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<blockquote><p> <span style="color: rgb(122, 68, 66);">本文授权转自规划中国（ID：guihuazhongguo），欢迎关注！</span><br  /></p></blockquote><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-width: 3px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-indent: 2em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">本文为中国城市规划设计研究院村镇所陈宇在“2017年度CAUPD业务交流会”上做的报告，感谢作者授权发布。感谢会议主办单位总工室等部门提供的资源支持！</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 38px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom: 0.2em;margin-left: auto;width: 3em;height: 3em;border-radius: 100%;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 3.53553px 3.53553px 5px;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBucekPYkqfymE2cz2Axzia0zD8Gb0eRDQd2f1wnEVSowgzaZWqEoZ2BNw/640?wx_fmt=png");"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">作者 | </strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">陈  宇</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 12px;">中国城市规划设计研究院村镇所</span></p></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 25px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 25px;height: 10px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);border-left: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: -7px;border-right-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);border-bottom-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"></section><section style="width: 22px;height: 7px;margin-left: 3px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(35, 35, 35);border-left: 1px solid rgb(35, 35, 35);box-sizing: border-box;border-right-color: rgb(35, 35, 35);border-bottom-color: rgb(35, 35, 35);"></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 10px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">前述</strong></span></p></section><section style="width: 25px;margin-left: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 22px;height: 7px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(35, 35, 35);border-right: 1px solid rgb(35, 35, 35);box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: -7px;border-top-color: rgb(35, 35, 35);border-left-color: rgb(35, 35, 35);"></section><section style="width: 25px;height: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);border-right: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;border-top-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);border-left-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><br  /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);font-size: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">        1  小城镇，大战略?</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">“小城镇、大战略”，一直是我国城镇化的一个主要方针，在城镇化进程中，小城镇无疑扮演着促进城乡协调、推动本土城镇化、提供非农就业岗位、组织农业生产、供给公共产品等方面的重要角色 。但是多年发展下来，小城镇的地位变得尴尬，下面这组数据可以看到2006年到2016年十年以来，小城镇在城镇人口以及建成区用地的占比都在下降，表明其<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">作为城镇化空间载体的作用在下降 </strong>。但是小城镇本身在城镇化发展的进程中有不可取代的地位。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuKTFP5tQo7TtjX9y9C9dKCz5MN7aDcTFGtAyuZqNJicPWe3yxU6Zib2bQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 48%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;padding: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-shadow: rgb(132, 132, 132) 0px 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuHCX0b2T7LjCpV1icP0P4wJyDWNBfDEMA9fhlSCHOUneSMibBd1GfkFQQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 48%;padding: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-shadow: rgb(132, 132, 132) 0px 0px 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBumflSiawFiaZuS7b3LUeh7NAvAiaWXoEbqpq56wUnahWjsc5Yuce65kGAw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">      2 新时代，新要求</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">十九大报告指出，“以城市群为主体构建大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的城镇格局” 。强调了新时代，小城镇应继续在城镇化、区域协调、乡村振兴中发挥作用 ，而且要<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">更加强调突出重点，分类指导，突出多元化、特色化的趋势</strong></span>。《国家新型城镇化规划》提出，小城镇发展与疏解大城市中心城区功能相结合、与特色产业发展相结合、与服务“三农”相结合。这也是现在的特色小镇发展比较快的一个重要原因。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuO6uTMkhicNWngr8PDxYpibicLF57wysrGzjdsia55eWVBasSc4mYRUSxZw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">表1  田冬《新时期政策调整下的小城镇演变特征与趋势研究 》</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3  小城镇环境综合整治</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">随着城市双修工作和美丽乡村建设的持续推进，处于城乡之间的小城镇，反而成为了城乡协调发展、全面建成小康社会的短板。 为摆脱小城镇发展困局，浙江从2016年下半年开始，系统开展小城镇环境综合整治行动，全面提升小城镇生产、生活和生态环境质量。在全国范围内，安徽、江苏、湖南、陕西、四川、重庆、云南、海南等地也在积极推动小城镇环境综合整治工作。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">　　中规院村镇所参与了住房城乡建设部村镇司组织的各地小城镇环境综合整治的调查与研究工作。在新时期，区域协调发展、乡村振兴战略的总体要求下，小城镇面临全新的发展要求，在本地城镇化、城乡衔接等方面的作用也需要进一步突出，以环境整治和功能提升为标志的转型升级可以说是必由之路。 </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 25px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 25px;height: 10px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);border-left: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: -7px;border-right-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);border-bottom-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"></section><section style="width: 22px;height: 7px;margin-left: 3px;border-top: 1px solid rgb(35, 35, 35);border-left: 1px solid rgb(35, 35, 35);box-sizing: border-box;border-right-color: rgb(35, 35, 35);border-bottom-color: rgb(35, 35, 35);"></section></section><section style="margin: -5px 10px;color: rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">交流内容</strong></span></p></section><section style="width: 25px;margin-left: auto;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 22px;height: 7px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(35, 35, 35);border-right: 1px solid rgb(35, 35, 35);box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: -7px;border-top-color: rgb(35, 35, 35);border-left-color: rgb(35, 35, 35);"></section><section style="width: 25px;height: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);border-right: 1px solid rgb(71, 193, 168);box-sizing: border-box;border-top-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);border-left-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(208, 19, 19);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">     </strong></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1　当前小城镇发展面临的普遍困境</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">  <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">   1.1 全国性趋势：人口向大城市和小城市两端聚集，县级单元成为城镇化的重要层级 </strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">我国57座人口百万以上的特大城市集中了1.66亿人，占全国城镇人口的27%。20万人以下的小城市与小城镇，集聚了全部城镇人口的51%。其中县级单元自聚集了全国新增城镇人口的54.3%。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">2008-2010年全国县级单元经济增速达到16.1%，高于同期地级及以上城市市辖区的11.8%。2007年以来，县的社会消费品零售总额增速超过城市。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuNe9o7G58UvzC6CABRMHL0hnpg1bvp7jN4vYWIcTKXyPwJBLytdQI6A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.2 小城镇地位弱化：部分功能的可替代性</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">弱化体现在很多方面，包括两栖化与异地就业和县级产业平台带来更多就业机会导致的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">就业弱化</strong>，机动化带来服务获取层级的上移和对高端教育、医疗的追求导致的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">公共服务弱化</strong>、电商的影响导致的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">消费弱化</strong>，市场化的组织模式打破传统塔式层级导致的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">生产弱化</strong>、小城镇环境与成本并无明显优势导致的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">居住弱化</strong>，但小城镇也有不会被取代的功能——时空距离敏感的各项功能，包括行政管理、日常生产生活消费、基本医疗和教育、对乡村地区的基础设施覆盖，我们提出<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇生活圈</strong>的概念。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuiaVFgmuq8hdPoEqpOeYzDMqljfxp0tAjPf0VzajQXhwoiccOicURnSFVA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuquPuYeybx8SFu88FlaA2lTicKcQzGW4tqW0MI9c6q4XApWef9bQcEyA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.3 小城镇发展存在的问题</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">  </p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">下面是在某小城镇调研的访谈记录：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">“乡镇经费来源主要依靠转移支付，基本上是“吃饭财政”，大多都用在干部和教师的工资。乡镇的土地出让量极少，靠土地出让获取额外收入很难。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"> 乡镇搞建设，一般依靠开发商建房，让开发商在建房的同时，也同时帮忙修路，安装路灯之类的，依靠这种办法搞点基础设施建设。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">其余的房屋建设，都是农民自己购买土地，自己建房搞商店之类的，缺乏统一的管理。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">我们研究认为小城镇发展存在的问题，包括<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">建设资金不足、发展动力缺乏、基础设施落后、公共服务缺失、景观风貌不佳、文化传承不力</strong>等方面。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.4 问题根源：行政层级主导的资源配置方式导致小城镇责、权不对等</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">广大小城镇兼有城镇体系网络末端节点和农村地区中心的双重身份，具有承上启下的作用。但是长期以来，责、权不对等，条块分割、上下关系不顺成为制约发展的重要因素。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在当代中国，乡镇是国家设置在农村地区的基层地方行政建制单位，是国家最小的地域性政治实体。由于层级过多，地方政府间的责任和权限难以明晰化，上级政府往往利用其行政优势分配资源，造成乡镇政府因资源匮乏而影响政策执行效力。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇承担着繁重的基层管理事务，但是没有相应的行政权力，更缺乏足够的财力支持。</strong>目前大部分小城镇的投融资机制不完善，建设资金主要来源于财政投入。在现行财政体制下，镇的财政收入大部分要上缴分成，不能满足城镇建设和公共服务的需要。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇现有条块分割、缺漏项明显的管理架构也制约着未来的发展。</strong>目前，设在城镇的站所，属于乡镇管理的与属于县直部门派驻在乡镇的基本上各占“半壁江山”，条块分割现象十分严重。除此之外，行政执法权缺失也是造成小城镇政府管理权限与管理责任不对称的重要原因。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">改变小城镇在城市体系中由于行政层级低所造成的竞争劣势，营造城市发展的平等竞争秩序，就成了推动小城镇发展的核心议题。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2　城镇环境综合整治如何破解困局</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.1 </strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">浙江</span></strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">的情况</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">为贯彻落实中央城市工作会议精神，补齐小城镇发展短板，加快推进“两美”浙江建设，浙江从2016年下半年开始，在全省范围内开展小城镇环境综合整治行动，全面提升小城镇生产、生活和生态环境质量。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（1）<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">浙江省小城镇环境综合整治工作的背景与必要性</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">延续和深化小城镇工作</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> : </strong>浙江省委、省政府先后采取了加快中心镇的改革发展、小城镇的培育试点、特色小镇创建、“五水共治”、“三改一拆”等一系列加快小城镇发展的措施，形成了较好的工作基础。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">应对经济转型需要</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> : </strong>小城镇存在大量“低、小、散”传统产业面临转型升级的要求，部分高污染落后产能亟待淘汰。通过环境综合整治，倒逼小城镇自身转型，是增强小城镇的内生活力、经济竞争力和可持续发展能力的重要手段。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">补齐城乡发展短板</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> : </strong>浙江省城乡环境面貌发生了深刻变化，处于二者之间的小城镇，发展相对滞后。特别是小城镇的环境脏乱差问题尤为突出，出现了既不如村、更不如城的尴尬局面，既有“集镇病”、也有“城市病”“农村病”。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">提升居民生活品质</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> : </strong>小城镇环境综合整治行动围绕提高宜居宜业水平，突出重点，聚焦难点，从脏乱差等老百姓最关注的问题入手，顺应人民群众对美好生活的新期待，提升人民群众幸福感和获得感。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（2）目标：</strong>力争用3年左右时间，使全省所有乡镇<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">环境质量改善、服务功能健全、管理水平提高、乡容镇貌改观、民风更加文明、社会公认度不断提升</strong></span>，使小城镇成为人们向往的幸福家园。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（3）对象：</strong>以建制镇、乡为主，兼顾独立于城区的街道、仍具备集镇功能的原乡镇政府驻地。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（4）任务：</strong>主要是围绕治脏、治乱、治差三大领域，突出“一加强、三整治”:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">——<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">加强规划设计的引领</strong></span>，旨在解决小城镇无规划、乱规划、随意建、任意整等突出问题，努力从源头推动小城镇环境的改善。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">——<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">整治环境卫生</strong></span>，旨在解决小城镇垃圾乱扔、污水乱排等突出问题，努力实现干干净净。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">——<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">整治城镇秩序</strong></span>，旨在解决小城镇地面各类无序和空中蜘蛛网等突出问题，努力实现整整齐齐。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">——<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">整治乡容镇貌</strong></span>，旨在解决“赤膊墙”、“蓝色屋面”、背包式太阳能等突出问题，努力实现漂漂亮亮。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuUjg9nG9y9qcEeficWXkPzpeia5JbfS3Bfdqdu5578hticSHOqNe9I2HDg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuJtibRGhnqG6mYRq48eIOUoFhYx8kD1gMKS0P8fV0kQicaD5RYWVNZAIw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">表 浙江省小城镇三年分批达标计划</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（5）取得成效：</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在项目推进方面，浙江各地全面开展项目设计，加快启动项目建设。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">资金投入</strong></span>方面，各地持续加大投入，多渠道筹措小城镇整治所需资金。杭州、宁波、嘉兴、金华等地分别与农业银行签订500亿、200亿、150亿、300亿元的战略合作协议，精准支持当地小城镇综合环境整治。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">加强规划设计引领</strong></span>方面，全省1191个小城镇已全部完成整治规划编制和评审。已完成备案的有883个，占74.1%。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">整治环境卫生</strong></span>方面，环境卫生整治百日攻坚行动成效明显。全省清除乱堆放33万余处、乱张贴61.9万张、乱搭建4.3万处、垃圾65.2万吨、卫生死角21.4万处、河道河渠2.3万公里。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">整治城镇秩序</strong></span>方面，开展穿镇公路“道乱占”、“车乱开”百日攻坚行动。全省800多条穿镇公路9557多个点位的整治任务，超额完成9678个，“六乱” 现象基本消除。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在<span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">整治乡容镇貌</strong></span>方面，整治乡镇沿街立面整洁程度大幅上升，治理低小散块状行业成绩斐然。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuT38MaIZUSTiacRTuFl3nEFdWKkaxHmV1DfuQ6bNh4bibM6SGOxibk6PmQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBufaE4nwo1wf0ibfGTtzTPDHYvGslFT7NzSibnVicictIaZKyxeQK5fHZKQQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuThm4THUVxXVSlJY9Kmcm4SJyRy667H0rlwINSlX2GK09lGhAT6Vygg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">从现场调研情况看，以环境卫生改善和街道立面整治的直观效果最为明显。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuwg9rLPGticOFWjWgBOia1FXxTdLib8XDSv4olWxzgzbYFAEtvcckmMAmQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图 浙江小城镇整治前照片</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuXicnCGwP402W4icibSeQZKialfHW0eLhSmoZ7U8VyqYjwSnmxvvLTM8aFA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;">图 浙江小城镇整治后照片</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuGc5HuGXk3ZTFWRDe2RER8O105qEDzPwFDdnmT8cCogOcficBeN1uwGw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;">      图 翠湖水环境治理 </p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuWNWibIYuh2ew26O8Ld0jM5I8IyV1Y52N7WyqRygxIh8PCGNQOK4QBUg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"> 图 环模乡用旧谷仓改建的文化站</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">整治工作开展后，不仅在城镇风貌上有很大改变，在区域环境治理、基础设施完善、产业转型升级、居民收入提高等方面，也有很大突破。以浦江县为例：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">区域环境治理</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> ：</strong>整治前浦阳江浦江段及附近水体水质常年处于劣V类，自2016年整治工作开展以来，稳定保持地表水Ⅲ类水质，非雨季达到Ⅱ类水质。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">基础设施完善</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> ：</strong>设截污纳管，建设污水处理厂或小型污水生态处理设施。垃圾实现“户分类、村收集、镇转运、县处理”，达到或争取达到“垃圾不落地”。清运乱堆乱放垃圾16.9万吨；完成绿化补植面积312万平方米；清理池塘3174口。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">产业转型升级 </strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">：</strong>城镇生态环境和镇区建设面貌、功能的提升，提高了小城镇的区域发展能力和综合竞争力。浦江县将水晶产业集聚入园，布局建设浦江水晶小镇项目，近期吸引华信集团和韩国手机生产企业前来投资，投资规模均达到百亿以上。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">居民收入提高</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> ：</strong>浦江县郑宅镇实现“镇区景区化，景区全域化”，游客数量翻倍，民间资金投向休闲旅游业。大型旅游开发公司提供整村租建模式，打造精品民宿。本地农民将老房子租出，搬入新宅，并从进工厂、办民宿、开农家乐、餐饮服务、农特产品销售等多渠道获益。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.2 全国</strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">其他地区</span></strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">的情况</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.2.1 全国各地小城镇整治特点</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">除浙江省全面开展小城镇环境综合整治工作外，安徽、江苏、陕西、宁夏、湖南、四川、重庆、云南、海南等省（区）积极推动小城镇环境整治工作。从实地调研情况看，整治工作呈现出以下几个特点：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">整治任务多以治脏、治乱、提升基础设施和公共环境为主</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</strong></span>湖南省提出到2020年实现建制镇污水处理率达到80%以上，建设（改造）700处乡镇垃圾收转设施。四川针对基础设施配套不足的问题，从2013年实施“百镇建设行动”，300个镇共完成基础设施建设投资516.8亿元，着力开展镇区道路硬化、垃圾和污水收集处理设施建设。安徽省在“两治理一加强”的基础上鼓励有条件的镇开展风貌提升。江苏省还提出了沿街建筑立面改造、环境景观综合整治，深入挖掘传统文化，保持乡镇特色风貌等要求。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">整治机制多为“省级统筹、县级主体、乡镇落实”。</strong></span>省级人民政府统筹该项工作，负责制定任务、组织推进等。县级人民政府是整治工作的主体，承担规划编制、资金统筹、进度安排、确定项目库等。各乡镇负责制定年度行动计划，落实土地、资金、人才等要素，并确保项目落地。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">推进方式以示范带动、逐步展开为主。</strong></span>除安徽省提出到2018分3批完成1133个乡镇整治外，各省多采取先开展试点的方式，更加注重发挥试点的示范带动作用。四川省自2013年以来每年选取100个镇开展整治。海南省的整治范围是110个市级中心镇，占到所有乡镇61%。江苏省苏州、盐城等市主动开展整治工作。盐城市自2015年6月开展了以整治镇区环境为重点的“清洁乡村”行动，新建集镇公园105个，新建道路205条，新建、改建公厕702座，新建停车场479个，整治店招店牌1.2万处。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.2.2 </strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">宁夏</span></strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇环境综合整治工作</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）整治目标：到2020年，全区160个非城市规划区的乡镇基础服务设施不断完善、环境质量全面改善、乡容镇貌大为改观，使其均达到美丽小城镇风景美、街区美、功能美、生态美、生活美的建设标准。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）整治范围：乡镇政府（包括独立于城区的街道办事处）驻地建成区。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）工作进展：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编制规划</strong>方面，依据城镇体系规划和镇村体系规划、乡村建设规划，指导各县（市、区）全面推进小城镇总体规划编制和修编，实现了小城镇总体规划全覆盖。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">资金投入</strong>方面，累计“十二五”以来，自治区小城镇建设共完成投资200多亿元，其中财政安排专项补助资金17多亿元。自治区财政对各美丽小城镇给予1500万元的财政支持，对各美丽乡村给予110万元的支持，对自治区级特色小镇给予2000万元支持。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">整治乡容镇貌</strong>方面，整治乡镇沿街立面整洁程度大幅上升，沿街建筑可体现当地文化特色。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">在基础公共服务设施建设和环境整治方面，按照<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“四化同步”要求，重点实施“四改”（改水、改厕、改厨、改圈）、“五化”（净化、硬化、绿化、美化、亮化）和“六通”（通水、通电、通信、通气、通路、通客车）</strong>，小城镇基础条件大为改善。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.3 小城镇环境综合整治如何破解发展的困局</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">面对发展中出现的各项问题，作为系统性工作的小城镇环境综合整治，从多个方面入手，针对弊端，解决问题，走出困局。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（1）人居环境改善</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">补齐设施</strong></span>：<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">针对基础设施历史欠账问题，聚焦供水、道路、垃圾、污水处理、公共空间整治等方面，解决最迫切的民生问题，改善镇区面貌，兼顾对周边农村地区的服务。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuXrQayHvEruMicgp2Sa2qI90Or0scE3DLk2AZum7Ofkib8vn2nnxJRjCA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图 宁夏区宣和镇的垃圾中转站和保洁车辆</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">提高管理</strong></span> ：<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过综合执法重心下移，智慧城镇应用到乡镇等手段，实现小城镇公共管理方面从服务意识到服务水平均得到提升。乡镇秩序管理、违建防控、环卫保洁、应急联动等领域管控效能获得全面提升，治安情况好转。例如，浙江兰溪市将“五水共治”办、“三改一拆”办、小城镇环境综合整治办合署办公，让民众“只跑一次”。浦江县运用“智慧监管”手段，乡镇秩序管理、违建防控、环卫保洁、应急联动等领域管控效能获得全面提升， 2016年破案率达到40%，超出全国5%的平均水平。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBumXMzqISC6Gtib4aYD307GZvuibEJFEswXNGdWZGCngvufRlspjHguWUg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图 浙江模环乡的“智慧小城镇”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（2）经济活力提升</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">产业升级 </strong></span>：<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">环境综合整治倒逼小城镇转型升级。通过大力整治“低、小、散”传统产业，坚决淘汰高污染落后产能，为转型升级腾出空间，提供平台。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuXIEibWx7XnVdky0kemDhDlyqzdPbhZV4xPtrF98yop0o3Y423Pxt1JA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">图 水晶小镇规划平面图            </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuzrudaCTbVP8Z0Wb5aIDzT7AD0j8MRxvwctVTGgXpsdJpluhsiaG3npw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图 水晶小镇规划发布会</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">旅游发展</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> :</strong><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在整治环境、改善城镇面貌的基础上，立足小城镇特色农业、山水资源、田园景观、地域文化和人文传统等优势，培育和发挥特色小镇旅游休闲功能，发展旅游产业，提高居民收入。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuPE1oJyhqprSRu4JRs9yiboAiajaGu8lztXBSL1Tynlu5A99zDZykpLJg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图 浙江郑宅古镇街道改造</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBu79ra6EPZynB35LTO3Ue4KMiaO9U8KVpkb9skUNx6ToibVEtaaELZ1QYA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">图 宁夏镇北堡温泉小镇示意图</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBusqFvjH0pRsL9fass1kia38uTmNSWGyFLrhamVyHKH459vZ7VbSPlWAw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图3 宁夏镇北堡温泉小镇建筑实景图</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（3）体制机制创新</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">派出机构</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">：</strong><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">省、市、县、镇四级机构均成立小城镇环境综合整治行动领导小组，并设置领导小组办公室；建设综治工作、市场监管、综合执法、便民服务四个功能性工作平台，下沉执法权，配合各乡镇积极开展整治工作；加快推进“最多跑一次”改革，提高执法效率。最终目的是形成覆盖行政许可、行政处罚、行政征收、行政裁决、行政服务等领域的“一次办结”机制。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBufKG6efMqLfVibhdpHmzic9LsT6YcfzohibTibRibAYBDEpW6ZlaknnNTVibw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">图 绍兴市长乐镇环境综合整治组织机构表</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">民间力量</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">：</strong><strong><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">引入驻镇规划师制度。</span></strong><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">乡镇人民政府（街道办事处）通过购买服务、选调选派、义务服务、志愿服务等多种形式聘请任职的城乡规划、建设、设计、施工、管理等方面的专业技术人员作为驻镇规划师。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>优化规划人才服务，加强规划人才培养。</strong>浙江省整治办培训、服务、指导多管齐下。组建了专家顾问“百人服务团”,积极开展“百院千镇”结对活动；制定20多个主题培训菜单，市县负责具体组织培训、省里负责师资力量保障，形成“省里提供菜单、市县看单点菜、乡镇按需吃菜”的培训模式。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>“街长制”管理模式</strong>。“街长制”指将小城镇的街道或街区指定责任人，干部“街长”+民间“街长” 。民间“街长”一般由有一定社会威信的沿路单位人员、社会热心人士等担任，主要负责督促沿路单位加强自我管理、自我约束，发现、征集、梳理各类管理问题，及时向干部“街长”反映。</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: right;margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 93%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(185, 185, 185) -1.41421px 1.41421px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 25px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBueY6AAd6DD2qdCHeSkDbBatVr50l1feM6y6LCFO1libHvFf0mf7jMK7A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图 乾潭镇建北路民间街长 </p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 50%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="margin: 10px 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 93%;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);padding-top: 10px;padding-bottom: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(185, 185, 185) 1.41421px 1.41421px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(-10px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 0% 10.2634%;background-repeat: repeat-y;background-size: 161.838%;background-attachment: scroll;padding-left: 25px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuQw6L5HnoxQFaVPBERyRMe5lnFlGuYQQsIxX4picdFa99okbcceLgBicg/640?wx_fmt=png");box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: right;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">图 街长制的由来</p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuPxiaV9TZ5JZSlq3eG5YMuicQMQf0pDln6aWZIf5dYTlibJABBK4ib96iaAg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/qAEVTTssxDdlSuWOQHuFpgxn7QGeBYBuLqZ5RI5y7YTrTzs5ic914PFucibicibVaV0VvnR7TUv2QqJ14xXI20fib5A/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;">表 浙江省各级政府投入情况占比</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">宁夏情况也类似。从目前各调研乡镇资金落实情况看，各级政府是资金投入主体，占比达四分之三。其中，县级政府投入占比达57%。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">融资支持：</strong></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-indent: 2em;">金融机构提供融资支撑项目建设。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">创新政府购买第三方服务和PPP等模式。地方政府积极搭建各类政策性金融支持平台，创新政府购买服务、PPP等模式；引导各类社会投资主体按照“谁投资、谁受益、谁经营”的原则，参与小城镇环境综合整治行动。例如，嘉兴市嘉善县姚庄镇通过引入“第三方管理服务”机构杭州英盾安保服务有限责任公司，就集镇区的城镇秩序问题进行日常管理服务。丽水市莲都区碧湖镇推进保洁工作长效机制，委托保洁公司进行镇区市场化保洁。宁夏吴忠市盐池县大水坑镇通过BT模式，投资6500万元实施了小城镇集中供热项目，采取PPP模式投资3800万元新建1座日处理能力2000方的污水处理厂。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">项目建设采用EPC模式。通过积极推进建设工程总承包（EPC）模式，有效控制建设投资、促进设计与施工融合、加快建设进度、提高工程质量和效益。例如，龙游县对投资概算大、技术含量高、专业要求强的22个项目引入EPC方式，目前首批受检的大街乡项目100%开工，全县平均开工率超65%。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(164, 43, 25);font-size: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3　新时代的小城镇转型发展路径探索</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.1 小城镇的多元化发展是未来趋势</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">习近平同志在十九大报告中指出，经过长期努力，中国特色社会主义进入了新时代，这是我国发展新的历史方位。 在新时代，我国社会主要矛盾已经由“人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾”转化为“人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾”。这当中城乡发展的不平衡、农业农村发展的不充分问题表现得尤为突出。城乡融合发展是实现城乡发展一体化的重要途径，也是新形势下城乡发展一体化的阶段性目标。在新时期，小城镇的联系城乡的纽带作用不容忽视。 在解决城乡二元经济、基本公共服务均等化、绿色发展、地方文化传承等问题上，不同类型的小城镇将发挥不同的作用。小城镇必须自我调适、更新升级，才能找准新时代的新的坐标。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">县域单元城镇化，不能只靠县城。 在县域单元内，县城是城镇化发展的主体，全县发展的核心，也是城镇化各项驱动力尤其是“外力”（如产业转移承接、周边城市功能外溢等）的主要推动点。 在“外力”推动主要集中在县城的情况下，小城镇的发展应当立足地方特色、挖掘内生动力。 需要做到：依据地区资源条件、产业基础差异，推进特色化发展；加强城乡经济交流与协作、实现城乡生产要素融合；提升小城镇的城乡服务职能（尤其是生产生活消费方面）。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">对不同类型的小城镇未来的发展方向不一样，重点发展的小城镇根据它的特征，比如卫星镇、特色小镇、重点镇、历史化农镇有各自的职能，一般的小城镇我们就是要完善基本公共服务和基础设施，服务城乡。所以说小城镇未来的发展不再是一个“麻雀虽小，五脏俱全”的状态，而是应该有侧重、有分工、突出重点。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.2 环境整治与功能提升是重要的实现途径</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">小城镇承担着区域协调和城乡融合发展的重要作用。但延续目前的发展状态，很难肩负这一职责。因此，如何大幅改善人居环境质量、实现转型升级、切实提升承载力是小城镇发展中迫切需要解决的问题。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">从浙江等地的逻辑看，小城镇环境综合整治是对原有小城镇工作的延续，也是提升小城镇功能、补齐城乡发展短板的重要举措。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">其中<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">环境整治，包括生活条件改善、卫生环境整治、特色风貌营造等，是手段、是工具；功能提升，包括人口集聚功能、生产组织功能、服务供给功能等，是实质、是目标</strong>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">其根本目的，是使新时代的小城镇更加适应新的发展要求，更好的扮演自身角色，在新型城镇化、区域协调发展、乡村振兴战略中发挥作用。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">另外，不同发展阶段的小城镇有不同的定位要求和发展导向，环境整治或者说转型发展的重点也有差异。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对处于</strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">完善基本民生条件</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阶段的小城镇</strong>，应优先补齐民生设施短板，保障居民基本生产生活条件，适时开展提升公共环境水平和打造优美人居环境方面的工作。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对处于</strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">提升公共环境水平</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阶段的小城镇，</strong>应稳步推进污水处理、垃圾处理等方面的基础设施建设，建立健全环卫保洁机制，加强环境保护和生态修复工作，并因地制宜地推进适合发展阶段和自身财力的优化美化人居环境整治工作。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对处于</strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">打造优美人居环境</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阶段的小城镇</strong>，应加强城镇公共秩序整治，量力而行选择街道立面改造、屋顶整治、公共空间建设等整治项目，深入挖掘传统文化，塑造城镇特色风貌。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.3 未来可能存在的问题和展望探讨</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">      <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">   问题和方法：</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）<strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);">资金</span></strong>：<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由于历史欠账多，小城镇基础设施建设及环境整治投入很大，乡镇受资金短缺的限制仍然严重。政府投入毕竟有限，融资渠道也有困难。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">解决方法：一个是因地制宜、量力而行，有多少钱办多少事，另外把钱用到刀口上，优先解决最迫切的问题，另外就是探索先做试点，树立典范，最后通过吸引社会资金参与来解决资金的问题。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）<strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);">技术</span></strong>：很多小城镇仍然缺乏专业人才，规划、建设、管理水平不高，在一体化管理、市场化运营、长效化治理方面的理念还比较落后。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">解决方法：一个是大专院校、科研机构、社会团体的支持，包括驻镇规划师的引入，通过技术扶持来实现改善。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）<strong><span style="color: rgb(164, 43, 25);">风貌</span></strong>：生搬硬套、设计与实际脱节、设计要求偏低、设计实用性不强等现象仍然存在，部分小城镇照搬城市模式，破坏村镇风貌和自然生态；部分小城镇模仿其他城镇，对自身地域历史、文化、产业等特色挖掘不够。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">解决方法：加强设计和管理，提高实用性，同时树立一个政府的审美，倡导文化自信。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">展望与讨论：</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）小城镇环境综合整治是一个过程，不会一蹴而就，也不要试图毕其功于一役。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）小城镇作为空间载体的功能在弱化，可能以后不会有太多的增量，对存量的更新改造，包括对体制的要求可能是未来的中心，在某种意义上，小城镇也需要“双修”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）新技术的应用，包括物联网、大数据的影响，未来的智慧小城镇是发展趋势。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;">（四）随着城乡融合发展、要素自由流动、城乡空间总体格局发生变化，小城镇可能会扮演更多的角色。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em;box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="text-align: right;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">整理：张冉 校对：孔晓红</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/qAEVTTssxDc4yIeEfc6lUmKIibWQ2fAPktH8WAEwWWC5MANRVG4lYgXZYEiaVaykmIKmRITvrOyqSXobXU5Jz4FA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></p><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding: 15px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 502.358px;vertical-align: top;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(197, 226, 224);border-radius: 5px;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/TbfTDrSBmDOIic7apQoPHAh15cLWCHzSyu0QL7m4BJKqtoYkYic7JJ3rCYUtmmJ6XNj0IiaurTa12eDibKNFIGoRicg/640?wx_fmt=png");background-attachment: scroll;background-size: 107.589%;background-position: 233.929% 1.8202%;background-repeat: repeat;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;line-height: 23.2727px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(110, 110, 110);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">来源：<span class="" style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="" style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="" style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">规划中国</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 23.2727px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">新媒体编辑：肖莉</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">审读：刘芳</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;line-height: 25.6px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;line-height: 25.6px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></strong></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">声明：本文来源</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(123, 12, 0);box-sizing: 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both;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -5px;margin-bottom: -5px;padding-right: 4px;padding-left: 4px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(156, 94, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img 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100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">识别图中二维码进入微店购买《规划师》杂志</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;border-width: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mjDohRkp8mJnD6GiaTyrnyBcWm5ARTgmNtSug6ZicmTwmE0ewB9H37ZowXaHGGjcNrUH3ffztcPQDOA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: 4px;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《规划师》杂志社                                               </p></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102);width: 290px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="gulangu" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;letter-spacing: 0.544px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(132, 81, 21);word-wrap: break-word !important;">地址：广西南宁市青秀区月湾路1号南国弈园6楼<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: 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