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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0px;padding-top: 1.3em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: -16px;margin-left: 30%;margin-right: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotate(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(45deg);-moz-transform: rotate(45deg);-o-transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 30px;height: 30px;border-left: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-top: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 22px;height: 22px;margin: 2px;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px;height: 16px;margin: 1px auto auto;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;margin: 1px auto auto;border-left: 12px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-bottom: 12px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">点击上方“”可订阅哦！</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;padding: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: white;box-shadow: rgb(225, 225, 225) 7.77817px 7.77817px 3px;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">厦门大学建筑与土木工程学院副院长、教授，中国城市规划学会城乡治理与政策研究学术委员</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">会副主任委员、控制性详细规划学术委员会委员</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">文超祥</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">，万科城市研究院项目经理</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">刘圆梦</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">，雅克设计机构深圳分公司城市设计部部长</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">刘希</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-indent: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2018年第7期撰文，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">海岸带作为一个独特的地域单元，其空间规划的技术方法和管理方式尚未引起足够的重视。文章通过对国内外海</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">岸带空间规划的简要概述，重点分析了荷兰、日本和美国等发达国家在海岸带空间规划实践中的特点与有益经验，由此结合</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我国的实际提出国内海岸带空间规划应构建海陆统筹的空间规划体系、重视海岸带分区管理和分区利用、注重科学分类和土</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地利用矩阵的应用。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 5px solid rgb(42, 118, 162);border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(254, 183, 182);padding: 5px 0px;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[关键词]海岸带；空间规划；海陆统筹；分区管理</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[文章编号]1006-0022(2018)07-0143-06　</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[中图分类号]TU984.183</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[文献标识码]B</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[引文格式]文超祥，刘圆梦，刘希．国外海岸带空间规划经验与借鉴[J]．规划师，2018(7)：143-148．</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3692308" data-w="65" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/icXLmWxNX28kogAxLd208pSP84gUjz0C5ccSgTh7NfJ0HcKBKMzoH4toibM1RFliaTIbeVdhANRRWb11mvlovGEmw/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> 海岸带空间规划概况</p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">早在 20 世纪 50 年代，西方国家就开始对海岸<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">带区域进行研究，并通过法律法规对岸线建设和海岸</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">防护做出规定。1972 年，美国颁布了世界上第一部</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">综合性的海岸带管理法规《海岸带管理法》(CZMA)，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">标志着现代海岸带综合管理的开端</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">。由此之后，各</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国在世界范围内展开了海岸带区域的综合管理，并</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">陆续制定了海岸带相关的空间规划，而土地利用管</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">制普遍成为规划重点。各国依据不同的用地管理模式，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">针对海岸带特点制定出适合本国国情的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">海岸带空间规划。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">近年来，我国沿海地区也广泛开展<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">了海岸带相关规划，如国家发改委编制</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的《黄河三角洲高效生态经济区发展规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">划》(2009) 将黄河三角洲的发展提升到</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">全国沿海经济布局的高度；而省级层面</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的《山东省海岸带规划》(2007) 则是我</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国第一个以省为单元、以城乡建设空间</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">管制为主要内容编制的海岸带规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">总体而言，我国海岸带管理起步较<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">晚，目前尚未制定国家层面的海岸带管</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">理法律法规。但在地方层面的海岸带管</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">理实践中，出于实际需要，做出了一些</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">有益的探索。例如， 《山东省海岸带规划》</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2007) 对陆域地区的开发建设实施了空</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间管制指引；《辽宁海岸带保护和利用</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划》(2013) 是全国首部关于海岸带保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">护和利用的规划，其将辽宁沿海经济带</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国土空间划分为重点保护功能区和重点</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建设功能区，以资源环境承载力为基础，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">实施功能分类管制；《福建省海岸带保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">护与利用规划(2016—2020)》则强调了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">政策管制和空间分类相结合的海岸带保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">护模式。这些积极的探索都在避免海陆</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">开发利用间的冲突、加强产业对接及促</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">进陆海统筹上具有一定的积极意义，但</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在科学性与有效性方面，还是与西方发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">达国家有较大的差距。因此，借鉴发达</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国家的先进经验对提高我国海岸带空间</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">规划和管理水平具有重要的现实意义。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/9XmWEObdCguiaKkgdHyNWMhsjy58iaXE4U7uHfRA9mYlUudoICCutovUweJXQmTHkPfPXtqzk7tQ2LVdxzdnVexg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">二</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国外海岸带空间规划经验</p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">荷兰</p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.海域和陆域的统筹管理</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">海域和陆域实行统一管理是荷兰空<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">间规划的一大特色。荷兰的空间规划体系</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">包括国家、区域和地方3个层面，具有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">自上而下的高度管制性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">，并以《空间规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">划法》等一系列法律法规作为保障。在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">国家层面，荷兰对海域和陆地国土进行</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">统筹，高度重视陆海功能的衔接</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">(图1)，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">并在陆域空间规划中明确了海岸带管理</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">区的范围。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.575" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgtdTOrPEJbZZ6oibWjd6oEK5o1w05lTc3GUQESpK2b6W0M8SBoxoIzgjS8mUphmwbfZczTGtdORXw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在海岸带管理区的空间管理上，荷<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">兰更是对海域空间的活动作出了具体的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">指引。以北海为例，针对其海域的空间活</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">动，国家管理部门提出以下任务：保护水</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">上航道的顺畅和安全流动；保证海岸带三</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">角洲计划的实施，保护基岩岸线；保护海</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">洋生态系统和自然保护区；为军演创造</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">空间；保证向海 12 海里的开阔视线；</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">保证海底管线的输送功能；指定采砂和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">补沙的空间范围；指定风电、石油等能</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">源的开采空间；保护考古价值等</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在海岸带管理区的空间规划上，<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">不仅要求在保障沿岸安全的情况下创造</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">岸线的丰富性和可持续性，保护和发展</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">海岸生态、游憩、商业捕鱼、港口及航</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">运等相关产业，还提出次级海岸计划的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">重点是为海岸线和其他产业发展创造长</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">期、安全的策略环境</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.“双线平衡”的管理模式</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“双线平衡”的管理模式是处理保<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">护和发展矛盾的有效手段之一。以南荷</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">兰为例，其空间共划分为以下几种类型：</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">城市网络、绿色结构、城市绿心、三角</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">洲地区、海岸带区域、绿色港口和主要</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">港口等，每种空间类型下包含多种用地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">小类，且各个空间类型间的用地小类并</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">不是孤立的，彼此间存在交叉融合(图2)。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="1.0072816" data-w="412" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgtdTOrPEJbZZ6oibWjd6oEKibwgP0EMbETZgq1yhvb9UfRrOibhbB4h9td4Y7CicMWMiamVdCFZ3bBppA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">海岸带区域分布有城乡、港口和<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">滩涂等，对于这些用地小类，荷兰在不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">同空间依据对应的政策加以管制。为了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">保存生态空间和农用地，促进城镇化的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">集中发展，荷兰的海岸带区域规划通过</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">红线和绿线予以规范。其中，红线内的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">城市应紧凑发展，新建建筑必须在红线</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">内；而绿线围绕乡村划定，禁止在绿线</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">内进行开发；红线、绿线之间的平衡区</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">则允许以改善性质为目的的小规模村庄</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">开发。通过红线、绿线和平衡区的引导，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">除了保证海岸带空间的有序开发之外，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">也保证了城乡空间的差异性和多样性，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">并提高了环境质量。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3.海岸带区域土地的定制化管理</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">荷兰的三级政府都有一定程度的自<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">治权，但彼此并不会采取互相矛盾的行</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">动。在荷兰的整个规划体系中，只有地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">方土地利用规划具有法律强制性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">，故</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">地方层面可以在上层次规划指导下开展</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">结构规划和土地利用规划。荷兰并没有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">全国统一的土地分类标准，对地方海岸</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">带区域的土地利用规划必须覆盖的范围</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">大小也没有规定。因此，市镇可以根据</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">海岸带区域每一块土地具体的使用情况</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">拟定土地用途和应遵守的规则。这些地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">块可以是单一功能，也可以是多种功能</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的混合，由此增加了海陆空间布局的灵</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">活性。除了土地用途外，还需附加使用</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">规则，如体量、高度及建筑密度等具体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">控制内容。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">日本</p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.开发管理分区</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为保护公共海岸，日本对海岸带实<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">行分区管理，即将海岸带划分为海岸保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">全区、一般公共海岸和其他海岸区分别</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">进行管理。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在管理部门方面，日本有多个部门<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">参与海岸带管理，但各自管辖的范围十</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">分明确。其中，海洋国土开发和海岸带</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">利用计划由国土交通省负责，其职责范</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">围涵盖河川、海洋、都市、住宅、道路</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和港湾等方面，在一定程度上有利于统</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">筹和协调。此外，农林水产省、环境厅</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">等多个部门也涉及到岸线的管理</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对于海岸保全区，根据用海方式进<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">行细分，形成港湾区、渔港区和临港区。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">其中，渔港区由农林水产厅的相关部门</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">管理，而港湾区和临港区则由国土交通</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">省下设的河川局与港湾局管理。通过明</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">确的分区，各个部门的管辖范围一目了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">( 图 3)。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8406305" data-w="571" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgtdTOrPEJbZZ6oibWjd6oEKjBbm2oxhytb32LpwcCYHcyuADWhb032AV2lzW3PtfahhVrdIsELG2g/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在适用法律方面，海岸保全区和一<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">般公共海岸是《海岸法》的管理对象，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">而其他海岸带区域由《港湾法》和《渔</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">业管理法》等法规来管理。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.开发利用分区</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">日本对海岸的保护与利用主要通过<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">制定保全计划实现。保全计划一般内容</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">为加强岸线防护，减少来自海水和岸线</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">侵蚀的危害，并在安全用海的前提下促</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">进海岸带的开发利用。以《大阪湾沿岸</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">海岸保全基本計画》(2002)为例，该计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">划依据沿岸的自然特性、社会特性和岸</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">线的连续统一性，将大阪湾海岸线划分</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">为3个分区，即环境保全亲近区、环境</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">创造期待区及环境创造活化区(图4)。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">3个分区的功能不同，沿岸的建设方针也</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">有所差别(表1)。此外，在3个分区的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">基础上，又将大阪湾沿岸市町村划分为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">21个区段，并根据各个区段的自然、社</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">会等具体特征制定深入的开发利用策略。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.855615" data-w="561" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgtdTOrPEJbZZ6oibWjd6oEKYMficoC3jjQrlX2icXv9gppSvHhbKWh8y0oKVcPeyKukOQucJJW10gLw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.3984375" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgtdTOrPEJbZZ6oibWjd6oEKIJUBm4hZbiaWU5p42GKIux2xJ070F8SwGqiaokGoGregz46ZRD6qzmHw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">美国</p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.海岸带用地分类</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">美国对于海岸带的土地利用有多种<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">方式，较为典型的为按照功能划分和按</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">照海陆性质划分两类。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">加州奥兰治县的纽波特比奇市<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">(Newport Beach)就是按照功能划分的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">代表。该市拥有 21 平方英里的海湾面</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">积和9000多英尺的海岸线，城市47％</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的土地处在海岸带范围内，是居住、商</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">业和文化娱乐胜地。由于城市高饱和开</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">发，地方政府开始制定区划，在容纳持</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">续增长人口的同时维持城市环境品质。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">例如，根据使用功能将用地划分为 7 个</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">大类，包括居住区、商业区、商务办公区、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">工业区、空港区、混合功能区、公共(半</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">公共 ) 空间和机构</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">。值得注意的是，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">区划为了突出对海洋的依赖性，根据位</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">置和商住特点对混合功能区中的滨水混</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">合区进行了再分类 ( 表 2)。这种做法促</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">进了居住、商业和办公功能的融合，在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">一定程度上弥补了传统区划滨水土地分</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">类功能过于单一导致的功能分化、职住</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">分离等缺陷。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4515625" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgtdTOrPEJbZZ6oibWjd6oEK1uNwlYGUkKF7kJDOHbBn1dqiaQh9zLcwVWK1FoZKFdF5TIh2v4oOqdg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">加州圣塔芭芭拉市(Santa Barbara)<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">则是按照海陆性质划分的代表。该市的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">陆域用地分为两级：第一层级根据土地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">使用功能划分为农业区、居住区、商业</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">区、工业区、特别意图区和其他地区等</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">类型；第二层级则根据土地使用的具体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">类型和控制要点将第一层级细分为若干</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">小类，如工业区进一步细分为工业研究</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">园、轻工业区、一般工业区、海洋相关</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">工业区和赖水工业区；特别意图区则包</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">含混合用途等类型区域。而对于海岸带</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">区域的用地分类则延续了陆地分类标准，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">并针对海岸带使用特点和环境影响对分</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">类进行了精简</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">，如工业区只保留了工</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">业研究园、赖水工业区和海洋相关工业区，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">其他类型中则新增了资源管理用地和交</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">通走廊(表3)。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.4203125" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgtdTOrPEJbZZ6oibWjd6oEKP8zkqI4V2Y4QvqSXdwpNf9OEgsK0dDeicYSWiamz2icIoYPuySBbgDb6w/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 7px;height: 7px;margin-left: -3px;border-radius: 50%;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 15px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 3px;margin-bottom: -1px;border-top-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="padding-left: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-top: 1px solid rgb(172, 172, 172);border-right-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);border-left-color: rgb(172, 172, 172);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.土地兼容矩阵</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">圣塔芭芭拉市在土地利用和开发条<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">例中还制定了土地使用兼容矩阵表，对</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">土地的兼容使用情况作出明确规定</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在每套土地使用兼容矩阵表中，土地的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">使用条件分为允许使用且无需许可、需</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">土地使用许可或海岸许可才可利用、需</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">有条件使用许可才可利用、需有次要条</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">件使用许可才可利用、需依照特殊用途</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">条款才可利用和不允许使用六大类。与</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">一般仅划分为兼容、有条件兼容和冲突</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">3 种类型的做法相比，圣塔芭芭拉市的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">土地兼容矩阵表更为细致合理，更便于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">实施。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">矩阵表规定了每类用地可以兼容的<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">用地类型或活动，同时为了便于评估开</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">发活动对海岸带的影响，矩阵表中额外</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">增加了海岸带用地类型。在资源保护区</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">矩阵表中，用地类型包括Toro Canyon</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">山区的海岸带及资源管理区的海岸带，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">海岸带区域和各类土地用途都具有不同</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">程度的兼容性 ( 表 4)。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.9265625" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgtdTOrPEJbZZ6oibWjd6oEK06d31s2hPc7uFUqyz6ibp3Eqt3ibkVIpZgIrOJxicx1Q3e0KicVEcByLiaQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">此外，所有的土地开发活动需依照<span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">矩阵表得到准许后进行，一般情况下，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">不在矩阵表中的开发行为是不被允许</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的。以表 4 为例，整个资源保护区不可</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">开发工业用途，且旅馆业和风力发电等</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">开发活动在海岸带区域 (CZ) 是被禁止</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">的，水产养殖在资源管理区 (RMZ)的海</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">岸带附近可以通过有条件使用许可获得</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">开发权力，而动物保护区则需依照特别</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">条例展开活动。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/9XmWEObdCguiaKkgdHyNWMhsjy58iaXE4U7uHfRA9mYlUudoICCutovUweJXQmTHkPfPXtqzk7tQ2LVdxzdnVexg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.28;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">三</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">国外海岸带空间规划借鉴</p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过梳理总结上述发达国家海岸带<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间规划的经验，可以为我国的规划实</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">践提供有益借鉴。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">构建海陆统筹的空间规划体系</p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">按照国内现行的海岸带空间规划，<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">绝大多数地市的陆域和海域规划相对独</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">立。由于两者之间规划编制的主体不尽</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">相同，导致两者之间缺乏统筹协调。虽</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然许多海岸带城市从自身需要出发制定</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">了海岸带规划，但由于海岸带范围并不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">明确，管理权限交叉重叠的现象十分普</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">遍，难以充分发挥海岸带的综合效益。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">因此，在海岸带城镇规划中，应当充分</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">考虑海陆统筹，并通过高度集中的海岸</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">带管理保证规划从中央到地方的落实。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">荷兰省级层面海岸带“双线”的划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">定及其对于海岸带空间的定制化管理对</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我国的海岸带开发管理具有积极的借鉴</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">意义。参照红线、绿线“双线平衡”的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">引导性开发模式，我国在海岸带区域建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">设开发中可以划定有效的增长边界。而</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">定制化管理的方式则可以结合我国现有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的控制性详细规划图则管理综合考量。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">可见，增长边界的划定在保护开敞空间、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">控制城市扩张上具有显著作用，而图则</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为精细化利用海岸带空间提供了更为有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">效的管理手段。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">重视海岸带分区管理和分区利用</p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在法规方面，我国目前并无专门的<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">诸如日本《海岸法》之类的法律对海岸</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">带空间进行针对性管理，现有的海域适</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用法律包括《海洋环境保护法》、《海</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">上交通安全法》和《港口法》等，均是</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从各个领域对海域空间的使用作出规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">定。在管理主体方面，我国海岸带区域</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的管理主体非常复杂，管理权限界限模</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">糊，涉海的管理主体较多，且海域与陆</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">域的范围经常出现重叠。日本的分区管</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">理明确了管理主体，即使有多个部门涉</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">及海岸带空间管理，通过分区管理可以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">使部门管理权限清晰、空间范围明确，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">使其各司其职。在这一点上，其对我国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">有积极的参照意义。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">我国也有类似于日本分区利用的方<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">式，海洋功能区划就是其中一类。我国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的陆域规划主要包括城乡规划、土地利</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用规划和林业规划等，海域规划则是以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">海洋功能区划为主。但我国的海洋功能</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区划存在诸多问题，如对每一个功能区</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">只做定性和定位研究，缺少从量上的控</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">制；对于如何平衡好不同功能区间的互</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">利和互损关系并未加以详细说明；对于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">如何处理好海洋立体空间功能上的重叠</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">利用关系也缺乏更加深入的研究。因此</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在这些方面我国可以汲取日本的经验，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据各个海岸带区段的自然、社会等具</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体特征进行分区，并根据实际需求制定</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">深入的开发利用策略，采用不同类型的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">利用方式，并从不同角度对目标海岸的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">开发利用提出补充利用机制，从而实现</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对滨海土地的高效利用。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</p></section><section style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">注重科学分类和土地利用矩阵</p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">美国加州的海岸带土地利用分类<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">突出了海岸带区域土地开发利用的特</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">殊性，导致陆域用地分类和海域用地分</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">类不尽相同。我国的海岸带区域则可以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">结合海洋功能区划和海岸带土地利用的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">特殊性，根据海岸带的使用功能并结合</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自然属性对用地分类进行优化和扩充。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以服务与休闲用地为例，可结合实际使</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用需求细分为陆域和海域两部分，并明</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">确与现行规划用地标准的关系 ( 表 5)。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.496875" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mgtdTOrPEJbZZ6oibWjd6oEK8ocPk0gK4ULT6DTgv1PvwfZhEnbEs5RJYVWTjeMLXPIuIs4Sh9JhBg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="png"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">土地的混合使用和兼容矩阵对我国<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的海岸带开发具有积极意义。土地的混</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">合使用有利于海洋相关产业的发展，避</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">免分类模糊而造成不兼容功能对开发活</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">动和海岸带环境的影响。混合区用途，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">特别是优化传统区划对土地用途的单一</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">划分，增加了土地利用的灵活性。通过</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">海岸带开发利用矩阵表和用地分类的共</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">同配合与指导，不仅能够有效地解决海</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">岸带空间利用上的混乱冲突，还能够提</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">高海岸带有限空间的利用率，增加土地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">使用效益。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/9XmWEObdCguiaKkgdHyNWMhsjy58iaXE4U7uHfRA9mYlUudoICCutovUweJXQmTHkPfPXtqzk7tQ2LVdxzdnVexg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: auto;background-attachment: scroll;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/kVODUOWSzqt3hh0xDBTgy88yEeiaN17jZHMFxa3p7Pvr6q5olQyvFpdynGOOvV6zu6oNOhp2Kic3YON3ElxRgdicQ/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0% -2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding: 5px;border-style: none none solid;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 6px;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;min-width: 10%;max-width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(216, 98, 34);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 6px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);overflow: hidden;padding: 5px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(252, 242, 241);padding: 0px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">结语</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-width: 10px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgba(247, 239, 226, 0.498039);margin-bottom: -2.5em;padding: 10px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 1px;padding: 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">海岸带作为海陆交界面的独特地域<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">单元，在快速城镇化进程中面临着巨大</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的生态压力。沿用传统规划技术与方法</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">指导土地利用，缺乏对海岸带特殊性的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">深刻认识、忽视陆海统筹等，都会造成</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间规划的失效。因此，海岸带区域亟</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">需因地制宜重构空间规划体系。本文在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">分析若干发达国家先进经验的基础上，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">提出了相应的借鉴建议，以期促进我国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">海岸带区域的可持续发展。</span></p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="float: left;text-align: start;padding-left: 10px;display: inline-block;max-width: 5em !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6875" data-w="128" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/CNibsXhcOsdMuEPtI4Q66p7upZS7kp3qV3zq7O4JFzhx5P9gtUxoXBQ3YbUSdvRb3KVRiblicwnQpEmCCP4pxaFSA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section><section style="float: right;text-align: start;padding-right: 10px;display: inline-block;max-width: 5em !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.6875" data-w="128" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/CNibsXhcOsdMuEPtI4Q66p7upZS7kp3qVrvhmP3XzbfVOzkvicHxjNsMLDiaWWkghIQP37b1Kia37umwYGsNrP1l1w/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.109375" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/9XmWEObdCguiaKkgdHyNWMhsjy58iaXE4U7uHfRA9mYlUudoICCutovUweJXQmTHkPfPXtqzk7tQ2LVdxzdnVexg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="gif"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;padding: 15px;border-width: 1px;border-radius: 5px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 226, 224);background-position: 233.929% 1.8202%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 107.589%;background-attachment: scroll;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/ICkpnM4EBziceUwiaeHt0ZqneGIb1jQrVXTBzY1e6vPvZYVlH9iaKoDYmHbib96CNVa4S5Etwt5HibqO9fe9cbx6JgQ/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(110, 110, 110);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">来源：2018年07期《规划师》杂志</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新媒体编辑：肖莉</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">审读：刘芳</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 0px 1.5em;margin-bottom: -35px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 10px;width: 100%;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文章全文详见《规划师》2018年07期</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《</strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span>国外海岸带空间规划经验与借鉴<strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.28;box-sizing: border-box;">》</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="height: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;background-color: rgb(118, 108, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" 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style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.75" data-w="640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mgtdTOrPEJbZZ6oibWjd6oEKFnz52zt3w0eFuIGDpaJsOwx34o3t0aHbfna4psIJB4COdkbB6gX88A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="vertical-align: middle;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;" data-type="jpeg"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(21, 103, 167);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;padding-left: 5px;padding-right: 5px;margin-bottom: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《规划师》杂志社                                         </p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;color: rgb(21, 103, 167);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.45;box-sizing: border-box;">地址：广西南宁市青秀区月湾路1号南国弈园6楼</span></p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">邮编：530029</span></p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">邮箱：planner@21cn.net</span></p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">网址：www.planners.com.cn</span></p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">电话：0771-2438012</span></p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">传真：0771-2436269</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/Ra5HBs4icGatyOJX0RdLlYsSbd5dhuyaTAC8Hg696nvH3xSI8R3FmLiaCOq8Tr0bHYg1BUuUGTWJZoqfZOUozvicA/640?wx_fmt=gif");background-position: 1.2602% 100.746%;background-repeat: repeat-x;background-size: 76.798%;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 10px 10px 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 61.8%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -10px 0% 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">更</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">多</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">精</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">彩</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(67, 103, 117);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">请猛戳右边二维码</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 38.2%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(67, 103, 117);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公众号ID</p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section 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