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<section style="line-height: 2;letter-spacing: 0.5px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);padding: 3px 10px 3px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(160, 160, 160) 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 35%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;line-height: 0;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="raw-image" data-ratio="1" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAq2eiaDKOHrvsNp5eDPBdaXC15DicjnU2k2xdHpDKic8DGeOtzAJaXYgKQIaBic4cEhbKIYvuRwTgx4w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;height: auto;" data-backw="146" data-backh="146" data-before-oversubscription-url="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibAq2eiaDKOHrvsNp5eDPBdaXC15DicjnU2k2xdHpDKic8DGeOtzAJaXYgKQIaBic4cEhbKIYvuRwTgx4w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"  /></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 65%;box-shadow: rgb(160, 160, 160) 0px 0px 0px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 5px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">ID:</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 18%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAq2eiaDKOHrvsNp5eDPBdaXibicrKgknDIKpkl2qYZHF2wQcf16wmZ5azm69Pic4TJMvSN6Hib6IZQmUg/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 16px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">恭</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 18%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAq2eiaDKOHrvsNp5eDPBdaXibicrKgknDIKpkl2qYZHF2wQcf16wmZ5azm69Pic4TJMvSN6Hib6IZQmUg/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 16px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">贺</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 18%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAq2eiaDKOHrvsNp5eDPBdaXibicrKgknDIKpkl2qYZHF2wQcf16wmZ5azm69Pic4TJMvSN6Hib6IZQmUg/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 16px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">新</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 18%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 50px;height: 50px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-position: 50% 50%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: contain;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibAq2eiaDKOHrvsNp5eDPBdaXibicrKgknDIKpkl2qYZHF2wQcf16wmZ5azm69Pic4TJMvSN6Hib6IZQmUg/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 16px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">春</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 10px solid rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10px;height: 20px;float: left;background-color: rgb(27, 76, 108);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 10px;height: 20px;float: right;background-color: rgb(27, 76, 108);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;margin-top: -20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;background-image: linear-gradient(rgb(255, 255, 255), rgb(241, 241, 241));box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">实施乡村振兴战略的根本目的是实现中国经济发展在整体上更有效率，社会更具平等性，生态环境得到更大改善，推进中国实现全面建成小康社会。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">多年的知识积累和实践经验使我们制定出实现这个目标的某种文本，更加贴合社会发展的需求，更加符合社会发展规律，2018年发布的《乡村振兴战略规划（2018—2022）》，就是这样一个文本。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">但在具体推进乡村振兴战略的工作中，由于体制惯性和认识定势，再加上当下发展水平的制约，我们很有可能发生导向性的错误。事实上，这种错误已初见端倪，需要高度关注。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 6px solid rgb(20, 140, 189);padding: 3px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1 防止中国农业“日本化”</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">所谓农业“日本化”是指农户的土地经营规模甚小，劳动生产率低，农产品成本高，消费市场上的食物价格高的情况。这种情况导致农业在国际市场没有竞争力，也导致国民消费的恩格尔系数升高，降低了国民福利水平。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">据资料显示，日本近年的恩格尔系数已升至26%以上，农产品进口依赖到70%左右。这种情况对日本来说不是重大风险，但若发生在中国，就大为不同了。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">形成日本农业现状的原因比较多，但主要是过分强调农业的多功能性，特别是曾出现对乡村旅游业过度扶持政策的现象。这导致日本农民在日本经济发达以后，不愿意流转土地。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">更深层次的原因，可能与日本将农民问题过度“政治化”有关。这种施政倾向的做法与后果还需深入研究，但从初步观察来看，处于转型时期的任何国家，只要将农民问题过度“政治化”，就都存在预后不良，日本如此，法国亦如此。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国目前也在强调农业的多功能性，有的地方则走过了头。以“全域旅游”、观光农业为例，有的民俗旅游的民宿价格超过五星级宾馆，但还是得到了政府的财政支持。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">另外，一些地方在农田搭建起的游客服务设施，在农业发达国家都十分罕见。伴随“农业综合园区”建设的兴起，有的地方把土地切割的零零碎碎，使农业“园艺化”，影响农业成本降低。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国地域广阔，某些地方在推进农业规模化经营方面有明显进步，这本来是一个好的趋势，但因地租率过高，使得相关新型农业主体很难盈利。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">因为承包权不能流转，致使土地租期比较短，减弱了投资者的稳定预期，经济效益也不乐观。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 6px solid rgb(20, 140, 189);padding: 3px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2 如何绕开农民增收遭遇的</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“天花板”</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">农民增收是一个世界性难题。随着农业的机械化、化学化水平的提高，劳动生产率也会相对提高。许多农业生产类型虽适合家庭经营，但土地投入在家庭经营形式不变的情况下，其边际效率会下降，最终在经济上会遇到土地经营规模扩大的“天花板”。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">农民的报酬主要决定于“工资”水平，与劳动投入有关。在市场竞争中，虽然劳动生产率提高了，同样土地面积上的劳动时间也相对缩短，但是收入反倒不能增长。这种现象产生的主要原因在于单位劳动时间的报酬会被市场“平均化”。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">在较长的时间里，日工资平均水平由比较稳定的外生因素决定，农业劳动时间不增加，农场主的农业从业报酬就很难持续增长。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">正因为这种规律，近年来美国农场主的农业从业收入占农民总收入的比重已下降到1/6左右。美国农民其余的收入主要来自就近兼业收入。就近兼业作为一种稳定的机制，有三个条件：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-style: solid;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;border-left-color: rgb(20, 140, 189);border-right-color: rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">一是有非农就业岗位的城镇，不能离农场距离太远；</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">二是农业产业链上数倍于农业初级产品价值的加工服务环节价值主要在农村地区实现；</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">三是农民作为利益分享主体的农民合作社，必须在农业产业链上高效运行。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">缺少这三个条件，美国农民收入就会存在很大问题。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国已经遇到农民在农业从业中得到收入占总收入的比重越来越低的情况，2008年到2017年间，这一比重便从48.7%下降到37.4%。即使中国的农业规模经营水平有所提高，这个比重仍可能持续下降。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们的问题是，前述美国农民兼业的三个条件在我国很不充分，以致我们的农民主要是异地兼业，且把部分家庭成员留在家乡。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">更麻烦的是，我国农业产业链的布局主要是“上浮”城市，而不是“下沉”农村；产业链上的各类“龙头企业”是一般的盈利性企业，而不是农民作为社员的专业合作社。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">我国目前没有支持农民通过合作成员身份分享农业产业链价值增值的强大平台。撑起这个平台很有必要，但现实却与需求相差甚远。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 6px solid rgb(20, 140, 189);padding: 3px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3 避免农村公共服务低效率</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">乡村振兴的实际工作之一是建设农村公共服务设施。从调查情况来看，农村公共服务设施难以有效建设和使用，是相当普遍的问题。效率问题与农村人口布局和居住形态有关。<br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">尽管阻力因素很多，中国的专业农户终究还是会选择小规模居住方式。专业农户需要各种仓储设施，有的还需要特别生产设施。留住农村的非农业居民一般不会与这种专业农户为邻。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">发达国家的专业农户一般居于规模小、分散化的居民点上。但是，对居民提供服务的公共设施却需要一定的人口规模，否则运行的成本分摊会很高。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">例如，据笔者从小学教育专家处获得的信息，一所有投入效益的小学，学生总数应在400—1000名之间，否则，小学的实验室设备、体育设施等就有低效之虞，学生的心理健康也难养成。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">所以，发达国家的专业农户一般不能在家门口得到公共服务，而必须在一定距离之外的大型居民点享受公共服务。这种居民点的规模一般应在万人以上。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国的行政村平均规模不到1000人，村民小组（接近自然村概念）规模更小，平均约150人以下。从城乡人口布局变化趋势看，我国只有建制镇的镇域和乡政府所在地（接近4万个）适合建立能够相对有效运行的主要公共服务机构，其中包括小学校、综合性基层医院、污水处理系统、垃圾初级处理中心以及行政服务中心等。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">这里的难题是，一般所说的“城乡基本公共服务均等化”与公共服务有效运行之间存在明显矛盾。正确的政策导向应该是重视两个类型的乡村居民点，一个是乡镇驻地，应该将其按照城市的标准去建设；另一个是小型的专业农户居民点，在这里基本不需要建设公共服务设施，小型居民点的农户在前一类大型居民点享受基本公共服务。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">介于这两种类型居民点之间的不大不小的其他大部分居民点，应该逐步引导其向这两种类型居民点方向发展。从近期观察看，各地尚未形成这种明确的政策导向，有的地方甚至存在逆向引导问题，由此产生的浪费将十分巨大。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 6px solid rgb(20, 140, 189);padding: 3px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4 如何终止农村经济问题“政治化”</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">农村经济问题“政治化”，大体有这样几个特点：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-style: solid;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;border-left-color: rgb(20, 140, 189);border-right-color: rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">一是农村经济事务因某些政治安排，无法利用市场原则去处理；</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">二是政府倾向于过度干预农村经济事务，弱化市场对经济活动的决定作用；</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">三是对农村居民的政治赋权做特殊安排，或强化赋权，或弱化赋权，或对政治赋权做结构性的差异化安排。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">发达国家或多或少都有上述情形，总体看，这种情形弊大于利，其中日本和法国在这方面较为突出，这两个国家的农业竞争力也都相对低下。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">中国农村经济事务“政治化”的情形具体表现在以下三个方面：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;">第一，由于土地制度及其衍生的农村股份合作社机制的特征，我国农村很多经济事务常常实行“少数服从多数”原则做出决策</span></strong>，这种“数”与所谓“成员权”有关，这是农村集体经济组织采用了政治规则的一种表现，且完全不同于一般股份公司的治理结构，一般股份公司按资本总量中的份额多少影响决策，且股东有退出权。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">例如，尽管法律又规定在承包期内，发包方不能按照少数服从多数原则调整土地，但我国农村土地承包法规定，土地“承包方案应……依法经本集体经济组织成员的村民会议三分之二以上成员或者三分之二以上村民代表的同意”。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">在当下我国农村，因为“成员权”与最初产生集体经济时的“入社”土地已经基本失去关联，以致产生了很多与分地、分钱有关的身份确认问题。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">身份确认又不得不与人口出生时点、入户时点建立联系，而这个时点选择的合理性与客观的经济合理性没有什么关系，只与“村庄政治”有关系。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">每一次确立这种时点，就意味着一次“村庄革命”，都会引起不小的动荡。因为土地承包有期限的规定，这种“村庄政治”会对土地流转和租金率发生影响，不利于建立有效的经济运行机制。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;">第二，“政社合一”体制在行政村一级没有取消，造成“政经不分”。</span></strong>虽然近年来我国村集体的公务开支得到政府越来越多的补贴，但在体制上仍没有去除政经不分的情形。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">村集体经营性资产较多的地方，集体收入会切一大块成为村庄的公务开支来源。其他农业区的村庄也会想办法通过有偿承包土地的办法得到一定的收入。这种情形显然不符合已经被证明有效的公共财政对公共事务支出全覆盖的要求。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;">第三，针对农村人口向城市自由转移的政治考量过多。</span></strong>有人认为在传统农业社会中发生的所谓土地兼并、流民啸聚和王朝更迭等诸方面关系的理论是谬误。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">实际情况是，官场腐败造成土地“投献”多发，引起部分地区土地集中，产生流民。这种情况在当今时代不会发生。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">新中国成立后形成的城乡分割的“户籍制度”也是政治考量甚于经济考量。近年被各界人士肯定的关于“土地是农民的社会保障”这个判断，其实也是一种多年沿袭下来的“政治挂帅”思维的结果。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果用现实中的经济数据做分析，就会发现这些判断在经济上不成立，同时在政治要求上也不可靠。在我国农业产出中，土地要素报酬的份额甚少，远不足以满足农民社会保障的需要。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">上述问题的存在说明我国农村经济体制还不符合“市场在资源配置中发挥决定性作用”的要求，改革还需要攻坚克难。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 6px solid rgb(20, 140, 189);padding: 3px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">5 如何使“乡愁”成为</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城乡居民的共享成果</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">笔者将时下“乡愁”这一重要准政策用语，看作是一种在特殊居住形态下形成的环境友好和社会友好心态。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">对“乡愁”的认识需要有历史关照。在传统农业社会的村落里，人际关系如同小说《白鹿原》的刻画，并不具有现代性。人们没有隐私，也就极大牺牲了自由。当人们的全部生存手段均依赖村庄资源时，村庄领袖对村民的控制力就很强大。当村庄社会与宗法关系紧密结合时，这种控制会更强大。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">现代村庄改变了这种关系，“乡愁”才更有现代性。据笔者调查，近年农村社会的道德风尚确有显著改善，此变化主要是由于农民收入增长和农村社会开放程度的增加。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">这里提出的问题是，城市能不能承载具有现代性的“乡愁”？目前我国不具备这种条件，这与我国城市居民的居住形态有关。我国城市居民区的楼房越盖越高，但一座楼房的居民一般不构成一个“社会”。邻里间的空间过小，反倒不能建立友好的邻里关系。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">这种情形已经有心理学研究给出了解释，这里不做介绍。笔者要讨论的是城市居民在这种居住形态之下不能生出“乡愁”，但他们对“乡愁”有自己的需求，怎么办？难道让城市居民花钱“购买”农村才有的“乡愁”？能不能使“乡愁”成为城乡居民共享的文明成果，目前我们没有答案。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">此外，我国农村的居住形态也开始向城市看齐，正在向集合住宅方向发展。按这个趋势走下去，农村也会没有了“乡愁”。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 6px solid rgb(20, 140, 189);padding: 3px;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">6 通过城乡协调发展</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">和土地制度改革克服难题</strong></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文提出上述问题，同时也隐含了对解决问题途径的看法。限于本文篇幅，这里扼要指出解决问题的路径，作为本文的结论：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;">一是防止中国农业“日本化”，要着力推进城市化，加快农村人口向城市经济部门转移，为农业规模经营创造条件。</span></strong>支农财政要瞄准大宗农产品生产，对所谓多功能农业不再或减少补贴，将其交给市场定生死。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;">二是保障专业农户增收，要绕过规模经营的“天花板”，依托农业农村产业链，让农民就近在各类大型居民点兼业。</span></strong>为此，要推动大型跨行政区合作社发展，将各类乡镇驻地发育为小型城市，实现大中小城市均衡布局。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;">三是避免农村公共服务效率降低，要改变观念，依托小城市实现城乡基本公共服务均等化，使小型专业农户居民点的农户在附近大型居民点获得公共服务。</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;">四是终止农村经济问题“政治化”，要深化农村产权改革，将有期限的土地承包权转化为长期稳定的承包权；将集体经济组织转变为产权份额可交易的真正的市场主体。</span></strong>为此，要以“起点公平”为原则，进行“最后一次”产权份额调整，建立与市场经济相适应的农村产权制度。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(20, 140, 189);box-sizing: border-box;">五是使“乡愁”成为城乡居民共享的文明成果</span></strong>，要改革城乡土地规划管理制度，统筹城乡建设用地资源，使城市居民需要的住房建设用地占城市区域的比重大幅提高到45%以上，逐步使经济型独栋住房成为城市居民住房的主体形态。同时要扩大放活各类村庄建设用地的交易范围，使之成为改善国民居住形态的重要资源。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章来源丨乡村振兴大政要论 村庄与城市</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 投稿邮箱丨xjxtd@126.com</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">中规建业城市规划设计院   信息中心</p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 38%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: 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