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<section style="font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);padding: 3px 10px 3px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);border-radius: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(160, 160, 160) 0px 0px 0px;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 35%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEZVFNehe3egqgE3hVxwIiboicLZlbNRxMnbSrW96nh24L8NmibO1PbBqMA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 65%;box-shadow: rgb(160, 160, 160) 0px 0px 0px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 5px;border-width: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 13px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">ID:</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">转载自 凤凰WEEKLY（ID:phoenixweekly）</span></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者|齐德龙  </span></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 0%;background-repeat: repeat;background-size: 68.3688%;background-attachment: scroll;padding: 15px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzERribJzJrgQb0JMnWWpYem4TMqzzyDLliaCzuZMG4xPdCnRJVLGaiadbuw/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">每次堵在路上，都会忍不住思考一个终极问题：为什么我们的城市这么堵？</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">国庆节，一年一度难得的长假期，把时间浪费在路上实在让人太烦恼。去年，就有网友表示，108公里的高速路，竟然足足开了六个多小时。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEgEqrC9RliaCFnvxw2oP0WzNBl68txQfyphnE3ticmF1V6Aksnq3eM26g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">去年国庆，某高速公路收费站前大堵车，平均等候时间3小时</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">不过堵车，其实也不是节假日的专利。不管是开车，还是搭乘公共交通，有时甚至是骑自行车，赶上早晚上下班高峰，同样是叫天天不应叫地地不灵。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEdyiaf8F4h2Bibiajbhq34qYOh20YX1381biaSh6VfVWQkicPmBQB8esMMSA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果你不幸生活在一二线大城市，这样的壮观场面，几乎每天都会上演。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzENq0SoibqeKOdDygn9mEpicNQ0tEumF7WuDHOwudY76OM35IR98oAVMZw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">有时，最极端的堵车，甚至能持续几十天，非常恐怖。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2010年8月，京藏高速上演过一次世纪大堵车。当时，由于受到煤矿治理影响，大量货车涌入内蒙古运煤，导致京藏高速公路交通流量急剧增加，加上交通调度不畅，这次堵车持续了二十多天，拥堵路段近百公里。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEg6RibwLjVoBH4kJWmGTsA9YGASmvQPsc17OFWddrUF5oUWkvn8x3xiag/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">当然，如此极端的案例不算多，而更普遍的情况，则是一些有苦说不出的无奈。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEicfTxrFvXMJjbhBB2BOG6Z6jTcmzX2StDGFbEk5bZJsYribxZCwIlGFA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">近年来，除了北上广深等一线堵城，堵车已经开始蔓延到一些小城市。甚至有时，由于公共交通不够发达，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">一些二三线城市的堵车现象，反而更加严重</span>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzE6JaS5gQgYsEJs5hLeocx8b4dEwtoUPYW7QRnicgiaDAGdicYen2N3UzOQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2017年，位于城市拥堵排行榜榜首的是山东济南（</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">数据来自高德地图)</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">讲道理，大多数城市都为缓解拥堵想了不少办法，也出台了很多措施：像是路面拓宽、加开公交、修地铁、私家车限号，甚至<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">从一天限两个号到一天限一半号</span>。但即便如此，堵车问题几乎不见缓解，在有些地方甚至越来越严重。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">这到底是为什么呢？</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通：量大≠质量好</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 3px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(7, 185, 235);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: auto;border-top: 9px solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 9px solid transparent !important;border-right: 9px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -10px;margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;border-top: 9px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;border-left: 9px solid transparent !important;border-right: 9px solid transparent !important;"></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">普及公共交通的确能缓解巨大的路面压力，但是前提是线路设计合理、符合城市特点。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">但在现实中，符合以上亮点太难了。反观我们的城市，规划不够合理的公共交通，反而加重了交通压力。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">以普及程度最高的<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">公交车</span>为例。在我国大多数一二线城市，公交线路的数量绝对不输于大多数国家。截至2016年底，北京市公交运营线路有1020条，上海市公交运营线路有1457条。而伦敦市的公交线路仅有700多条，悉尼市仅有600多条。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">然而，公交线路多，并不代表有效率。无效的公共线路最明显的错误之一，就是<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">重复线路过多</span>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">学者认为，城市中公交线路有超过25%的重复比例，就会严重影响城市交通效率。而评定一个城市交通效率高不高，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">公共交通线路重复系数</span>是关键指标。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通线路重复系数，即线路密度与线网密度的比值，《交通工程手册》规定，线网重复系数以<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">1.25－2.5</span>为宜。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">但我国的城市远远达不到这个指标。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEOxreGq15piaRzXVYRoo25ibagdIlzPiaEfIY6jxySLBpiauejeBy67MQiaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2017上半年中国主要城市线路重复系数，深圳为8.15，广州9.62，北京7.18，其余二线城市也普遍在4以上。（</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">数据来自高德地图）</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">即使线路年年改、年年优化，也难以弥补设计之初的一些失误。以北京为例，多条公交路线与地铁路线重合，有些线路重合率甚至达到100%，这无疑极度地浪费了有限的道路资源。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">常年被评为“堵城”之首的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">济南</strong>，就是道路规划失败的典范。由于整个老城市都依赖一条主干道“经十路”，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">城市主要功能区也依这条路而建</span>，导致城市常年拥堵不堪。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEQpw1uHUj2vFBXW9fD6dTyrlVA8bqnazUjQYuva8JzJ4picveRYicyjJQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">济南地图，城市中心只有一条主干道</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">由于是必经之路，在这条路上顺行公交线路多达50余条。可以说是非常“添堵”了。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEav1FGEBQXic2ft1UoicB5ofBXicuXicbYN4iaFnoe82hfBr5jRQhWlwUezg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">济南只是大多数北方城市的缩影。特别是北方古城，一条主干道囊括了城市的居民区、行政区、商务区，当人口数量激增之后，居民区转移到新城，但是医院、商场、学校多数还在原地，每天大规模移动进城，便造成了更大的拥堵。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">在这样的城市，通过<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">增加线路和车辆、划分公交专用车道</span>来解决拥堵，更会适得其反。公交车速度慢、车体大、占道时间长，一味增加线路，硬是把原本就不宽裕的路隔出一道，反而不利于道路疏通。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">事实上，公交车的作用应该是作为毛细血管，将市民送至各自的家门口——<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">线路分散，站间距离短、覆盖面强</span>。而地铁作为城市的主动脉，应该在人口密集区域，线路重复率高一些。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">但过度寄希望于地铁也不现实。据统计，我国仅有46个城市获批修建地铁，基本上集中在人口多、财政收入好的城市。例如江苏省，就有南京、苏州、无锡、常州、徐州、南通六个城市已建成或在建地铁。而河南，仅有郑州、洛阳两座城市获批。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">地铁虽好，但并非所有城市都能承受、高达<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">每公里7亿</span>的高昂造价，以及修建过程大拆大建造成的路面拥堵。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEOZ1XkfIiawcXdp8jiaZthZP4jalxU9Qm5uZq5NM0xhRX8RbGCOpOc3Gw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">石家庄市一口气规划修建了6条地铁。自2012年起遍地挖坑，足足修了五年。导致整个城市到处堵车，交通混乱。</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果修地铁是单纯为了缓解城市交通压力，忍受一时的困难也就算了。但是，更多城市<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">完全不考虑实际路况</span>是否合适，反而宁愿砸锅卖铁、背负高额贷款也要修建地铁的原因，无非是为了带动房地产。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEWDNPUfTYLZK9ibibfF2vF1te5SmYNAnAYNMueYYrTWv23icZOyibu1JiadQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">某房地产广告词，很多楼盘，明明地铁毛都没有，仅凭一纸规划便开始忽悠人了</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">更令人难过的是，即便在地铁已经建成的一线城市，规划也存在严重的问题。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果你有在北京坐地铁的经验，那么从起点到目的地全程不用换乘一步到位，是非常幸运的事情。更多的情况，有时明明实际距离只有几公里，却需要换乘两至三次地铁，极其不方便。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEPKUJvmxiboJXRXqG8UCjN7icOAF0YWgIib96qELK9Ldev0uKg3wEBgacQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">北京地铁看似方方正正、分布均匀，实则完全没有考虑各区域人流量差异极大的问题，导致有些站过度拥挤，有些站空无一人。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市交通没有形成网状放射结构，中心区人流无法通过多条线路疏散。可以说，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">“平均分配”在交通规划中，是最无意义的</span>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEoSTuyr6cQ7Zs5UTpWXiabGiaerMDw0WM4bDcichJOVwTlQ1SjFuxPh74g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">从伦敦地铁图可以看出，市中心人流密集处地铁线路重复率非常高。乘客可选择多，不会造成过分拥挤。而各个线路的规划也并非一蹴而就，而是根据长期人口流动规律充分考虑后的结果，并非纸上谈兵。</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;">公共交通不发达</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;">减少私人交通，或许适得其反</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 3px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(7, 185, 235);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: auto;border-top: 9px solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 9px solid transparent !important;border-right: 9px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -10px;margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;border-top: 9px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;border-left: 9px solid transparent !important;border-right: 9px solid transparent !important;"></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">有人认为，只要人人不开车，路上就不会堵车。因此，有必要通过摇号限牌来控制私人交通（也确实是这样做的）。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">有类似做法的并非只有我国。在<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">新加坡</strong>，从20世纪90年代就开始实行<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">车辆定额分配制度</strong>来控制车辆增长，实际操作类似于我国的摇号。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">但不同于我国的是，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">新加坡公共交通出行比例极高</span>。新加坡的公共交通，可以完全实现<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">地铁和公交无缝对接</span>——地铁站同时是多条公交的转换站，无论是到市区、旅游区还是商业中心都极其方便。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">由于新加坡国土面积实在有限，无法向外扩张，整个国家（即城市）发展已接近饱和，选择控制私家车数量，也实属无奈之举。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">而我国的公共交通发展尚未完善，在<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">城市尚有极大发展空间</span>的情况下，首选控制私家车数量，反而会起到反作用。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">试想一下，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">当公共交通无法满足出行需求，又必须开车的情况下</span>，碰上限号，唯一的选择，就是再买一辆车来躲避限号。这样一来，私家车不仅没有减少，反而增加了，形成<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">越限号车越多</span>的恶性循环。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果能够合理规划道路，保证夜间停车位，制定错峰出行流量控制机制，私家车效率远非同路并行的公共交通可比。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">以北京为例，2018年初设定的总体目标是年内机动车总数不超过<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">610万辆，这个数字相当于纽约的一半</span>，如果考虑城市面积，则机动车密度相差更远。如果真是车多惹的祸，纽约有充足的理由摇号限牌。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEd7SGibrKzVaJtWJ5MWjRNoSwR9qmzNkEteJlwWibAWPKxqljEiak6ict5w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">  </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">所以抱怨车多路堵之前不妨多问一句：<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">到底是私家车太多了？还是公共交通太差了？</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划过于集中</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;">路少人多是终极难题</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 3px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(7, 185, 235);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: auto;border-top: 9px solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 9px solid transparent !important;border-right: 9px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -10px;margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;border-top: 9px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;border-left: 9px solid transparent !important;border-right: 9px solid transparent !important;"></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">曾经有人做过这样一个对比：中国的马路宽度虽然无人能及，然而比起<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">路网密度</span>的话就完全不行。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">种种历史原因，我国很多城市由众多封闭式小区、大院、单位，将城市切割成一个个狭小斑块。城市缺少毛细血管，单纯依靠主干道路，一味拓宽也无济于事。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEpJGE22lY9lOH7g6AKvGCo830q5Emh77IBmicp332PB0JI75JuzDRSKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">上图为街区模式：街道呈网络状，可达性强，居住空间看；下图为小区模式：道路单一，可达性差，居住空间封闭。图：@吸萌大官人</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">相比之下，中国城市中，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">南方城市因为依水而建，规划要明显好于北方城市</span>。因为城市并非方方正正的规则形状，因此窄路更多，反而增强了城市毛细血管运输能力。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEynKVXUD2ExpMEHP7286TURiaYMMQ8yQZKL8lWSBeBZaeOxrtfLiblR5w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">相同比例尺下纽约和北京路网密度对比。巨型城市绿地、封闭住宅小区，都让城市出现了很多断头路。</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">但是，并非所有的方正城市，都必然拥堵。例如街区式规划的典范<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">巴塞罗那</span>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1854年，这个西班牙第二大城市，因人口急剧增变得拥挤不堪。土木工程师塞尔达，经过5年的调查研究，放弃老城的原有规划，设计了一套<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">正交网格状道路结构</span>，这就是后来全世界的城市规划准则——<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">塞尔达规划</span>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEyiatM57Xr1ehOnX7Cx2ua6JjkH7yjcFAGw95LoStBtVJibfZQzLbj3bg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴塞罗那街道，宽度被限定为20、40以及60米三种尺寸；设定密集的公交网络，市民平均等候不超过 5 分钟；还增加了长约 300 公里的自行车道</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">上个世纪九十年代，我国也曾试图学习过<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">西方的“环岛”模式</strong>。环岛设置在路口，无需等待红绿灯，即可按顺序通行，能提高通行效率。环岛非常适应于西方“窄马路，多路口”的开放式街区模式，主要目的是降低车速和减少事故率。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">然而在中国，在硕大的十字路口修建环岛，更多地考虑了观赏性，在很多城市甚至成为了当地地标。而缺点也十分明显：行人和非机动车极难通过，加上环岛一味求大，弧度过小，无法达到降速的效果。速度快，视野小，反而更容易发生事故。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzE0yCPXy2VS4elYL8dxCWly6lfANTCmKMeFXPsSQJ29CWHkNAP5ZztEg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">此外，众多农用地、大型公共绿地也在城市中占据不少的面积。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzEibUukb673OHDvtHu78ksjib0j827HWwpXFHn4pSlaIicOZ1AXd6OHv0RA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">北京三环内有150亩中国农科院的实验田，号称“世界最贵农田”。农科院有实验田无可厚非，但之所以至今依旧坚挺在寸土寸金的三环内，也是一个复杂的历史遗留问题。</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">另外，马路宽且少，就导致十字路口巨大，行人通行困难。红绿灯少但通过时间长，增大了通行难度。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">有效的路少，但需要走路的人却不少。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">以北京为例，北京市官方公布的常驻人口为2197万。如果加上未列入统计在内的流动人口（正在看这篇文章的你有很大概率就属于这一部分），根据整个城市生活用水量和手机卡发放数量等数据估算，整个北京的实际人口，大概在<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">3500-4000万左右</span>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">从数量上讲，人口数量当然多。但相同人口数量级的城市也并非没有。东京都市圈人口超过3700万，堵车情况虽然有，可绝没有我们如此夸张。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">再看占地面积。整个东京<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">城市圈</span>占地8547平方公里，东京都内，占地面积2191平方公里。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">而北京占地面积为16410平方公里，但这个面积是北京整个行政区的大小，包括西北部山区和各个郊县。<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">至于真正人口最多的城区面积，你猜有多少？</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">答案是，北京的五环内，仅仅只有667平方公里。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">即便如此，<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">北京城区内人口分布也极为不均</span>，人口大量集中于东城西城朝阳海淀四区，人口密集的主城区面积其实非常有限，这造成了一个<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">大城套小城</strong>的镶嵌格局。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">而中国城镇化的进程，又基本上是以北京为蓝本的——<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">摊大饼式发展，不断建设偏远“新区”、“特色小镇”</span>。但土地扩张并没有真正激活周边发展，中心城市外围地带的吸引力严重不足，反而导致城市中心区人口交通承载能力严重不足。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">相比日韩欧美中心城市，中国大城市人口不够集中，但<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">大城市中心地带的人口过于集中</span>，没有形成大都市圈，以至于离开天安门五十公里就已经到了河北固安，四环之外就毫无省会城市观感。有效都市面积根本就没有多少。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibCdROuTmFfjclgse58EzlzELpC9U46KhGKbDehFfBHKZt9CtHxnFQBvyos6qlTcyAFWHjicH8TicHyg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 12%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;line-height: 1;font-size: 11px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;display: inline-block;border-bottom: 1.2em solid rgb(7, 185, 235);border-left: 0.7em solid transparent !important;border-right: 0.7em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;width: 88%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“我爱北京天安门正南50公里”，是河北省廊坊市固安县的城市宣传口号。</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">这才是大中小城市齐齐堵车的根本原因——<span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">人口数量不是关键，密度才是最大关键</span>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">至于如何降低人口密度，我想，如果我们的城市管理者，能够把精力从降低分子（直接把人轰走），放一部分到增大分母（扩大城市“有效”面积）上，相信堵车问题，一定能有所缓解。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 40%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" 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10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">北京中规建业城市规划设计院</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">地址：</strong>北京市海淀区学清路9号汇智大厦B座</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">电话：</strong>010-57811531</p></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 100%;text-align: right;margin-top: -4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 50px;height: 4px;background-color: rgb(125, 106, 96);box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align:center"><img 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