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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 5px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.2px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">本刊原创，谢绝转载</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">内容合作请查看文末联系方式 </span></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 30px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 20px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 20px;padding-left: 20px;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);line-height: 1.8;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">纽约寸金尺土，阅读空间比阅读内容来得更珍贵难得。随着实体书日渐被电子书，互联网等科技淘汰，纽约新兴的图书馆在建筑的意义上也发生了本质性的转变。本文将分析近期几个城市里比较有名的图书馆项目，包括墨西哥建筑事务所TEN Arquitectos复修的第53街道图书馆，哥伦比亚大学GSAPP院长Amale Andraos的工作室WORKac设计的  Kew Gardens Hills Library,和即将建成的史蒂文霍尔设计的Hunters Point Community Library，由此引出对纽约的图书馆设计思潮演变。这些项目都不约而同地运用了室外与室内空间交错的概念(inside out)来加强和周边的环境的关系，以发挥图书馆的社会凝聚力。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.8;letter-spacing: 0px;padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 45px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17uye6TQFH6DogZIQ4TzvnuNxxh1r5HgTibrJ4EiafLCYYYHOI3Wj3d3Fg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">纽约53街分馆剖面图阐述建筑和城市相互依存的关系 （照片来源：TEN Arquitectos）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">在现代纽约的建筑气候里，什么类型的图书馆设计才是利于城市进程的？如何才能利用设计放大都市里人口稠密的优点，同时突破空间稀缺的限制？ 哥伦比亚建筑系教授，nArchitects始创人Mimi Hoang曾提出三个设计的切入点：第一，建筑的空间组织层面(organizational)，包括组织的逻辑、室内外空间划分；第二，建筑的形态层面(morphological)，关乎具体的建筑体量形态；第三，建筑的社会层面(social)，为人们之间的交流构建框架。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 45px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(176, 41, 18, 0.85);font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">组织层面：</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">53街图书馆是如何成为街道的一部分？</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">旧的建筑思潮推崇的图书馆是一种内向型的，与世隔绝的空间，建于二十世纪初的纽约公共图书馆NYPL便是一个具有典型的强烈代表性的作品。巴黎美术学院体系Beaux-Arts风格之父Carrere & Hastings为曼岛中城设计的图书馆便是运用了一个堂皇的，极具学院派风格的立面，以清楚清晰，不含糊地划分室内与室外的空间。建筑的空间组织和人流方向(circulation)分明：访客通过古典柱和拱门进入内部空旷及宽敞的大堂，然后再进入主空间——阅览室。阅读廊楼层高，空间长而宽，房间的窗户置于视线水平以上的高度，于书架的上方，读者在阅读间歇能仰望天空，却不受街道上繁华俗世生活所影响。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17ibk9mtohhVhVUqp2RSj0OdYv6s6fViadytlETpOOOKkT8jGa1ScMWXbA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">在42街的纽约公共图书馆主馆Rose Main Reading Room (照片来源：David Iliff/维基)</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">纽约公共图书馆53街分馆与老馆建成年份相差将近100年，地理位置上相隔9条街，同位于曼岛繁华的中城区。相比而言，探讨的则是空间组织学上的另外一种可能。由于53街分馆的建筑退线出让(recede)比邻近的建筑多，立面上采用不显眼的透明玻璃幕墙，2016年开幕时，建筑藏匿在城市的机理里，经过53街或者光顾现代艺术博物馆MoMA的游人相对不能轻易留意到该图书馆。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17ibnmGP48hhYDZ070x4xYC66ImTibNA7k0jT7uVTicCga7f0S8ic0XYjHcA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">纽约公共图书馆53街分馆，混凝土玻璃幕墙的立面，模糊室内外空间的分隔线。（图片来源：TEN Arquitectos）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">玻璃幕墙后的空间从一楼一直延伸到地下室，形成一个双层的室内空间。橡木制的楼梯不单连接着上层与下层，它还是一个罗马西班牙大台阶（Spanish Steps）一般的，有11梯级的剧场和阶梯教室(auditorium)梯级上配置靠垫，人们可以随意的在里面阅读、使用笔记本电脑，建筑师甚至突发奇想，允许大家在图书馆此处进食。阳光透过玻璃幕墙洒进地下室，使得这个阅览空间更赏心悦目，人们更能仰视着道路上的行人和车辆，一层的玻璃出入口同时被赋以框景的用途。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17VYCROia0r3VoPdkhgZYw2KcID97CXAk8vewo9q0b47aRibZJGP9DaKlA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">纽约公共图书馆53街分馆入口和大台阶 。（照片来源：2x4）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">藏书和部分阅览的空间藏于地下室。设计师巧妙地使最常用的公共空间面向街道，利用一个多孔式的外墙把室外空间视觉上引导到室内。53街分馆可看做是一种街道的延续，如果说NYPL是富个人主义的纪念碑式建筑的话，那么 53街图书馆则是一种采用偏向功能性主导的现代风格(modernism)。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 45px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgba(176, 41, 18, 0.85);font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">形态层面：</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">库哈斯是如何改革了图书馆的设计</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17QgicDmf5CWrsC9S5nZB8gowicdstXWszLhdRqETATnNwkfIt42zOKia5A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">法国国立图书馆的参赛模型，清楚可见虚实建筑体块的转换 （照片来源：OMA）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">OMA在功能形态上解放了现代图书馆的设计。事务所先在1989年为一个法国的图书馆竞赛设计出法国国立图书馆（Tres Grand Bibliotheque），后来又在1992年为巴黎第六大学Jussieu校区设计了两个图书馆以及2004建成的华盛顿的西雅图公共图书馆。他们的建筑概念出其不意，为20世纪现代图书馆的设计理念开创了先河。他们提出图书馆不应只着重藏书，而应包含其他社会功能。例如，法国国立图书馆的设计用虚与实的建筑体块的复合和切换手法，来传递出信息空间和公共空间的对照。Jussieu图书馆更是把城市的偶然性引入建筑，以相连的断层替代传统堆叠的楼层。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">作为当代文化建筑的典范，图书馆应具有外观的张力，和激发人们停留使用的公共空间。Steven Holl设计的纽约皇后区猎人角社区图书馆Hunters Point Community Library，与Jussieu校区图书馆方案以及西雅图公共图书馆类似地，在建筑理念强调行人的流动路线，正如Holl所述，“用户利用嵌有书架的楼梯从下到上的流动着，沿途可以透过立面上的切口观赏城市的景色” (glazed cuts in the facade grant users views toward the city as they move up a series of bookshelf flanked stairs)。夜色时分，猎人角社区图在长岛市海岸线上闪闪生辉，人工光源从立面上的开洞流出，明亮的部分突出人流的方向和方位。访客在梯级上步行时能眺望城市的光景，同时也被建筑以外的途人所探视着。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17RCxO46gvG4o4ib5gDlUghRaeicG4p3BFINyNERlRPOcPVUkuRJ9f1icLg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">纽约皇后区猎人角社区的夜景（图片来源: Steven Holl Architects）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">同在皇后区的法拉盛丘园山图书馆Kew Gardens Hills Library同样有着半实体半通透的建筑外壳(partly solid and partly transparent facade)。设计师利用建筑的封口和缺口表现场地内不同区域的开放度，适时在视觉上打开和隐藏不同功能的空间。自从OMA对图书馆的设计的重新定义，很多图书馆便沿用他们对知识空间和公共空间的可对比性加以发挥，可见其重大的学术影响力。我们接下来的问题是：如何突破形态的定义，在社会等方面回应因其他知识媒体崛起带来的挑战？</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding-right: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17bHTCgJQoDuvuBOGPfTzD0euDboGAyHZhib7AkdQZO7iafbiaJfbqeNibSA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 50%;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17nQ8CAboiapdAl0aiaLKYwlHyM2njtVwFCcsuXeic3A4FcbzictBYRAj7ew/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">左图为法拉盛丘园山图书馆被提高的角落，面向商业街；右图为图书馆的儿童区域，玻璃缺口的高度也为这一区域使用者量身打造。（图片来源：Bruce Damonte）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 45px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgba(176, 41, 18, 0.85);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">社会层面：</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Holl口中的社会凝结器意指的什么?</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">图书馆看似一个无争议性的(anodyne)设计命题，却时常会牵涉到城市里的社会、政治等争议性话题。历史上，图书馆曾为知识民主化做出很大的贡献。而现如今，新媒体几乎成为了发布知识的最主要的渠道，它甚至比经营书本的成本更低，效率更高。然而，图书馆依旧承载着现代城市的重要功用。在纽约的社会环境里，穷人和富人就算身份悬殊，收入差距巨大，但迫于纽约地少人多的限制，他们往往会共用城市里的不同空间。另一边，由于纽约政府对于住房承受能力；穷人、残疾人等弱势群体流动性等议题的漠视，又加剧了城市空间的不公义(spatial justice)。正如Steven Holl所评论的“图书馆是城市的书房（urban rooms）”，是“社交凝结器”(social condensers)”。图书馆的设计应该考虑到地区的贫富差距——权衡对贫困社区的利弊，社会经济的不平等等问题，担当起一个个推动和催化社会变革的机器。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">建筑的组织学和形态学，作为设计的前线元素，大大的影响着建筑的社会功能。以TEN Arquitectos事务所设计的纽约公立图书馆53街分馆为例，前文提到的“大台阶”不但改变着馆内的空间构成，更改造了53街街区空间性，令图书馆溢出室外，从而强调出知识的开放性。法拉盛丘园山图书馆也成就了一个富包容性的读书环境。单层的结构以一个简单的提角的动作，视角上旷阔了人行道的范围，也打通了城市的转角。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">纽约城市构图独特，五个埠的社会经济和文化背景各不相同，其差异性应成为理想的设计出发点。例如，一个建于曼哈顿和一个建于皇后区的图书馆，就理应在服务人群上、服务时段上——一天里、一周里、甚至一年里的高峰时段，其在可达性和辅助基建要求等领域上都需要有所区分。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17MewrsKsVDicFhY9GRxibp4oEniaXibrICibZCYqMjltK68pbjfT19Z78F5w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">儿童读书间位于53街图书馆的最底层，挑空设计借用了一层大阶梯形成的天花为顶，无形中增加了空间的旷阔感与灵动感。（图片来源：Michael Moran/Otto）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">53街分馆有效地融入了社区，是建筑社会学上的佳例。这里配置有68台电脑，其中46台为笔记本电脑，381个电源插座；供借阅的书籍、有声读物、影音素材充分满足着中城市民的需求。此外，图书馆设置的免费无线上网装置，是为城市里穷困潦倒的人们提供的人道援助，主要是为他们提供求职方面的查阅咨询以及邮件收发方面的服务。另外，这里还设有一个大型儿童读书角和游乐区，由政府组织提供讲故事、科普游戏等托儿服务。虽然53街分馆在索书编排顺序方面含糊不清备受批评，但它的公共服务到位，功过相抵。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">若中城的图书馆服务对象是越埠工作的办公人员，法拉盛丘园山图书馆则对应一个人口密集的住宅区，主要服务当地的家庭，尤其是越来越多的拉美裔和亚裔居民，因此从社会层面来说，图书馆的设计也应该更加呼应所在地域的种族特色和文化的多样性。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17WRoQlgyKwggDrKJXzH5QyTLY8m9PVJEEllhC9JbDauLHb2hFZtN6kA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">法拉盛丘园山图书馆在颜色，物料等设计元素，或者书籍的选择上是否可以更加有效地凸显当地的文化和人口的地域性也同样值得商榷。<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（图片来源：Bruce Damonte）</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ179CXOvRNbYDAe0ejPia4ko0AhybLUP0QuBIb9UGXtJ0f2GkITMR4NvIw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">法拉盛丘园享有浓厚的犹太文化，例如图中的犹太中心（图片来源：Queens Modern）</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0% 45px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">总括而言，图书馆的美学随着时代的演变，逐渐变质。现代图书馆设计应错综变化，不应只着墨在虚和实的互相作用和透明度的增减，而应更专注于内在的空间性和外在的象征性。随着信息技术(information technology)在近三十年间的普及，图书馆的设计应更贴近时代发展的步伐，因时制宜打造符合当代城市需求的建筑物。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 45px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(178, 178, 178);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin: auto;border-top: 9px solid rgb(178, 178, 178);border-left: 9px solid transparent !important;border-right: 9px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px;margin-top: -10px;margin-right: auto;margin-left: auto;border-top: 9px solid rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;border-left: 9px solid transparent !important;border-right: 9px solid transparent !important;"></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 30px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 16px;color: rgba(176, 41, 18, 0.85);letter-spacing: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 延伸内容 </strong></span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 10px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ170rgzKR016pcXo46ZD090YOjmicoicnqZxg0bbWDc7zNDlZSh85M8hZ4A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 30px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图片来源：NYPL</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">纽约公共图书馆（New York Public Library, NYPL）</strong>于1911年正式落成并开放，是美国最主要的图书馆系统之一，和布鲁克林公共图书馆系统、皇后图书馆系统一起组成纽约市的三大图书馆系统。纽约公共图书馆由4个科研中心和88个社区图书馆构成，分散在布朗士区、曼哈顿和斯塔滕岛各地。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 30px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 56%;padding-right: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17UKGMjS9PYRUQ8gInnR7A5qtoy570aQZvFFtNwKQRQ3J8QsynFsNEZg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 44%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17Ta7abjnz2ibXTy8m4VE2bZcJYUchet7jUpD9Ms60nR5BLtIb5XPe8GQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17oPpK9aNt3WGCyKY4wFAX9qZAjIlPicAfM27ibTgLMAmuZHKmkNAib7iacQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin: 5px 0% 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17WDzqHzC5rXzpAAkpZ5MC0XiarKDTNhc59xngfh4zBSFIXxRCMJrj3ag/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">左，《书缘：纽约公共图书馆》海报；</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">右上，小型讲座/沙龙；右中，</em><em style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">盲文学习；</em></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">右下，管理层会议（</em><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">涉及预算和资金的使用、网卡的发放与数字时代图书馆的应对方式、馆藏书籍的选择等多个议题</span><em style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">）</em></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 30px 0% 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">《书缘：纽约公共图书馆》（Ex Libris: New York Public Library，2017）</strong>，<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">雷德里克·怀斯曼执导的一部长达190分钟的记录片。主要内容为纽约公共图书馆不同分馆的组织活动，其中穿插图书馆日常工作场景与管理层会议纪实，试图向大众展现纽约公共图书馆真实的面貌。它并不仅仅是一个借书的场所，它更是一个由赞助者、管理者、文化创造者和来自不同阶层、不同种族、不同年龄的使用者所构成的良性互动体系，并逐渐成为带动社区提升、促进城市发展的社会机构。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 45px 0% 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;border-left: 3px solid rgb(178, 178, 178);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;padding-left: 8px;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="font-size: 35px;margin: 15px 0%;transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;margin: auto;width: 3em;height: 3em;border-radius: 100%;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17EVn3qtX8xHAujghibtejnI3ZdbLHDQZlaRgW0gDj6CSCQ0TDNSJAkiaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");"><section style="width: 100%;height: 100%;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzUbVPoqzX1ZKZerouuJtZ17EVn3qtX8xHAujghibtejnI3ZdbLHDQZlaRgW0gDj6CSCQ0TDNSJAkiaQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;transform: translate3d(2px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">作者介绍：</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;line-height: 1.6;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">黄家骏，毕业于香港大学建筑系，现在哥伦比亚大学建筑学专业攻读硕士学位。多篇文章刊于 The Architect’s Newspaper，代尔夫特网志 Failed Architecture，香港南华早报等平台。联络： alexwong0622@hotmail.com</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 15px 0% 30px;opacity: 0.21;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="background-color: 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