仍保留石栏杆，至1934年填平龙须沟，展宽马路时，才拆去栏杆。近人陈宗蕃著《燕都丛考》引《顺天时报丛谈》载天桥形式：“桥仅三梁，石栏四”，与民国初年老照片难相符合。按陈著截书于1934年，所引资料应是1927年铺设电车轨改造过的桥身结构。老照片中则是1906年改筑道路以后的形象。桥中部栏杆弧度很大，可见原桥坡度很陡。旧时市井传说，由于桥身很高，甚至高于北京城所有道路，故称“天桥”，可能就是因为桥拱陡峻给人的印象所致。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5834942" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74FVlgIWm8n1fUs7oZviaic3jt1eRuLgwicQ2KChxTV1vZ9E9v6n4lWSrYQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2072" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1906年后天桥</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7562558" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74rvNr4kjuKq6hbFFiaVOicCDNQquF6TRcpExVX4npBYxjG4a48YsFFIEw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2158" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">珠市口基督教堂</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(143, 114, 74);border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(143, 114, 74);border-right-color: rgb(143, 114, 74);border-left-color: rgb(143, 114, 74);margin: 0.9em 2px 0.6em;padding-top: 2px;padding-bottom: 2px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">正阳桥及“正阳桥”牌楼</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（五牌楼）</strong></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">正阳门箭楼前护城河上有桥，桥南有五间五楼牌楼，在明代宫殿图和清康煕《南巡图》中均有真实形象，可证始建于明初。桥身微拱，以石栏隔为三路，中间为御路，两边为一般车马行人通道。从现存1897年照片可知，直至清末仍保持原状，1919年改造为混凝土结构，加宽了桥面，铺设电车轨道后，地面已无遗存。五牌楼横跨天街，当心间匾书满汉文“正阳桥”，五楼均为绿琉璃瓦庑殿顶，六柱冲天，饰以琉璃云冠。通面阔35.1米，当心间9.75米，高11.5米，其跨度和高度均为北京乃至全国街道牌楼之冠。1900年义和团运动和“八国联军”侵占北京期间，正阳门城楼、箭楼和大街商铺焚毁残破，唯此牌楼独存。1935年将木牌楼改建为钢筋混凝土结构，但位置、尺度、形式未变。1955年拆除。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.3287546" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI7479zDz5oHibic0nCQCHEeqDSibNXmXNLiaFk4wuM8Y52hPm3NHzQWZrhyibw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2184" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">正阳门原状</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6306021" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74eqLeodicZDGqp3QmFPHnV8iaWpG6MNzvB6LeW9WfeyicXibOZoXlqR4IhQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2209" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1897年之正阳门和五牌楼</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">正</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阳</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">门</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">正阳门在嘉靖修筑外城以前是皇都正门，始建于永乐十九年（1421年），仍沿用元大都正门“丽正门”名。正统元年至四年（1436～1439年）重建，体制完备，更名正阳门。城墙正中建二层城楼，面阔七间，重檐歇山顶三滴水。瓮城外角弧形。箭楼面阔七间带后厦，正面箭窗四层，每层十三窗，侧面四层，每层四窗，重檐歇山顶。两楼均为绿琉璃瓦剪边。箭楼下开拱门，在内城九门中，只有它正中辟门，标志出它的“国门”地位，此门只在大典时开启。另在瓮城东、西两侧设闸楼，面阔三间，箭窗二层，每层六窗，单檐歇山顶，下设门洞为日常交通使用。瓮城内东有观音庙，西有关帝庙，均为独立的庭院。瓮城内平时为摊贩临时市场，城外沿墙建有弧形店铺商街，俗称“荷包巷”。1915年由内务总长兼京都市政督办朱启钤主持，聘德国建筑师罗克格（ Curt Rothkegel）对正阳门进行改造。拆除了瓮城、闸楼和荷包巷，在正阳门两侧城墙各开二个门洞。箭楼北部新加台阶平台，并对立面作了西式装饰。20世纪50年代初拆去观音庙和关帝庙。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6682884" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74gUPDjMOic1tEZjcAVOBXaW0AEaTicZavNvyQ3KX1qIjbVFWOoATwxBNw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2261" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1915年之正阳门</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7548638" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74Gf86kficJhbbuERhxVMRjZw9ianExF84lSI4qvibbic0B9iccyO5RrWtPtQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2313" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2003年建造的正阳门外大街标志五牌楼</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7303124" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74g7N1lbibnf6N5YPMUWTR1ZxLRUtCnZHnfNs3gXib6tKskAGw1ib28GRNw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2273" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">正阳门城楼</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7679211" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74XX9SOL4uQemGOCu9WIPKyic43oKxTYenqO7AictHc3xJMyjWPIianZF6A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2232" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">正阳门箭楼</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">棋</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">盘</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">街</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">正阳门内正对大清门前为一处方形小广场。广场周边用木栅封闭，设牌坊式栅门。广场内十字分隔道路，形似棋盘，因而称为棋盘街。广场外东西有商铺，广场内平时为商摊集市，遇有大典时清理。1915年改木栅栏为水泥栏杆，也不再是商摊地带。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.464539" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74rKicCpsat8at1l3ZMU8QeOmAd7ehhOfeovH75W1yGdUgUBqPs4ic1pbQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2256" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1919年后之棋盘街</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">南</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">皇</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">即天安门以南的皇城。正门大清门是皇城的南门，两侧为红墙黄瓦的皇城墙，向北延伸至长安街折向东西，与天安门两侧皇城墙相交，形成“T”形广场。东端设长安左门，西端设长安右门，其形制与大清门相同，均为五间三券门，黄琉璃瓦单檐歇山顶。乾隆十九年至二十五年（1754～1760年）又向东西拓展，两端各设黄瓦三座门，称东、西三座门，也称东、西长安门。明代在此广场东西的皇城墙上各有一座随墙门，名东、西公生门，为南皇城两侧文东武西衙署官员进宫办事专用之门。大清门内，沿“T”形广场东西各有连房110间，又折向东西各有34间，俗称千步廊，是户、刑、兵、礼等部临时集中办事的场所，也有一部分是官俸粮仓。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4988683" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74o7sTHDeEbHkicbPPovoyFnw4ictsHFTsakTeaubYLiaVTN60Fk4w0UdpQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2209" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">大清门——中华门</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5081782" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74JibK9rXicCv09qZbn3cTicibcrEHgN4NLKAP0xdBauznnszdFlO4rxrzaw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1773" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">长安左门（20世纪50年代）</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.4989562" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74ooU9THaSy6ElD3LTlXRzDzMgxiagIW8wPcicjTpYB5aq62KreSQBAmWA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1916" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">长安右门（20世纪50年代）</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8682872" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74GdznfKf4sxHyQVrvHibgum5iaia4NL7oeDU3OPvkvs1l8ouE00OOpPHBQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1769" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1900年之千步廊</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">皇城正门为天安门，明代称承天门，原城楼面阔五间，进深三间，清顺治五年（1651年）改建为面阔九间，进深五间，城台五门，更名天安门。门前有石渠名金水河，上架石桥五座，名金水桥，为皇帝及仪仗专用，另在东西两端正对公生门架二桥，名公生桥，供一般官员通行。天安门以内（北）为东西两庑，庑间设“街门”通向太庙（东）和社稷坛（西）。再北为端门，正式进入皇宫。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.6133663" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74vlOI4Nic82IFOQGqcoxAj6f9Fzibcm7Zmcria1kEG27t277gv6rJ2EI3A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2020" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">天安门</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7743614" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI7490hzYOkWsfoO2922JY0fGvTVKuaIEqASXmTGQfxNYic58Hq0MC33ibFw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2114" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">东江米（交民）巷西口牌坊</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(143, 114, 74);border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(143, 114, 74);border-right-color: rgb(143, 114, 74);border-left-color: rgb(143, 114, 74);margin: 0.9em 2px 0.6em;padding-top: 2px;padding-bottom: 2px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">紫禁城及景山</strong></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">皇宫的前门为端门，门内东、西两长庑为值班朝房，庑间设“社左“、”庙右”、“阙左“、”阙右”四门。正面午门，为紫禁城正门。由午门至紫禁城北门神武门，中轴线上共有“前朝”、“后廷”、“御园”三组建筑。神武门外筒子河北为北上门五间，两侧接连房，其中四十五间为景山官学。北上门正对景山门，两门之间为皇城禁街，两端设北上东、西门，为单座方门。景山后（北）墙正中明代有北中门，清乾隆十四年（1749年）在景山后重建寿皇殿，十六年在景山上建五亭，废弃了此门。总计清代盛期，在紫禁城至景山寿皇殿的中轴线上共有门、殿、阁、亭、桥24座。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7020906" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74VjDKlyhpraWeNAq0GxLsloSPJicysQ2VDGY9Z6U7j5FhX0mbwcoCKyQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2296" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">紫禁城北部（中间为北上门）</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.8270605" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74j9ibOGRUKI6oHFabOXwnIBiclHBpg6FCSgwYUporZxDxXlJkBnxtkqLA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2099" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">北上门</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7357084" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74W6lZnKHztEgC2J8kR0QToS7zibKrwzdfv3bYj24J6ZHIZstAN8LU3tg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2414" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">景山门</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;border-top: 1px dashed rgb(143, 114, 74);border-bottom: 1px dashed rgb(143, 114, 74);border-right-color: rgb(143, 114, 74);border-left-color: rgb(143, 114, 74);margin: 0.9em 2px 0.6em;padding-top: 2px;padding-bottom: 2px;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">雁翅楼及地安门</strong></p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;line-height: 0;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">清代废弃了明代皇城中绝大多数内府机构及局、库、厂、作，但保留了内官监（西）和司设监、尚衣监（东）的外墙。红墙黄瓦，制同皇城，因在皇城内，俗称内皇城或直称黄瓦墙，墙上开随墙门，名黄瓦门。墙南端有相对的曲尺形二层楼各36间，北端有楼各13间，通称雁翅楼。墙、楼之间形成宽敞的南北通道，正对地安门，与大清门内千步廊的空间处理相同。地安门明代名北安门，面阔七间，中三间为大门，单檐歇山顶黄琉璃瓦。门两侧连接北皇城墙。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.710864" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74QcCIPXibndXvibh5f6FDDMEDO46BsCkKC5iboghFCXGhHaSwdzJznJ61A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2338" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">地安门</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7456779" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74y4ib29pj1JZloSZqO62lqEkG0YnicYlnxTDVicrY6SLOtHQ6jDmcJy1Pw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2198" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">地安门内大街</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">万</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">宁</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">桥</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">位在地安门外鼓楼前大街正中，原为元代通惠河入积水潭通过中轴大街的大桥，初名海子桥。当时南方运粮船可直接驶入积水潭（今后海），此桥应是中部可开启的木桥。元末废弃城内漕运，改为单拱石桥，名万宁桥。清代沿用，民间俗称后门桥（地安门俗称后门）。桥南路西有火德真君庙，传说始建于唐，元至正六年（1346年）、明万历三十三年（1605年）改建，现存建筑为清乾隆二十四年（1759年）重修，至今保存完整。庙东隔街有巨大道观灵明显佑宫，明永乐十三年（1415年）建，清乾隆二十一年重修，为道教正一派京师主庙。西侧为庙主真人府，建于嘉靖三年，原为当时受封为一品“真人”的道士邵元节府第。清代贬抑道教，真人府于乾隆时收归官房，二十一年（1756年）扩大，改为京师卫戍总部一一步军统领衙门，至20世纪50年代与显佑宫一同拆除，在原址兴建了楼房。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7359215" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74vfw7z7FlibuRGfe08xYkprnglBbCoic8uc5TeG0CEEPPTEqmW6ZbLl3g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="2344" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">火德真君庙</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼓</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">楼</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">始建于明永乐时，但现存建筑为典型的清代楼阁式样。文献记载，清嘉庆五年（1800年）重修，应是重建，光绪二十年（1894年）又重修。下为高达4米余的基座，上建城台，四面降拱门，南北各三门，东西各一门。上层楼阁面阔五间，侧面三间，周围廊。屋顶重檐歇山三滴水，灰瓦绿剪边。楼上置大更鼓1面，小更鼓24面。现状屋角增设擎檐柱，平座结构下垂，屋面瓦件规格不高（一般灰瓦），说明是在清末财力不济时修缮的结果。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7583333" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74rYZJq2dicexEP32FZeNZM7peNWwry16WINFfbsp5PfUicTT1nicwCl0bw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">鼓楼</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 45%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">钟</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: dashed;border-color: rgb(207, 116, 53);width: 2em;height: 2em;float: left;line-height: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">楼</strong></p></section><section style="width: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 2em;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: -1em;margin-left: auto;border-left: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 2em;height: 0px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 10%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.1864407" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74dtmd3qrn0tFwGq8dDbj0KghCu0a7UP5QLUJjia33eiaGCrLLA7oViaPQg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="118" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">原址为元大都中轴线终点中心阁，明永乐十八年（1420年）在其旧址建钟楼。初为木构，后毁于火，清乾隆十至十二年（1745～－1747年）重建为砖石结构。下为砖砌高台，四面辟拱门各一，台顶作雉堞。正中建正方形楼阁，下为石须弥座及栏杆，每面白石雕一门二窗。屋顶为重檐歇山，黑琉璃瓦绿剪边，檐下石制斗、额枋，雕花施彩画。中心设钟架悬大铜钟，钟下楼体贯通。钟楼位于中轴线最北端，在“五行”中北方属水，色黑，故屋顶施黑瓦。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.7296296" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74uTAmlbjT8vG4fb8WShukHdakpiaAJzQ2C6g9FVjlO4IRWmQJxWsWz7w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px dashed rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0.7em;height: 0.7em;margin-right: 5px;margin-top: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(196, 179, 140);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">钟楼</p></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">据明初《北平图经志》记载，中心阁之东十五步（约24米）有“中心台”，占地一亩，有敌楼12座，窝铺243座。实际上这是和城南的“烟墩”一样，是明初北平府的防御设施，“台”是这种设施的名称。此台的形制，大约是外墙方形，四角各一座敌台，每面二座，共12座；正中一座望高台，台上、下有住兵窝棚243座。明初的北平府是防御蒙古残部南侵的指挥中心，台名“中心”也含此义。中心台的位置原为元代大天寿万宁寺的一部分，明初寺毁。中心台大约在永乐十八年建都时拆除。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74GwJTfjwF1ZF5rNRg4ONoQGqQvVKQGicP48PB3oTGqu1h8UlBhBDCt1A/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: -2px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 5px;border-style: none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(216, 98, 34);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 6px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;padding: 5px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(252, 242, 241);padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">保护北京中轴线的几点设想</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">北京的中轴线最终形成于明嘉靖三十二年（1553年），至今（2007年）已有454年的历史。它所经历的种种变化，证明了一条城市发展的规律（<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">任何自然的和社会的现象都有不以人们意志为转移的客观规律</strong>），即城市作为一种生活的载体，它和它所承载的生活一样都是有生命的，都要经历新陈代谢，除旧布新的过程；同时，作为一种文化载体，它和它所承载的文化一样，也都要呈现出延续传统，积淀历史的现象。北京的中轴线，既是历史的文化积淀，又是现代都市的主干，因此它也必然沿着现代与历史，更新与延续所形成的规律前进。因此所谓“保护”，就不仅是被动地复原古迹，而是要主动地认识规律，运用规律，创造性地进行保护，使现代城市功能与历史文化积淀在这条中轴线上双贏。为此，城市建设的决策者，城市文化的精英们，必须把保护北京历史名城的主要着力点放在对中轴线的“保护”方面。中轴线是北京的灵魂，中国的象征，世界的唯一。旧城的房屋，包括历史文化街区中的许多房屋终究要更新改造，大部分古旧宅院不会永久保存下去，但中轴线必须“死保”，为此，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">在规划中要作两件事</strong>。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第一件是划出“中轴线保护地带”。</strong>这个地带有相当部分可以和历史文化街区重合，之所以单独划出，主要是为申报列入世界文化遗产作准备。北京的城市中轴线完全有条件成为世界文化遗产，关键是对它的保护是否到位，划出保护地带则是先决条件之一。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第二件是对现在中轴线的界面、空间、节点进行城市设计研究，规定功能、体量、色彩、风格等要素条件。</strong>中轴线的风貌，最直接的体现就是界面和节点，要做到宏观掌控，中观设计，微观实施。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.2064815" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74gXo3fXGm26fyFVuxQc6vViariaqHCxoKdgicbDgSyPibc2UTybktJBs4EA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.0924499" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI740G6Pt0SZzFjK9ibTBLR0MCf1D0DFzvEP1emz5JBecrqZThxiciaEGIl5g/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="649" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">关于第一件事，“保护地带”的范围可做以下考虑。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（1）永定门外西至燕墩公园，东至与公园大致相等的空间。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（2）永定门内，东至世界遗产天坛外坛，西至先农坛西内坛墙。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（3）天桥至珠市口，西侧由煤市街南延，东侧由新辟前门东侧路南延。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（4）正阳门大街，西侧至煤市街，东侧至新辟前门东侧路。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（5）天安门广场。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（6）旧皇城内，西侧至南、北长街，东侧至南、北池子大街。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（7）地安门外大街，西侧至什刹海、后海边，东侧沿玉河北延。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（8）钟鼓楼周边，西侧至旧鼓楼大街，东侧至宝钞胡同，北侧至北二环路。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1.3111111" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI748P128dhb36qrvZvZxy9IWh3IoQ61rG3kiaQ8VwcLDm7ISGOtauovydA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">关于第二件事，对以下项目重点加以研究。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（1）永定门。在燕墩公园对面创造与它相匹配的景观，不必再建高大的标志物，但要有与“国门”相适应的主题。创造条件（例如在护城河上加“立交”）恢复瓮城和箭楼。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（2）在原址恢复单券石构天桥。桥下不必有河，可以作为地标式景观，“镶嵌”在马路中间。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（3）天桥至珠市口。创造宽敞的现代商业空间。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（4）正阳门外大街。保持原尺度，整修街面，基本上再现20世纪20～30年代繁华的景象。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（5）正阳桥及五牌楼。在原址按原状恢复，以强化正阳门前气派。正阳桥近期可只恢复桥面及栏杆，护城河是否恢复要作综合论证，历史景观是其中一个重要因素。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（6）正阳门，保存现状，进一步提升环境质量。前几年有提议恢复瓮城、闸楼，恐怕与现代交通矛盾太大；而现在的形象是在1915年形成，已成为公众的固有印象，本身也是一段历史的见证，还是保持现状为好。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（7）天安门广场。如有可能，在地面镶嵌原大清门内南皇城位置，留存历史地标。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（8）故宫至景山间。在中轴线的核心部分，研究可否改为步行街，恢复北上门和北上东、西门，东西机动车行道改在筒子河下面。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（9）地安门。地安门内恢复部分北雁翅楼。地安门无疑是具有重要标志价值的建筑，应当恢复。但它正处在现在十字路的中间，50多年前拆除的主要原因就是妨碍交通，现在道路定型，交通量骤増，更难实现。有论者建议南移至路南，那样就失去了地标意义，反而造成信息误导。可以考虑的方案有三：一是东西干道（平安大道）此段改线北移，路长至少150米；二是原址设立小隔离墩，竖立一个标志；三是在最近的绿地中立碑，用图象和文字说明原址位置。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（10）地安门至鼓楼。两侧店铺已经过整修，而未来的更新在所难免，要及早作出符合此段街道“身份”的城市设计。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;">（11）钟鼓楼周边。现状房屋破败，修饰更新势在必行。此处必须坚持全部平房坡顶、灰瓦绿树的风貌。</span></em></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">以上意见，不过是一个粗略的概念，得当与否，还有待决策者综合考究。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="0.5648148" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4eOIP9iclNGK4y6BicrN3qOI74FXpibCHys3accjoZ585E87qwTndBnG9rfPYafPpicFM7eJFkjWDnFlyg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1080" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p>
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