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<section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="white-space: normal; border: 0px none; text-align: center; margin: 0.8em 0px 0.2em; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><p><span style="color: rgb(147, 137, 83);"><strong><span style="line-height: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 0px;">?</span>?</span>中元节：作为公共空间的祭鬼仪式</strong></span><br  /><span style="color: rgb(147, 137, 83);"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;"></span></strong></span></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><hr  /><p><strong><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(147, 137, 83);">来源：博悟馆（cnc_bowuguan）</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77);"></span></strong></span></p><br  /></section></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">农历七月十四日/七月十五日是盂兰盆节（佛教）/中元节（道教），是民间祭亡魂的日子。根据《海丰县志》、《陆丰县志》的记载，大型的、社区性的盂兰盆节/中元节在碣石镇长期存在。时至今日，每年农历七月十四日前后，在各个社区内依旧有举行一整周的祭鬼仪式。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">与神、祖先相比，鬼在中国文化中的角色偏向于外来、掠夺、恐怖的形象。碣石中元节有着该节日仪式的普遍性：祭鬼无器乐、无帛、无牛，却有纸，运用碎肉、米饭、斋菜施幽；亦具有特殊性：使用大量的奢华的纸制品表达安抚，以请神御兵为主题表达压境、驱赶，将危险的、掠夺性的鬼隔离出自己居住的社区。结合碣石地区自明清以来，山贼侵扰、倭寇抢掠、猺疍争夺、海禁迁界带来的流离失所、饥荒、村落械斗、屯田、内战、革命、走私、贩毒、治安失序的历史，本文认为，碣石中元节可以被视为一个公共空间。公共空间是文化意义沟通、协商、连接的社会场域，集体也在此过程中得以建构起来。在中元节期间，碣石居民即运用社区特有的卫城历史所赋予的相关象征，建构出一个临时的公共空间，表达出对社会秩序的讽喻。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><br  /></p><section class="article135"><section class="135editor" data-id="85695" style="border: 0px none; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; font-family: 微软雅黑;"><section style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="100%"><section style="width: 25%; float: left; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="25%"><section style="opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 5px; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-top-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; float: left; border-left-width: 6px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 6px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="opacity: 0.4; border-right-width: 10px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 5px; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-top-width: 6px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="border-left-width: 20px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 10px !important; border-top-width: 15px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></section></section><section style="width: 50%; text-align: center; float: left; padding: 0px 5px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;" data-width="50%"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(192, 0, 0);"><strong>一、碣石中元节</strong></span></section></section><section style="float: right; width: 25%; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="25%"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"><section style="opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 5px; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-top-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; float: left; border-left-width: 6px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 6px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="opacity: 0.4; border-right-width: 10px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 5px; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-top-width: 6px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="border-left-width: 20px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 10px !important; border-top-width: 15px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="0px"></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;"><br  /></p></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><section><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">本文所提及的中元节是在2014年8月7日至8月24日（农历七月十二日至七月廿九日）在广东省陆丰市碣石镇举行的，通常各社区自行在此期间举行7日7夜的祭祀仪式。由于时间限制，笔者只在8月9日（农历七月十四日）当日前往碣石镇东门头社区进行短期田野</span>。</p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZ28flRN4g83uzngiatbSGfs0XKgSX09C3RZS06S1JhsDwSOysXxpa7jw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.572289156626506" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZ28flRN4g83uzngiatbSGfs0XKgSX09C3RZS06S1JhsDwSOysXxpa7jw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">碣石湾。Google地图。</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">碣石位于广东东部，临海，处于亚热带季风气候区，夏季时常受台风、暴雨侵袭，海拔较低地区土壤以砂土、酸性红土为主，肥力低；有溪流，但流程短。北部以山地丘陵为主要地形，林业、果类种植业发展颇成规模。全镇总面积120平方千米，海岸线长40.3千米，总人口17多万人，辖41个村（居）委会。水陆交通运输方便，渔业、海产养殖、红江橙种植、港口商贸、走私业颇为兴旺。</p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZkz45SYAE2y6ibhgOeG6tzIeG0aGnib2NicM1tzG9CkH251HafY2rBleTw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.6445783132530121" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZkz45SYAE2y6ibhgOeG6tzIeG0aGnib2NicM1tzG9CkH251HafY2rBleTw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">碣石湾各村。Google地图。</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">民国以前的县志记载该地区开发的历史虽然很长，但因常发生战争、匪患、水灾及流行疫病，导致社区发育不太稳定。碣石的方言属潮汕话，但也有不少居民能操持广府语。</p><p><br  /></p></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); line-height: 1; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; border-top-left-radius: 80%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 90%; border-bottom-left-radius: 20%; line-height: 1; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; background-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1</section></section><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.4em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">仪式的公共性</section></span></span></section><p><br  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">通常，以社区（或本地人称组屋）来组织祭祀，其中每个人都需要捐钱作为祭祀的基本费用，用于搭建祭祀棚、棚内的基本装饰如神像、主祭桌的献祭品、香烛、大王袍、金银令旗等，筹资较多的社区还会请八音演奏、安排放电影。</p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZr03vxm7WDWfTw0tk5moNL2X9hqOGQjUW9wnicoq8NuqsFhexAny7FjQ/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.751004016064257" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZr03vxm7WDWfTw0tk5moNL2X9hqOGQjUW9wnicoq8NuqsFhexAny7FjQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东碣石，社区祭祀棚</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZy77eoE17T33TFKgIRiaJkSMlK8gVzYQEbAKy4jeIKASeJSicwWH1maxQ/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.7449799196787149" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZy77eoE17T33TFKgIRiaJkSMlK8gVzYQEbAKy4jeIKASeJSicwWH1maxQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东碣石，八音锣鼓</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">祭祀棚一般就设在社区内，前后有纸制牌坊，棚内两侧为桌子，供各家庭摆放祭品；棚内最深处为主坛，供奉的神主要有玉帝、如来、观音等，也是和尚和道士诵经的地方；墙上悬挂着佛、法、僧、将军的图像；主坛两侧与门口有守卫坛的战士、兵器和马匹。</p><p><br  /></p></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); line-height: 1; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; border-top-left-radius: 80%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 90%; border-bottom-left-radius: 20%; line-height: 1; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; background-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2</section></section><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.4em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">仪式的私人性</section></span></span></section><p><br  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">在社区搭建的棚架内，设有相应数量的桌子，由各住户依照自己的意愿摆设祭品，因此，祭品较多样化，有米饭斋菜、水果、甚至还有海味。而在主要由商铺构成的街区，祭品多为成箱的饮料或面食。</p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZsiaZIXd6ycST0XfPxmeoM4JiaHHTFsqwk640w4TKgFWZEF4icLShbHHOQ/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.751004016064257" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZsiaZIXd6ycST0XfPxmeoM4JiaHHTFsqwk640w4TKgFWZEF4icLShbHHOQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东碣石，祭祀棚内</p></section></section><p><br  /></p><section class="article135"><section class="135editor" data-id="85695" style="border: 0px none; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; font-family: 微软雅黑;"><section style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="100%"><section style="width: 25%; float: left; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="25%"><section style="opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 5px; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-top-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; float: left; border-left-width: 6px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 6px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="opacity: 0.4; border-right-width: 10px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 5px; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-top-width: 6px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="border-left-width: 20px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 10px !important; border-top-width: 15px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></section></section><section style="width: 50%; text-align: center; float: left; padding: 0px 5px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;" data-width="50%"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(192, 0, 0);"><strong>二、仪式的象征与意义</strong></span></section></section><section style="float: right; width: 25%; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="25%"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"><section style="opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 5px; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-top-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; float: left; border-left-width: 6px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 6px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="opacity: 0.4; border-right-width: 10px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 5px; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-top-width: 6px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="border-left-width: 20px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 10px !important; border-top-width: 15px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="0px"></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;"><br  /></p></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="font-family: inherit; white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); line-height: 1; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; border-top-left-radius: 80%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 90%; border-bottom-left-radius: 20%; line-height: 1; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; background-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1</section></section><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.4em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一般性</section></span></span></section><p><br  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">祭鬼的意义在与祭神、祭祖先的比较之中更能看清楚。中国传统官方（文献中的）祭仪中，神与鬼的最重要分别是：祭神有器乐仪仗引导，以帛、牛、羊、猪为主献祭品；祭鬼（厉坛）无器乐、无帛、无牛，却有大量的纸。庶民献祭的神鬼分别主要是：祭神以较好的肉为主，例如全只鸡，主用香烛，不烧或稍用纸；祭鬼用碎肉，或只有米饭斋菜，需用较多纸；祭祖先时的纸制品则包括：（传统的）元宝、衣服、房屋，以及（现代的）与时俱进的用品如电器、汽车、手机等。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZSqVTKa95ye46XHCqMmNBuFefK0h5WHUAw97FiaAQN0lmscxyavzNicFA/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="1.2610441767068272" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZSqVTKa95ye46XHCqMmNBuFefK0h5WHUAw97FiaAQN0lmscxyavzNicFA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广州，波罗诞神像巡游队伍</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZBiaYlty4FN3icOib8CqbPCMncZDXRpbUdb2uDhwgFicNI8FVQ3SBcU9Blg/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="1.2951807228915662" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZBiaYlty4FN3icOib8CqbPCMncZDXRpbUdb2uDhwgFicNI8FVQ3SBcU9Blg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广州，波罗诞神像巡游，民众祭神用品</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZyohSMiaOHEvtdib2FmFgCpAFgcoDJNuHZ0V2l5okwhicA1Nk2VA9OCfUQ/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.5863453815261044" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZyohSMiaOHEvtdib2FmFgCpAFgcoDJNuHZ0V2l5okwhicA1Nk2VA9OCfUQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东英德，太平醮，纸制“十殿阎王判官”</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZhAlzgxiadLzHNSytobHwFIbIduDaaTe8eaNr9tssILW15FB0G52XPOg/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.751004016064257" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZhAlzgxiadLzHNSytobHwFIbIduDaaTe8eaNr9tssILW15FB0G52XPOg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广州珠村，施幽食品：馒头、豆腐、米饭、碎肉、青菜</p></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); line-height: 1; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; border-top-left-radius: 80%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 90%; border-bottom-left-radius: 20%; line-height: 1; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; background-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2</section></section><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.4em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">碣石的特殊性</section></span></span></section><p><br  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">（1）碣石中元节以祭鬼为主，规模非常盛大，纸制品亦极尽精细、奢华；越是奢华的祭品，越是在表达安抚、求和之意。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZKoB0qdbOvn3A86iaTAbEqEFjafG5aicC0myPAr0Xy7nM7388n0Gsnukw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="1.2710843373493976" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZKoB0qdbOvn3A86iaTAbEqEFjafG5aicC0myPAr0Xy7nM7388n0Gsnukw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东碣石，纸制官袍</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZkfkl0icZI83xrxS0bfFEMb0E2ibl4SzL2k3TbQzrJqUg9NibictJM1JrpQ/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.7208835341365462" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZkfkl0icZI83xrxS0bfFEMb0E2ibl4SzL2k3TbQzrJqUg9NibictJM1JrpQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东碣石，纸制军旗（正在焚烧）</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">（2）献祭的核心意义是秩序。主祭台挂有神像，中部两侧有纸制大王袍，末端有兵衣，象征请神御官领兵——压境统治。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZ6245rmZ7LDJWib8EDZcPApJXvxztO0EncjB4Hx7cfpclKNJ9PoRUM4Q/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.7429718875502008" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZ6245rmZ7LDJWib8EDZcPApJXvxztO0EncjB4Hx7cfpclKNJ9PoRUM4Q/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东碣石，纸制军队</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZts3tvzYmaJzkOY4jib6YIiaDa2VLc5qEZjFvFPzUdibBic1KxicADkicic7KA/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.7530120481927711" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZts3tvzYmaJzkOY4jib6YIiaDa2VLc5qEZjFvFPzUdibBic1KxicADkicic7KA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东碣石，社区祭祀棚</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><section><section><p><br  /></p><section class="article135"><section class="135editor" data-id="85695" style="border: 0px none; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; font-family: 微软雅黑;"><section style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="100%"><section style="width: 25%; float: left; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="25%"><section style="opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 5px; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-top-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; float: left; border-left-width: 6px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 6px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="opacity: 0.4; border-right-width: 10px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 5px; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-top-width: 6px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="border-left-width: 20px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 10px !important; border-top-width: 15px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></section></section><section style="width: 50%; text-align: center; float: left; padding: 0px 5px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;" data-width="50%"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>三、公共空间、社会史与文化意义的再生产</strong></span></section></section><section style="float: right; width: 25%; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="25%"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"><section style="opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 5px; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-top-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; float: left; border-left-width: 6px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 6px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="opacity: 0.4; border-right-width: 10px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 5px; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-top-width: 6px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="border-left-width: 20px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 10px !important; border-top-width: 15px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="0px"></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;"><br  /></p></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.9em; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); line-height: 1; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; border-top-left-radius: 80%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 90%; border-bottom-left-radius: 20%; line-height: 1; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; background-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1</section></section><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.4em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">仪式的起源与复兴：社区历史与现状的相似性</section></span></span></section><p><br  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">中元节/盂兰盆节有其宗教典故、仪式规范，但在社会学、人类学意义上，本文倾向于关注中元节仪式的社会意义和社会功能多于关注仪式的神学渊源。对于仪式的规范性问题，“各处乡村各处例”并不是重点，民间仪式在不同的乡村有颇多不同的细节，这已经为许多田野考察所证实。但能否根据这些差别断言人们只重视地方需求而不重视仪式，则是很有疑问的。普通乡村人城市人不是道士或教徒，他们对神学观念了解不深或不准确是正常的，但这不等于说人们举行仪式仅仅是功利性的。事实上，田野中可以看到，人们既重视仪式的地方特色也重视仪式的符号要素（请有师承的道士、使用佛教道教经典），由此，在国家与社会之间，一种以仪式的语言进行协商的公共空间得以确立并维系。与此同时，包容相同象征、不强求相同意义的特点，也就意味着不存在一个唯一的中国宗教，不存在一个具有由相对统一的宗教符号和神学意义构成的文化表达形式。换言之，中国宗教是以松散的、或表达性的结构而存在，这个表达性的结构内部所具有的多变性和地方性是社会历史的结果，是历史的隐喻。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">碣石卫城在明洪武二十二年（1389）设立。碣石卫统辖八所，外置平海（今惠东县）、捷胜（今海丰县）、甲子（今陆丰县）三所，统率旗军5600人（海丰县志，68页）。洪武二十七年（1394）为备倭寇，广东都指挥花茂率军始建城。（陆丰县志，40页）碣石自始成为明清时代粤东地区的军事重镇。而明朝军户实施屯田制，军户的主要义务，便是出一丁男赴卫所当兵，其他的子弟称作余丁或军余。正军赴卫所，至少要有一名余丁随行，以助其生活。由于军户负担沉重，故多给有田地，且正军免全部差役，而在营余丁及原籍下的一丁亦可免差役，以保障其生活并供给正军之生活。但军丁的分发地点，多以距离原借地遥远且分散的方式，以防止逃兵，而且正军服役于卫所时必须带家眷同行。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">至顺治五年，以匪帮起家占领碣石的苏成死后，继任者苏利受清廷招安任总兵，管辖范围扩大至坎下、捷胜、杨安、金锡，“每民租一石抽取三斗名曰官租；其差兵红头又加斗索礼。业主岁收粮租十仅二三”。顺治十三年（1656），清廷为对付郑成功等抗清势力，颁布“禁海令”，严禁自天津至广东的商民出海贸易，也“不许片帆入口”。顺治十八年，更发布“迁界令”，命令由山东至广东沿海居民内迁50里。康熙元年（1662），广东沿海24州县并海岛洲港皆内迁。康熙三年，朝廷又下令再内迁30里。当时碣石卫总兵苏利抗迁被告发，遭朝廷重兵征讨阵亡，海丰被官兵以残暴手段实施“迁界令”，滨海界外不准百姓涉足，寸木不准下河出海，违者处死。海丰迁后全县田地山塘仅存五分之一，迁民流离失所，饿殍枕藉。康熙八年，因广东巡抚王来任血疏痛陈迁界惨状，清廷始下特旨展界。八月，奉旨展界钦差到达，而边民已所存无几。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">近年来，当地社会与经济秩序也不太理想。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">上世纪80年代后，碣石一些人开始从香港等地走私旧服装进行非法加工经营，这些旧服装主要在日本、韩国、台湾、香港等国家和地区收集，经香港转运越南，之后进入广西，从陆路运到广州，再进入陆丰碣石地区的城乡结合部，经当地加工翻新后，贩卖到四川、湖南、河北等地。据统计，整个碣石地区，共有非法加工经营旧服装店铺803家，2008年以来，陆丰在碣石共组织了16次大型和近百次小型专项突击行动，收缴并销毁旧服装4866捆。2009年10月22日，为清拆一个储存“洋垃圾”的大仓库，陆丰出动各有关部门800多人，才将这里的288间、近1万平方米违章建筑全部拆除。但最近碣石从事走私旧服装经营的人士已经将交易转为地下（见《人民日报》，2009年10月26日）。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">废旧摩托交易同样是当地重要经济支柱。2010年4月，广东省质量技术监督局调集8个地级市的170多名质监执法人员，会同汕尾市政府以及当地公安人员一起，对碣石废旧摩托车拼装点展开了清查行动。在碣石镇桂林村的查处行动展开15分钟之后，现场就已经聚集了二三百名不名身份的人。随后，有人不断地往质监和公安人员身上扔鞭炮。当地的赌博问题也曾经引起关注。据《南方都市报》2009年9月13日的报道，仅在碣石镇闹市中心，就有数百台“老虎机”、“俄罗斯转盘”分踞街边。当记者问及摆老虎机担心会被警察抓时，经营者表示，“老虎机被派出所查处，他们只需一个电话就可以搞定”。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">而在2014年初，查禁陆丰官警合作经营毒品村的新闻已经被广泛报道，在此不再赘述。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">除了经济秩序混乱，当地族群、宗族之间的争斗亦有长期历史，并且战况十分激烈。1967年之前，碣石的港口村渔民长期居住于船舶，世代以捕鱼为生，上无片瓦，下无寸土，被称为“疍民”。为安置这些渔民，1967年，当时的广东省陆丰县军管会征用了碣北公社的下梅大队梅田村和桂林大队的耕地，划给深海渔队作建渔民新村用，土地总面积为9.8万平方米。由于当时没有设立明确的村界标识，梅田村出于经济发展需要，“使用”了不少原先划给港口村的土地。为此，两村曾因土地纠纷发生过多次冲突。1987年，为解决港口村与梅田村两村土地边界纠纷，陆丰县委县政府召集两村干部共同协商，确定港口新村的土地总面积为5.37万平方米，经丈量测绘标明界址。此后十多年，两村对峙态势得以缓和。近年来由于修路发展经济的问题，纷争再起。港口村渔民苏坚(化名)回忆起当时的情形，他说：“那是在去年2月27日，梅田村调用挖土机，挖断了港口村渔民走了10多年的出海村道，港口村渔民上前阻止，但是阻止不了，渔民们就用石块砸碎了挖土机的玻璃。”“梅田村要‘断路’，在他们看来，这块土地包括道路都是梅田村的，‘断路’不必经过港口村同意；港口村认为，红线图上标明这条道路是公共村道，是渔民出海生产的通道，路必须‘通’而不能‘断’。”碣石镇政府一位干部表示（见《瞭望东方周刊》，2010年10月20日）。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">后来两村冲突不断升级。在2009年10月13日至18日，碣石梅田村民用炸炮连续6天对港口村数十次轰炸。同时梅田村民又聚众截击，围追毒打在碣石镇内的放学回家的港口村学生。后又陆续不断的用土枪、炸炮、石头，对港口村及村民进行砸炸和恐吓。2010年3月7日19时许，因两村燃放烟花爆竹发生纠纷，继而引发两村互相对射烟花爆竹。事情发生后，警方及时赶到现场予以制止、化解。8日上午，梅田、港口村双方村民情绪激化，梅田村一些村民向港口村扔砸炸炮、石头及燃烧汽油瓶，两村部分村民继而互射珠枪，事故造成18名村民受伤以及港口村4间房屋受损，伤者中除了一人为梅田村村民，其余均为港口村村民（见《羊城晚报》、《南方都市报》，2010年03月10日）。</p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); line-height: 1; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: center; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0.4em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; min-width: 1.8em; min-height: 1.6em; border-top-left-radius: 80%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 90%; border-bottom-left-radius: 20%; line-height: 1; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; background-color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2</section></section><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.4em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; color: rgb(0, 112, 192); line-height: 1.4; font-size: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1em; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bolder; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">文化意义的再生产<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section></span></span></section><p><br  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">（1）正统与非正统<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">祭鬼是“封建迷信”，但中元节/盂兰盆节出自道教/佛教这两个受官方认可的的宗教，举行中元节仪式的人们也十分懂得使用具有合法性的符号：挂上佛教、道教的神像与标语；聘请道士或和尚诵经。</p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZua8Ao5elAC6oMkVH7KBicYs76Ja97xicwXo2mlS1Wtmd9kicdhNl62HHw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.7550200803212851" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZua8Ao5elAC6oMkVH7KBicYs76Ja97xicwXo2mlS1Wtmd9kicdhNl62HHw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东碣石，悬挂在棚内的佛教标语<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: normal; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZmUZd8J2RibSqLePTH3mWod6mqicgSc8hnAxrEWKedHuszo1PibYIkpFLQ/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="1.2971887550200802" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZmUZd8J2RibSqLePTH3mWod6mqicgSc8hnAxrEWKedHuszo1PibYIkpFLQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东碣石，观音像，莲花灯</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">对一般人来说，道士或和尚念什么经他们可能不了解，也不见得很关心，但他们对祭鬼仪式当中那些重要的非文字仪式象征意义的了解就多得多。例如以斋饭“事幽”是安抚孤魂使其不作恶乡邻的、放生是行善积德的，等等。这些仪式通常是各个家庭都参与的，关系到各个家庭具体的幸福，也是一个家庭出钱出力参与中元节的期望所在，难以想象他们会赞成放弃或修改这些仪式。道士只能增减文案的内容，而不能改变那些村民参与的仪式，其中道理一定与百姓的普遍要求有关；而且，恰恰是这些村民参与的仪式，在正统的道教科仪经典当中并不被重视。这种民众要求与道教佛教传统的结合，使今天的民间中元节实践不仅仅是道教佛教的产物，也是道教佛教与民间信仰相结合的产物。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">因此，当当地社区秩序与过往战乱、治理失策、群体（水上人与岸上人、军队与居民）竞争的历史相似时，人们也沿袭使用了鬼的掠夺性、破坏性象征来讽喻当地社会失序，并以请神御兵的方式表达对回复秩序的渴望。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">（2）道德与非道德<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">与社区失序相对应的，是当地社区与富人有着悠久的开设善堂的传统。当地清朝就出现了官方设立的养济院和育婴堂，分别服务于贫困群体和被弃女婴。以碣石最有名的善堂“同信善堂”为例。善堂诞生于清乾隆五年（1740年）。当时，碣石卫城部分善心人士商议成立一个慈善公益临时机构，名曰“众善堂”，取“诸恶莫作，众善奉行”之意。至嘉庆十八年（1813年），善堂推出了被后人称为“善堂三宝”的团体标志：用白布加印红“十”字的旗帜、蓝底加红“十”字并写上善堂字样的尖头竹笠和一个直径20厘米的铜钹。1899年，碣石同德善堂成立。4年后，原“众善堂”更名为“信登善堂”，还将善堂管理的社会事务增加了调解族群械斗、劝解邻里口角是非、收埋海上遇难者浮尸等内容。1927年，彭湃指挥红军打下碣石城，建立了苏维埃政权。红军撤走后，白军反扑报复，大肆屠城，人民流离失所。善堂顺应形势于1929年建立难民所。1953年“同德善堂”的办公地被征用作发电厂，同德和信登两善堂合并，对外称“同信善堂”。善堂的工作以修桥铺路、收尸埋骨、救急救难、收弃送养为主。现在，根据善堂的组织架构，成员分为“文份”、“武份”两类。“文份”只捐钱献粮，不参加劳动；“武份”则只参加义务劳动，不用捐钱捐物。善堂的理事会由所有成员无记名投票选出，先选出协理15人。然后由各村族长见证，在大峰祖师灵位前抽签，从15名协理中产生董理一名、副董理两名。董理负责善堂的全面工作，副董理协助董理工作。剩余的12名协理中，3名负责监督善堂所有事务，其余9名则各自分管一方面的工作。<br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">善堂的收入主要有三个来源。第一部分是“文份”的固定捐赠，每人每月20元；每二部分是设立在善堂内的“功德箱”，社会各界人士随时都可前来捐赠；第三部分是遇有重大事项在现场展开的“乐捐”。在中元节现场即可见到捐赠与派米活动。</p><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; width: 670px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZmvGBWmVUq3v3mibBoia4EuG8PhYiaOqER2PNEleExwt2pjsO5yGlQys1Q/0?wx_fmt=png" class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.7369477911646586" data-w="498" width="100%" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yPYlCktBeiarOfEs68T9ic1GibM9Fqc7OiaZmvGBWmVUq3v3mibBoia4EuG8PhYiaOqER2PNEleExwt2pjsO5yGlQys1Q/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 662px; -webkit-box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 0.2em 0.2em 0.5em; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0.8em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.7em 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(63, 71, 78); font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(19, 17, 17); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-style: italic; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.5em;">广东碣石，捐米榜</p></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><section><section><p><br  /></p><section class="article135"><section class="135editor" data-id="85695" style="border: 0px none; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; font-family: 微软雅黑;"><section style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="100%"><section style="width: 25%; float: left; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="25%"><section style="opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 5px; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-top-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; float: left; border-left-width: 6px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 6px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="opacity: 0.4; border-right-width: 10px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 5px; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-top-width: 6px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="border-left-width: 20px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 10px !important; border-top-width: 15px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></section></section><section style="width: 50%; text-align: center; float: left; padding: 0px 5px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;" data-width="50%"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size:18px"><strong><span class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">结语</span></strong></span></section></section><section style="float: right; width: 25%; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="25%"><section style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"><section style="opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 5px; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-top-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; float: left; border-left-width: 6px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 6px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="opacity: 0.4; border-right-width: 10px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 5px; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-top-width: 6px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"></section><section style="border-left-width: 20px; border-right-width: 0px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); border-right-color: rgb(172, 29, 16); display: inline-block; float: left; color: inherit; -webkit-transform: rotate(10deg); border-bottom-width: 10px !important; border-top-width: 15px !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" data-width="0px"></section></section><p style="white-space: normal;"><br  /></p></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 1; font-size: 0.9em; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(244, 55, 43); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></section></section></section></section><section class="tn-Powered-by-XIUMI" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="">对神、鬼、祖先的比较，反映出鬼的特点：危险的、掠夺性的，相应地，祭祀仪式亦以安抚、请神压境恢复秩序为主题。对广东碣石中元节仪式的描述，反映出这个集体仪式既有正统性，也有多元性。正统性来自于道士或和尚的宣讲，但重点并非宣讲的内容，而是这是一种通过“有传授”的专业人士来保证仪式最低限度正统性的方式；多元性则是来自于对各人通过仪式/礼仪的语言表达自己观点的包容。在这个以仪式/礼仪的语言进行对社区事务、社会秩序的意见的交换的节日里，一个公共空间就此形成。</p></section><p><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span></p><p><br  /></p><section style="color: inherit; white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section data-id="41" class="135editor" data-color="rgb(107, 77, 64)" style="color: inherit; font-size: 16.363636016845703px; white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 22.727272033691406px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px none; font-family: 微软雅黑; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="135article"><section data-custom="rgb(172, 29, 16)" data-color="rgb(172, 29, 16)" data-id="2490" class="135editor" style="border: 0px none; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;"><section style="border: 3px solid rgb(172, 29, 16); padding: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;"><section data-bcless="lighten" style="border: 1px solid rgb(214, 87, 76); padding: 15px; text-align: center; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;"><p style="font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 22.71875px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(147, 137, 83);">文章来源博悟馆，为您提供社会、文化、历史、政治、经济与金融等多方面的研究报告、学术前沿资讯。</span></p><p style="font-family: 微软雅黑; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.5em; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(147, 137, 83);">作者：姚书恒，深度新闻网总编</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(147, 137, 83);"><br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">投稿邮箱1129845055@qq.com,版权归作者所言，如有侵权，请联系小编<br  /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">因扫码加群人数已满，有意加入“质化研究粉丝交流群“的可加小编微信zrj0202,请注明加群。</span><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br  /></span></p></section></section><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></section></section></section><p><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><section class="135article"><section style="width: 0px; height: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"></section></section><section data-custom="rgb(239, 112, 96)" data-color="rgb(239, 112, 96)" data-id="59692"><section style="width: 0px; 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text-align: center; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 14px; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><br  /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br  /></p><table width="519"><tbody style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><tr style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><td align="center" valign="center" width="206" style="border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-break: break-all; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 32px; 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