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<section style="padding-right: 3px;padding-left: 3px;line-height: 1.8;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 96%;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;height: 90px;border-style: solid;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 5px;border-color: rgb(164, 197, 244);padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-shadow: rgb(133, 134, 135) 0px 0px 2px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 23%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 5em;height: 5em;display: inline-block;border-radius: 100%;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);padding: 3px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;border-radius: 100%;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-size: cover;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjj8Cm0tTZkpLwyv31J4Lmvgx70Pzlss5GHG7NH8zuuSiapk2pHmy7aIQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg");box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 100%;height: 100%;overflow: hidden;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /><span style="background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 57%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="tn-yzk-fuid-text-98718-1517277466565" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 11px;color: rgb(72, 72, 72);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: PingFangTC-light;box-sizing: border-box;">ID：<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 20%;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;border-color: rgb(113, 215, 0);border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-bottom: 8px;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;border-radius: 5px;padding-right: 0.75em;padding-left: 0.75em;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(9, 138, 43);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(9, 138, 43);line-height: 1.9;font-size: 13px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">关注</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjTjov8NzWOUCZQV7k6k0O9r6g5yX8jWn0ib0qmCaZlNHcNkEOnVkvOqg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p> </section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>本文是关于一些“空间”基本知识的讨论，意在通过厘清空间的一些基本性质，</strong></span><strong>让我们对空间有更进一步的认识。</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 6px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);border-right-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);padding: 1px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">什么是空间？</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">城市规划中最常使用的一个概念就是空间，特别是此次国家机构改革，空间及空间规划</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;">一词也经常出现在各种语境下。</span><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-align: start;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">例如：</span></strong></span><strong style="text-align: start;color: rgb(171, 25, 66);box-sizing: border-box;">有时用空间规划来指代城市规划，有时候用国土空间规划来指代国土规划；</strong><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(171, 25, 66);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;">有时说空间资源，有时又使用国土资源等等这样的概念，这些不同的词汇似乎在表达同一个概念，但又好像有所区别。</strong><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">那究竟什么是空间？我们在使用空间这一语汇的时候通常都包含了哪些含义？</span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">这应该是我们首先需要弄明白的。</span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 6px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);border-right-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);padding: 1px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对实体空间的初步定义</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">我们平时所言的空间有很多种，如互联网空间，就是由一个个的节点和网络关系构成，但这并不属于我们所探讨的物质性空间范畴。</span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">为了不混淆空间的概念，</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;">我们把</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">物质性空间分为：</span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><strong>实体空间（entity space）</strong><strong>和</strong><strong>自然空间（natural space）</strong>。</span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">人为建造的物质性（material）空间称之为实体空间（entity space）</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">；</span></strong><strong style="text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">实体空间之外的空间就是自然空间。</span></strong></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></strong></p><p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjpv8oZvofDiarCibGtgvK91coaU0s67TR2QYJb5yPlysCEAL3gaXsD4hg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);font-size: 16px;"><strong>实体空间的基本性</strong><strong>质之一：功能性（function）</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">城市规划和建筑学领域所指的空间是附着于物质实体之上的场所，我们谈建筑空间，注重的是被建筑实体围合出来的空间用途，如卧室、起居室、办公空间等。</span><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">非常有意思的是，美国著名的建筑师赖特非常推崇中国的道家思想，尤其是老子在《道德经》中对空无涵义的哲学理解。</span><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">因为在《道德经》中，</span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">从“器”与“用”、“有”与“无”、“虚”与“实”的相反相成关系，对空的概念进行了思辨：</span><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">”三十辐共一毂，当其无，有车之用。埏埴以为器，当其无，有器之用。凿户牖以为室，当其无，有室之用。故有之以为利，无之以为用“，</span><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">这恰恰是现代人</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">所提及的实体空间的本质。</span></strong><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 65);"><strong>所以，空间具有的功能性，</strong></span><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 65);">是不能脱离包裹空间的物质载体的。</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">空间与构成空间的物质材料虽不可分割，但物质材料本身并不产生空间的功效。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);font-size: 16px;"><strong>实体空间的基本性质</strong><strong>之二：尺度性（dimension）</strong></span><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">从数学的角度</span>看空间的定义有两类：</strong></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><br  /></strong></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;">一类是具有长宽高的<strong><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">三维几何空间</span></strong>；</p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;">另一类是把<strong><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">某类元素集合定义的空间</span></strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;">物理学</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">上对空间的定义则是</span><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">物质的存在形式</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">，具有广延性。</span><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">从数学和物理的角度看，</span><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">空间是可以用尺度单位度量的“空无”，延展到建筑空间，空间中的“空无”部分便具有尺度特征</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">，这应该是实体空间所具有的最基本的性质。</span><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">谈论空间的尺度特征，需要注意不同尺度规模的空间，具有不同的描述。例如，城市空间和建筑空间，自然空间与人工空间在尺度上的区别。</span><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">城市空间的尺度规模大，而街区的尺度规模小；论到建筑，街区的尺度又比建筑单体的尺度规模大。</span></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxju2vNLvLxicv1MvxQYM6oWFQAVpplJDKADhB6ckTib438DPcFlzwrSwjA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">英国小镇</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">   友好型街道空间</strong></span></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);font-size: 16px;"><strong>由实体空间基本性质衍生而生的</strong><strong>性质：主体性（character）</strong></span><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">空间的两个基本性质：功用和尺度，都是与人相关的。</span></strong></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br  /></span></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;">功用是围绕人，因人而设；尺度也是因为人，人类社会所有的活动主要围绕生产和生活展开，而绝大部分活动都需要在空间中进行。</p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">空间因人而设，为人所建。</span></strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;">物质性空间因为人的存在，具有了主体性，这种主体性表现为人与人、人与社会的关系。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span><strong>因此，</strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 104, 39);"><strong>功能性、尺度性和主体性</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><strong> </strong></span><strong>就构成了实体空间三个最基本的属性。</strong></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><br  /></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 6px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);border-right-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);padding: 1px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对实体空间（entity space）的再定义</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 552px;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 3px 10px;display: inline-block;width: 550px;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">空间只有被建造出来才能被使用，才具有特定形态，以及相对固定的功能。在这样的认识基础上，我们再次给</span><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;">“</strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">实体空间</strong></span><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;">”</strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">以进一步的定义：</span></section><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">实体空间</strong></span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">是为特定的主体所建设，具有特定的功能和形态，并且服务于特定人群的生产生活活动的物质环境。</strong></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><strong>实体空间</strong></span>有着特定的相互依存的社会群体，存在着密不可分的关系，在固定的社会结构和经济结构基础之上，才能诞生稳定的实体空间形态。</p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;">例如，村落、封建领主的城堡、中国古代城市、欧洲中世纪城镇等。</p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">再例如，人们对现代城市住宅的理解，就是由一个个小格子房间组成，不同的国家和地区，住宅空间的形制差不多，住宅就具有了稳定的形态和功能。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 6px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);border-right-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);padding: 1px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">实体空间的发展演变与类型</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);">人类社会经过发展，对空间逐渐有了认识，人类早期的实体空间就是聚落。</span></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><br  /></span></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>《汉书·沟洫志》</strong>中就有“稍筑宅室，遂成聚落”的记载，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">聚落空间里的物质是宅室，功用是居住</span></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</strong></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">随着人口逐渐增多，聚落这种早期的居民点发展成为乡村，乡村又进一步扩展，演变成以集市为中心的更大的居民点，最早的城市也是在这些较大规模的居民点基础上，增加了军事堡垒、行政管理、市场和手工品生产的职能后逐渐形成的。<br  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">欧洲中世纪城市、中国古代城市都属于这种情况。</section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxj09iczeQGUibIemNaqH6rF89ygbYwk15ylxnBg758lHLBeeIQF6vGeUHg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;">哥本哈根的一军事要塞——卡斯特雷特城堡</span></strong></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;"><br  /></span></strong></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市就是尺度规模宏大，功能完备，人口聚集多的空间实体。除了城以外，邑、乡、堡都属于空间实体的一种类型。</section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;">现代社会经过了工业化，乡村的数量逐渐减少，城市发展兴旺起来，实体空间的数量和规模进一步扩大，构成了我们日常所处的人居环境。<span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span><br  /><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br  /></span></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);">人类所有的生产和消费活动，都是在城乡空间中进行的，实体空间的类型也越来越复杂。</span></strong></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><br  /></span></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="font-size: 16px;"><br  /></strong></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="font-size: 16px;">对实体空间进一步分类，可分为：</strong><br  /></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);font-size: 16px;"><strong>1. 按照社会形态来划分，城市和乡村是两种最为典型的实体空间类型。</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市空间是各种单一或复合性功能的实体空间聚合，在城市中复杂的功能被各种实体空间建立和彼此约束。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 104, 39);"><strong>城乡空间具有景观特征的差别：</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"></span></strong></p><p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjjBHX0YPodytLjyB85Y9ysjjHfhpNAxfD2Md2vIkZnln3PicpKGMCEibg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">城市空间</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">具有城市型景观，高密度、大体量的巨型建筑，复杂空间反映了城市社会的复杂功能。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"></span></strong></p><p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjjuJ4jplYAXRvqkB9Pb7yiblNbrNHWzYvEs37QcGy4UQhIiberJo12iaJA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">乡村空间</span></strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">具有田园式的乡村景观，反映了熟人社会、亲情关系浓厚、节奏缓慢的生活。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2. 按照生产生活方式，分为</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">生产空间</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">和</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">消费空间</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">。</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">现代意义上的城市是在工业革命之后诞生的，现代城市是工业化社会的产物，它既追求高效率的物质生产，也追求高效率的物质消费，经过不断发展演变，现代城市产生了具有极大的生产和消费能力的实体空间。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">生产空间包括工厂、工业园区、办公区等；消费空间包括居住区、商业、文化娱乐等。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">现代城市空间给人的感受是巨大的体量规模，无论是生产空间还是消费空间都是如此，城市规模越大，空间的体量也越大。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">历史上商业空间发展演变的顺序是：店铺→百货商店→购物中心→大型商业综合体。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjqHJaACQEibRicicNRsrcZFMFhCIQTbjPHOrxHxjZ5g2nZcnlP2Er99IuA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64);font-family: 微软雅黑;font-size: 16px;">   </span><strong><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64);font-family: 微软雅黑;font-size: 14px;">位于郊区的美国普鲁士国王购物中心</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64);font-family: 微软雅黑;font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>在美国，即便是小镇，也都在小镇的边缘规划一个大型购物中心。</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);font-size: 16px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3. 按照开放程度划分为</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">私有空间</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">和</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">公共空间</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">，只供给特定人群的空间属于私有空间，而不限制特定使用者的空间则是公共空间。</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><strong>私有空间</strong></span><strong> </strong><strong>和</strong> <span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><strong>公共空间</strong></span><strong> </strong><strong>之间存在着空间边界。</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><br  /></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjM9ibT9Mq6QdvUwX3qJ5ozFbm9yKY5qXa7uFaggnRDaQgGQPMMLtlticQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></p><h3 style="font-weight: bold;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 18px;line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">意大利古城维罗纳的空间边界</span></h3><p><br  /></p></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">比如街道是公共空间，而街道两侧的店铺则是私有空间。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市化水平越高，公共空间的类型也越来越多，并且数量和规模越来越大。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">而功能最简单的实体空间是自然村，自然村的公共空间是很少的。<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">例如，一口水井，或者晾晒场等，且都是给彼此认识的村民提供的。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-top: 1.1em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-radius: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px;padding: 0.2em 0.4em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 14px;background-color: rgb(27, 53, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">PS</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-right: 4px solid rgb(27, 53, 136);border-top: 4px solid rgb(27, 53, 136);border-left: 4px solid transparent !important;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">知识点补充——国土空间的构成</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;padding: 3.5em 10px 10px;margin-left: 8px;margin-top: -3.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><strong>国土空间</strong></span>是由更大和更多数量的城乡空间和自然空间构成。虽然在国土空间的面积上城乡仅占很少一部分数量，但是对于国家经济和社会发展来说，城乡是命脉，尤其是城市容纳了无数的家庭、学校、工厂和商店，它的生产和消费能力都十分巨大。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 6px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);border-right-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);padding: 1px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">实体空间（entity space）是如何形成的？</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">它与哪些因素相关？有哪些特点？</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 552px;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 3px 10px;display: inline-block;width: 550px;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">从乡村到城镇，城市空间类型大都是经过长期发展演变而成，但也有实体空间是短时间完成的。例如，应对城市人口大量聚集而修建的城市新区。</span><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">今天我们眼中的城镇，是在过去数百千年基础上传承下来的，是人类文明的坐标。</span><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">城市空间的形成是长期和自然的，有经过人工干预设计的，更多的是未经过设计自然形成的。但那种自然形成的城市空间，也是受到了多种政治、经济、文化和社会的作用才有的。</span><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">生产生活方式的变化会带来空间的变化。</span></strong><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">比如中东地区阿拉伯人最早作为游牧民族，在发现了石油资源之后，转向了定居城市生活，阿拉伯国家因此也诞生了许多城市。</span><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">空间与文化具有非常密切的关系，我们所说的文化差异，是由生活在不同地域内的民族所表现出来的。</span><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">空间是社会生产的过程，也是一个社会关系的重组与社会秩序实践性建构的过程。</span></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 6px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);border-right-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);padding: 1px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">实体空间（entity space）</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">具有哪些表征（representation）？</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 552px;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 3px 10px;display: inline-block;width: 550px;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">在没有引入空间概念之前，我们使用有表象的实体空间概念，例如，建筑、街道、住宅、公园等等。</span><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">当使用这些概念词汇时，我们习惯按学科分类要求，来探讨每类空间实体的特性。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">比如建筑学重点研究建筑空间、建筑材料和工程结构，街道偏重于空间美学，住宅偏重于功能和科技，公园偏重于绿化种植等等。</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">但是这样的研究阐述方式容易丧失对空间实体抽象的、共性的特征把握，往往会受限于实体空间的物质性。</span><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;letter-spacing: 0px;">假设我们在各种建筑物、构筑物之后加上“空间”二字，就暂时去掉了实体空间物质性的一面，重点则转向了非物质的空间特性。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;letter-spacing: 0px;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="white-space: normal;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);color: rgb(39, 39, 39);text-align: justify;"></span><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);font-size: 16px;"><strong>为了描述清楚实体空间，还需对实体空间具有哪些表征进行研究。</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);">表征（representation）</span></strong><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;">是一个心理学术语，指信息在头脑中的呈现方式，我们对空间的认知也是通过各种表征呈现出来的。</strong><br  /></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);">在空间的诸多表征中，一类是可以量化的，另一类是难以量化的。</span></strong><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"></span></strong></p><p style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);font-size: 15px;text-align: justify;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">功能（function）表征 </strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>空间的使用价值，归根结底是人的价值，这是空间的基本性质之一。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">人类进入现代社会后，是通过提供各种复合的城市功能体来满足日益复杂的需求。</p><p style="white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjibHpqicKzsVaXPNCY2nVuySYx8N0xA1btZiae2sQh2pF0HnSwbMzvZ6Pw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">实体空间</span></strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">建造</span></strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">需满足人的使用功能</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">形态（form）表征 </strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">由于实体空间都是物质的，这就决定了实体空间必然具有一定的形态。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">例如，不同形态的建筑体可以抽象为图形和几何体块，建筑设计也经常从研究抽象的几何体块构成开始。不同的空间形态及组合，不仅产生不同的功能，也会给人以不同的心理感受，<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">如，开敞与封闭、向心与发散、规整与自由等等。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市的空间形态也反映了不同民族、不同国家在文化方面的特性。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">例如，欧洲中世纪的城市，其空间特征是狭小、没有树木的街道，面积不大随处可见的广场。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjUbxWiayw8FmL5QpibNDGPeewpMFssiaWCHLUFibMvefMKKutGv2mTxZfCQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">维罗纳古街道的形态</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">边界（boundary）表征 </span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>在形态表征之下，同时也具有了尺度（dimension）和边界的表征。</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">尺度特性前面已说过，<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">边界表征有两种类型：</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">在平面上，一定的地域空间必须有一个范围边界，在这个边界范围内，容纳一些活动。例如，我们说生活圈，就是在一定时空范围内人的活动范围。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">在立体上，空间形态也有一个外缘边界，例如，建筑空间的外缘轮廓，或者城市的天际轮廓线。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间规划往往要规定一定空间范围内的活动，这就使得空间的边界性变得十分重要。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">生态（ecology）表征 </strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">实体空间不能脱离自然空间而存在，必须依附在自然空间中，这种性质带来了两种结果：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">一是实体空间必须与周边的自然空间发生物质和能量的交换；</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">二是由于自然空间的有限性，实体空间不能随意扩张，这一点在实体空间的价值表征中也表现出来。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjPOGILaVKHmOdmiaDheMs7aWNUWDUWt8qqD6PkxBic4ic2sFHo1YMOdpwA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">北京市市域绿色空间结构规划示意图</strong><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 251, 0);background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文化（culture）表征 </strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(255, 251, 0);background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">不同民族、不同文化背景创制出的实体空间，在形态上具有显著的差异和特点，这也反映出，城市在发展过程中获得的文化滋养，使城市具有了魅力。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间的文化表征在很大程度上是通过空间形态反映出来的，例如，建筑立面，基本上就是文化的反映，建筑是文化的面孔和表情。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">与文化相伴的是特定的景观，例如，许多自然村落和古村落，选址与周边地形相宜，村落布局与山水形成自然贴合的形态格局。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">建筑就地取材，民居建筑的样式带有浓厚的地域文化特点。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">生产生活一体，自然环境就是生产资料的一个组成部分。保留下来的民俗文化与生产生活方式紧贴密切，在物质文化和非物质文化方面都有许多表现，成为一种典型的文化景观。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjQ0QQyNsB84XgjXlnEZpWRe75rd4LicLnWicEHplYvcgDJkSRZ9hbWicRA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">生产生活一体的日本白山乡合掌村</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">城市作为工业社会的产物，也产生了工业社会的文化，如波普文化、全球文化、电影文化、时尚文化、互联网文化等等。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br  /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">工程（engineering）表征 </strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>实体空间是被建造出来的。</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">建造技术就是一种十分重要的因素，一定的建筑形态就需要一定的工程结构、建筑材料和施工工艺。比如窑洞就是特定区域下就地取材的建造技术。</span><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxj43nCLAZhcfAZC1s2TtY4IKMQ6r5WmTZ5B4AyffxB5APIraV6j4xPfw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">实体空间是</strong>被建造出来的</strong><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);">价值（value）表征 </span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>空间具有经济价值。</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">首先是，因为实体空间必须依附于土地这种自然空间，由于土地资源的稀缺性，导致实体空间的生成需要支付土地成本。</span><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">第二是，实体空间的物质性所决定的，即实体空间由物质材料生成，而物质材料以其建造过程所耗费的成本，使实体空间产生了价值。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">第三是，在上述基础上，实体空间不仅具有使用价值，还具有交换价值，可以被出售。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;width: 88%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-top: 1.1em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-radius: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px;padding: 0.2em 0.4em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(27, 53, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">PS</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-right: 4px solid rgb(27, 53, 136);border-top: 4px solid rgb(27, 53, 136);border-left: 4px solid transparent !important;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">知识点补充<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p></section><section class="" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;padding: 3.5em 10px 10px;margin-left: 8px;margin-top: -3.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1. 我们可以从恩格斯关于对英国住宅问题解决方案中发现大都市的秘密，恩格斯将住房紧缺视为城乡对立的结果，并且资本主义是无法解决住宅问题的。</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">为解决工人住宅问题恩格斯提出了这样的设想：以废除资本主义的生产方式为前提，使人口尽可能地平均分布于全国，大的都市则必须消失。归根结底，大都市存在的主要原因和目的是服务于越来越体量巨大的资本，只有大都市这种能级规模才能产生巨大的消费能力。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2. 城市中的生产和消费空间是资本完成增值循环的重要媒介。</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">法国社会学家、哲学家，新马克思主义的代表人物列斐伏尔在其名著《空间的生产》中提出，空间进入到了生产力和劳动分工的领域，它具有了自身的财产关系，具有了交换的形式，具有了制度，文化与学说。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">空间是消费的对象，如同工厂或工厂里的机器、原料和劳动力一样，作为一个整体的空间在生产中被消费。城市的扩展可以视为是空间的生产。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">马克思那里，“生产” 既可以理解为经济学意义上的物质生活资料的生产制造， 又可以从广义上理解为人类社会的生产和再生产，包括精神、物质、社会关系等的全面生产。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">资本主义在帝国主义时代通过扩张领土，扩大殖民地来实现财富掠夺，这是帝国主义早期资本扩张的形式。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">但是到了空间生产的时代，通过创造巨大消费能力的城市空间，让资本更加高效地进入经济组织体系。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">时间（time）表征 </strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">那些具有完整的经济和社会功能的实体空间，其形成的过程是伴随着生产力的发展，制度和文化因素的相互作用，在经历了漫长的发展过程之后，作为生产力发展的一种物质成果呈现出来，这样就使实体空间被赋予了一种时间特性。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">多数城市的形成都经历了一个漫长的社会实践过程，建设行为仅仅是某一时段内的一个技术手段。完成了物质空间的建设，并不代表能够形成具有较好功用的社会空间，通常建筑和街道空间的形成一般也是几十到上百年。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">村庄也是如此，历史文化名村是长期形成的，中国现存村落的历史有甚至超过1000年的。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"> <p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjCIWBdXUKL4FRaLlKxlcTGtfp137bK8JSttjLfVoSK9xGuDH0aMqoWg/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><strong style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">有着1700年历史的维吾尔古村——吐峪沟</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">社会（social）表征 </strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">空间是社会关系的容器，空间的使用者彼此之间产生邻里关系，在一定区域内形成了一定数量的人群，构建了一个有着彼此关系的社区，这就是空间的社会性的体现。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">在城市里，空间区域往往与社会阶层相对应，每个社会阶层都有其聚集空间区域。城市空间是城市型社会的容器，城市型社会是一种大规模、科层式组织型社会，分工细密，流动性强，可创造出高度发达的物质文明。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">另外，街道空间开设店铺，体现了邻里关系，但是没有店铺的街道则是冷漠和危险的。除此之外，城市还有许多冷漠空间，如地铁、电梯等。<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> </span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjAMzPxVicyqzZib2tnbDXrdMXmjtUhehia5UBjW3zycUBib1YeIl49ic7Ytw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><strong style="font-size: 14px;text-align: left;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">亲族依附型和土地依附型的乡村社会</strong></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">乡村空间对应乡村型社会，是流动少、亲族依附型和土地依附型的社会。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">乡村中的公共空间非常少，流动性非常低，如果来了一个外乡人马上会引来视线的关注。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-top: 1.1em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-radius: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px;padding: 0.2em 0.4em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(27, 53, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">PS</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-right: 4px solid rgb(27, 53, 136);border-top: 4px solid rgb(27, 53, 136);border-left: 4px solid transparent !important;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">知识点补充</strong></p></section><section class="" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;padding: 3.5em 10px 10px;margin-left: 8px;margin-top: -3.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">马克思很早就观察到资本主义下高度的社会分工对人的“异化”，而列斐伏尔在这个观念的基础上进一步探究，发现社会化大分工让日常生活也成为工作，“日常生活成为资本获取利润的主战场”，变得单调乏味，使人们失去了本有的日常生活。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">所谓“异化”就是人被其所创造的工具所改造，偏离了人的自然性，城市就是最大的异化工具，它塑造人的行为。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">空间之所以能够塑造人，是因为人在空间中按照空间符号的规则行事，例如，在医院里我们是病人，在旅游景区我们是游客，在商场我们是顾客，回到车间我们是工人，回到办公室我们是职员等等。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">列斐伏尔的《日常生活批评》一书中说，在前现代社会，我们的日常生活和生产活动分得不是那么清晰，日出而作，日落而息，但现代社会的分工和专业化使得我们在工作的时候没有了日常生活的感觉。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">我们只有下了班之后，去酒吧喝了一杯酒，才会有日常生活的感觉。现代社会的日常生活具有了工作的性质，是平庸的、单调的。而专业化程度愈高的群体就离（前现代的）日常生活愈远。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">列斐伏尔对资本主义城市规划和城市化持完全否定态度，他尖锐地批判资本主义城市规划，认为它是对“日常生活”的破坏，是对穷人的剥夺，城市规划确立起了抽象空间的统治，使人类生活更加异化。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">生产力的发展和生产关系的变革使得空间发生演变。列斐伏尔提出了社会空间的概念。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> 首先，社会空间是一种物质的存在，也是一种形式的存在，一种社会关系的容器。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">就微观上而言，列斐伏尔的社会空间从社会关系着眼分析空间本身。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">社会空间“是从主体开始的”，“将主体和空间结合起来，主体在空间中，并作为空间的生产者。”</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">列斐伏尔认为：“空间也是一切社会活动、相互矛盾的各种社会力量密切纠缠在一起的场所，是社会的第二自然”。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> </span><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;padding: 3px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">权力（power）表征 </strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);color: rgb(255, 251, 0);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>空间的权力表征体现在两个方面：</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一个方面是空间可以作为</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">权力的象征</span></strong>，典型如皇宫、市政广场。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">另一个方面，空间是</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">各种利益奋然角逐的产物。</span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">例如，街道空间涉及到路权的划分。利益团体正是通过争夺空间的管理权来实现自身的战略，以强行改变公民的日常生活。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxj3FeHuJJylicO7iaLpicSLJcVpJCKicbL4icg6ZDiaILxFP8nwTqkpw1a7x1A/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;">教堂</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/KoH4xpDrnibC0lEgLFBxugMrGTCvq0cxjfrL9tWIiaWQVMEhAEc4zZJQEsDrGkOibc0h3iaasbD5Nh8Q2JI7icjA2eQ/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">里昂市政厅</span></strong></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong style="font-size: 14px;text-align: left;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;">在欧洲，</strong><strong style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;">市政厅和</strong><strong style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;">教</strong><strong style="color: rgb(39, 39, 39);letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;">堂成为权力中心、视觉中心。</strong></strong></span></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-top: 1.1em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-radius: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px;padding: 0.2em 0.4em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(27, 53, 136);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">PS</strong></p></section><section style="width: 0px;border-right: 4px solid rgb(27, 53, 136);border-top: 4px solid rgb(27, 53, 136);border-left: 4px solid transparent !important;border-bottom: 4px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding-left: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">知识点补充</strong></p></section><section class="" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;padding: 3.5em 10px 10px;margin-left: 8px;margin-top: -3.5em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">列斐伏尔在《空间与政治》中指出，空间就是政治置身于其中的场所，空间本身就是政治的。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">新马克思主义学者认为城市是阶级斗争的舞台，其中心议题是土地市场作为财富分配的机器和争取获得城市空间和资源的公民权的政治诉求。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">实体空间的主体和客体：决策者与被服务群体。不同的国家和不同社会制度，有不同的建筑组成的实体空间的组合，建筑空间的组合结构代表了国家政治构成。如欧洲中世纪城镇街道一般由市政厅、广场和教堂构成城镇的中心。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">中国人的本位主义意识很强，单位总喜欢用围墙把自己同社会分隔起来，导致资源不能向社会开放和共享。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">需要说明的是，空间的诸多表征是一个不可分割的整体，是一个有机的统一，不能割裂地去看空间的表征，空间是通过一束关系存在的，即来自于政治、经济、社会、文化和制度方面的动力或约束，在诸多矛盾体的运动的结果，由此出发，一种稳定的实体空间类型，是诸多矛盾的平衡。比如传统村落，它既有农业生产的经济职能，又具有联系乡里，教化风俗的社会职能，还有耕田养鸭，取法自然的生态职能。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 6px;border-style: solid;border-left-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);border-right-color: rgb(255, 129, 36);padding: 1px 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 17px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">什么是好的实体空间？</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">如何创制好的实体空间？</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 552px;border-width: 0px 1px 1px 2px;border-style: none none none dashed;border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);border-radius: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 3px 10px;display: inline-block;width: 550px;vertical-align: top;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;text-align: justify;line-height: 1.8;color: rgb(39, 39, 39);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;">这个问题很难一句话讲清楚，但是非常重要。</strong><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">既然空间是诸多矛盾体运动的结果，那么好的实体空间一定是较好地平衡了来自于政治、经济、社会和文化方面诸多矛盾的结果。</span><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">好空间不仅仅是功能性好，更应该是创造较好的社会关系，创造社会资本。</span></strong><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">例如，我们谈到城市空间设计，这在某种程度上其实是被动的，当自然空间与实体空间的矛盾冲突、主体意愿与客体功能性需求之间的矛盾冲突都得到较好处理后，才能轮到解决城市空间设计形态的矛盾。</span><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">此时需要面对建造方式、建造技术与当地材料、文化之间的矛盾，这些是需要设计来解决的。</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;">建筑如何表达文化？</strong><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;">建筑空间的文化更多的是象征意义。</span><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;">浅层的表达是把文化符号化隽刻在建筑的表层；深度地展现则是建筑的型制与功能的完美融合。</span></strong><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-weight: normal;">实体空间可以聚合、生长，并且组合、生成新的生态。</span><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-weight: normal;">一些产业业态在遇到增长瓶颈之后，需要主动与其他产业联姻，创造出新的消费空间类型。</span></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-weight: normal;"><br  /></span></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-align: start;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 83, 20);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-weight: normal;">例如，零售业与主题娱乐业之间的联姻。从商业角度，刺激性和体验性的消费需要创制出许多新兴消费空间。</span></span></strong></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong>……</strong></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><br  /></strong></p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;">认识空间的性质能够让我们摆脱因为学科分类对空间规律认识的困扰，将地理的空间、城乡的空间、建筑的空间、景观的空间等统一起来，建立不同实体空间之间的对话。</p><p style="font-size: 15px;white-space: normal;box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" powered-by="gulangu" 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border-box;">北京中规建业城市规划设计院</strong></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">地址：</strong>北京市海淀区学清路9号汇智大厦B座</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">电话：</strong>010-57023605</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">新疆新土地城乡规划设计院</strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">地址：</strong>乌市红光山路888号绿城广场2A栋14层</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">电话：</strong>0991-8885065   0991-8845621</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">网址：</strong>www.xtdplaner.com</p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 100%;text-align: right;margin-top: 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