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<section style="font-size: 15px;line-height: 2;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-right: 12px;padding-left: 12px;color: rgb(7, 99, 151);font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">地学·人居·生态</strong></p></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;float: left;margin-top: -14px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px;height: 6px;border-radius: 100%;float: right;margin-top: -14px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);margin-top: -12px;padding: 10px;border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在2018年8月第十四期地景沙龙“人居·地学·生态”上，许多地学界的老专家与大家分享了自己的心得与体会。沙龙交流只是一个开始，我们借此总结了会上专家的发言，并与地学所近年来的研究成果汇集整理，以系列文章的形式展示出来，以期引起大家的讨论，推动学科间交流。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img class="" data-copyright="0" data-cropselx1="0" data-cropselx2="558" data-cropsely1="0" data-cropsely2="306" data-ratio="0.431" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZU16RibF1UITzk5GC9P37tfR6nJ6q2feVVtrMV2bPQ8wfqMNwDLrBrdFw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1000" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;width: 558px;height: 240px;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 3px solid rgb(216, 213, 213);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);font-size: 12px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">文/ 吴成基，西安陕师大旅游规划设计研究院、陕西师大旅游地学及地质公园研究中心，西安，710062</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">人居文化是一定地域内社会历史发展阶段的产物</span>，在人类生产活动的原始阶段，地域文化与地学（自然）环境条件有明显的、直接的依赖关系。人居文化处处打上了地学影响的符号和人们为适应地学环境做出种种努力的深刻烙印。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">关中地区的地学环境得天独厚，是目前中国历史上建都时间最长和建都朝代最多的地区。</span>关中地区在中国历史上的特殊地位，与该地区独特的地学环境有关。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.1);font-size: 80px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -50px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关中盆地概况</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.659375" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZUZL3552LqdN1TiaMUYnyib6aeicKa7uMJOZYOhJ4RINiazccFIYTDbdjhicw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">秦岭与关中盆地的位置</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">据地图教学网“中国山脉分布图”绘制<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">关中盆地简称关中。关中之名，始于战国时期。<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">包括陕西省秦岭北麓渭河平原和黄土台塬，西起宝鸡峡，东迄潼关港口</span>，东西长约360公里，西窄东宽。总面积39064.5平方公里。平均海拔约500米，北部为陕北黄土高原，南临秦岭。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">关中盆地西有散关(大散关)，东有函谷关，南有武关，北有萧关。四方的关隘，再加上陕北高原和秦岭两道天然屏障，使关中成为自古以来的兵家必争之地。工、农业发达，人口密集，是陕西省的富庶之地，号称<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">“八百里秦川”</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">古都西安</span>位于关中盆地中部，自然环境优越，渭、泾、沣、涝、潏、滈、浐、灞八条河流在西安城四周穿流，形成<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">八水绕长安</span>的美景。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.1);font-size: 80px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -50px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关中地学特征</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(7, 99, 151);padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 3px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(7, 99, 151);word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关中地学特征</strong></p></span> </section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在地质上，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">关中盆地属于中国最著名的汾渭地堑</span>。盆地南北多条正断层相向而倾，分别称秦岭大断裂和北山山前大断裂，地貌上分属于黄土台塬和渭河阶地。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.2296875" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZUobr7J4EQdUTibYreoaX1v2lt1ia6qJXyfkfXKGVyUWBh2xvO8liaqicrPg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">地堑、地垒示意图</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.30625" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZUmwqWA2xMf6CEiatA1SJmEb5jibOdSTGeYbicG5HzNUJcxQsTNNRfKrq8g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">关中盆地剖面图（由西向东看）</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">据中国地质科学院发布的“关中盆地水文地质图”绘制</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(7, 99, 151);box-sizing: border-box;">// 成语：“泾渭分明”的地学成因</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">渭河是黄河的最大支流，泾河又是渭河的最大支流，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">泾河和渭河在古城西安北郊交汇时，由于含沙量不同，呈现出一清一浊，清水浊水同流一河互不相融的奇特景观</span>，后人就用泾河之水流入渭河时清浊不混来比喻界限清楚或是非分明。这是由两河流经地区的水土流失量的差异造成的。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.665625" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZUgQtcYlmBHbLthiaUCUShN9O8rkwEfbqj7tm2OWHZyZRvVsIca1cMsHw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">泾渭分明（周星亮摄，图片来源：中新网）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">其实，泾渭两河的清浊问题并不是一成不变的。春秋时期是泾清渭浊，战国后期到西晋初年泾浊渭清，南北朝时期再度成为泾清渭浊，南北朝末年到隋唐时期复变成泾浊渭清，隋唐以后又成了泾清渭浊。泾渭两河的由清变浊，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">有自然的原因，也有人为的原因</span>，人为的原因实际上起着更为主要的作用。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(7, 99, 151);padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 3px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(7, 99, 151);word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">秦岭造山带与关中盆地南部地貌</strong></p></span> </section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">关中平原南依秦岭北坡，广义的关中盆地南界应达秦岭分水岭以北（北坡）。<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">秦岭造山带对于关中人文环境影响亦十分巨大。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5234375" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZUoIIawMibj1SLibf6EKSs9AnGqy00LvzNmKxH9BeeNBZ3b60z6ft0E0yg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">秦岭-大别山造山带基本构造单元划分</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">据张国伟等, 1997</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">秦岭</span>由华北地台南部大陆边缘、扬子地台北部大陆边缘对接碰撞形成，最高海拔3771.2米，是世界著名的大陆碰撞型造山带。秦岭主体受新构造运动和北麓大断裂的影响，北坡沟谷深切，而南坡则坡长而缓。在地貌上，秦岭山地整体上表现出北仰南俯的态势特征，形态由西向东渐次降低。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.35" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZU6eicm0qmedFDgRoFTgRNweQXBVG393JVP7el0oV60UhLdc9iabnaLFLQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">秦岭北坡断崖（左）和栈道（右）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">关中盆地南部险峻陡峭的秦岭北坡对人类活动有重要影响</span>，南北交流受阻，交通艰辛，唐代诗人李白的“蜀道之难，难于上青天……”就是对北坡陡峻的最好写照。今天在秦岭的沣河、黑河等峪的悬崖上遗存古栈道遗址，记录了古人入川之艰辛。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">然而另一方面，秦岭北坡的陡峭使得人们在较短的距离可以一路欣赏植被垂直带谱的变化，登顶终南之巅，一览群峰之小，倘佯在高山草甸之美中，使其成为<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">关中的后花园</span>。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.1);font-size: 80px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">03</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -50px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关中地学特征与古代都城规划</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">中国古代的一些思想家、政治家很早就认识到<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">地学环境对都城建设的重要性</span>。就十三朝定都长安的地理因素而言，长安城位居关中平原、地势第二阶梯，对下游形成居高临下之势。古人云：“自古帝者必居上游”；杜佑（通典·州君典）中云：“夫临治万国，尤惜大势，秦川是天下之上腴，关中为海内之雄地”。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">平原中黄土台塬地势高亢、平坦，土层肥沃，水草丰美。古代都城宫殿<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">阿房宫、大明宫、未央宫、含元殿</span>建于龙首原。咸阳塬成为帝王墓葬所在。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.556" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZUKCLauicR5FzXe1ZX6VOaunzibk8s99O8DrsDFYs2foSSFrxxlTW68bicw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="750" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.5023641" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZUPK0wJ3M5VloEMPph7wFK4ymCcnuXdKFVogDAuXSiae7qvo7VwNnHnpA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="846" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">唐含元殿遗址及复原</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(7, 99, 151);padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 3px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(7, 99, 151);word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">六爻地形与都城建制</strong></p></span> </section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">都城长安的城市建设利用当地独特的六爻地形</span>，是隋初建筑师<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(7, 99, 151);box-sizing: border-box;">宇文恺</span></strong>开创的。宇文恺从长安城梁洼相间的天然地形中找出了6条东西向横亘的黄土梁，以象征乾卦的六爻，并按卦词含义来规划城市建制，体现皇权至上的一种震撼和威严。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在长安城的东面分布有一系列<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">北东东-南西西向</span>展布的黄土梁，其中最有名的有<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">六条</span>，其间被低洼的黄土洼地相隔，称为六坡黄土盆岭地貌，至今仍然清晰可见。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">根据陕西师大西北环境发展研究中心李令福教授研究：初九高地（古人之称谓，以下同）是龙首原黄土梁，九二高地是劳动公园黄土梁，九三高地是槐芽岭黄土梁，九四高地是古迹岭黄土梁，上九高地是大雁塔黄土梁。只有九五高地比较特殊，是由西安交大黄土梁和乐游原黄土梁两个组成的。高地之间依次为八府庄、莲花池、西工大、兴庆池、沙坡、观音庙洼地。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8734375" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZU2DHalxvdoAKBoCzl4Qgtfw4UXCR9zYpZyPnXe1SeTia0ILHib5EcHDfA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">隋唐长安城中的六爻地形示意图（据李令福）<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">隋初建大兴城时的皇城，寺院等大型建筑的位置都与六爻思想要求的布设完全相符，唐时沿用，没有改变其位置与范围。<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">宫城占据九二高地</span>，以当帝王之居；<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">九三地方建设皇城</span>，以应君子之数；<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">九五之贵位置玄都观及兴善寺</span>，以镇之。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">这种布局不仅合理地利用了地形，在营造城市景观上达到视觉上的错落有致，而且可以给城市建置<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">赋予一种文化内涵，实现心理上的天人合一</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">到了唐代，发展和突破了六爻的理论。兴建<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">大明宮</span>于初九高地的龙首原上，唐长安城的重心转移到东部，使广义的龙首原成为长安城的龙脉。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">同时，汉唐长安城有泾渭等八水围绕，且南倚终南山。加之气候温和，雨量充沛，八水流量皆相当大，使<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">汉唐长安城皆位于农田灌溉网的中心</span>，能利用水力，修凿漕渠，唐长安城渠水中可以行船即为一例。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(7, 99, 151);padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 3px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(7, 99, 151);word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">六爻地形地质成因</strong></p></span> </section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">进一步研究认定，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">这种特殊有规则展布的盆岭地貌与地质构造有关</span>，它们受控于<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">北东-南西</span>延伸的<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">临潼-长安断裂带</span>上盘形成的书斜式次级断裂，或者说是这些断裂在地表形态上的显示。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">临潼-长安断裂是西安断陷东南边界断裂，走向北东，倾向北西，是渭河盆地中活动性强烈的断裂之一。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7889518" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZUcSgA56Vd6NVpVqdLj890dFspz8GypwwmDtnnrvd5iadzf4ib9SyMiajHQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="706" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">临潼-长安断裂</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: justify;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">断裂上盘诱发一系列同生的次级断裂。</span>彼此大致平行，走向与主断裂相同，倾向相反，剖面上与主断裂构成“Y”字型。次级断裂活动在地表形成盆岭地貌(梁洼相间)，地震勘探查明表层地裂缝均有下伏隐伏断裂对应。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.8125" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZUgHPbXIqFtIibaibJjlD67Ziahr6KCjcT2V8BppeAus1xt2DwzLT2v0GZg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">临潼-长安断裂上盘的书斜式次级断层（据张家明）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgba(62, 62, 62, 0.1);font-size: 80px;line-height: 1;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">04</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: -50px 0% 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 21px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">现代西安地裂缝</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(7, 99, 151);padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 3px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(7, 99, 151);word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">地裂缝的超常活动及人为因素</strong></p></span> </section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">上世纪70年代后期先后在<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">西安市区</span>发现<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">14条地面裂缝带</span>，均呈北东东-南西西向展布。地裂缝活动对于西安城建、交通和市民生活造成极大危害。地裂缝成为西安重要的环境地质灾害问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">经过地质界、地震界学者多年的研究，现在已经查明西安地裂缝的加剧活动是在区域地质构造的西安凹陷持续沉降背景下，由于新构造运动期间临潼-长安断裂带次级断层活动加之人为过量抽取承压水使地下水位急剧下降形成大范围承压水下降漏斗，导致地裂缝形成。因此，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">西安地裂缝是构造背景与人为活动叠加影响的产物</span>。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-ratio="0.7173579" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7JYdiaK9Agurr4dZ3GibopZUwtWqblsOG9HLe5Gyibkv3ajQmVukEibGOwm0DicVxD7ezTRrWaT6ibHlFQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="651" style="vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">西安地裂缝与断裂关系</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">地裂缝的超常活动主要与<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">人为抽汲地下水引起的地面沉降</span>有关，因此我们可以通过人为良性干预以降低地裂缝活动水平。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">上世纪90年代由于秦岭黑河水库开始向西安供水，西安原有的500多眼自备井已经全部关闭，1996年使用黑河水的南郊地区的承压水位已经停止下降，近年来还有小幅回升，地下水位下降将会得到全面控制，随之西安地面沉降及地裂缝活动也将趋于减缓。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1;"><section style="display: inline-block;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(7, 99, 151);padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 3px;padding-left: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 0.4em;min-width: 1.8em;min-height: 1.6em;line-height: 1;text-align: center;border-radius: 80% 100% 90% 20%;background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);color: rgb(255, 255, 240);box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><span style="display: inline-block;margin-left: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.4;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(7, 99, 151);word-wrap: break-word !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">启示：树立人地和谐的发展理念</strong></p></span> </section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">人类社会的一切活动，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">总是要在一定的地域范围展开，植根于特色的地学环境，离不开特定的生态环境</span>。在尊重自然的同时，人类也可以通过主观努力改变生态环境，在新创造的生态环境基础上进一步推动社会发展。不尊重自然环境，将受到大自然的惩罚。<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">必须敬畏自然、尊重自然规律，必须控制自己的行为</span>，将各种工程活动限制在大自然可以接受的程度下。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: rgb(7, 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