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<section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0px;padding-top: 1.3em;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: -16px;margin-left: 30%;margin-right: 30%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="transform: rotate(45deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(45deg);-moz-transform: rotate(45deg);-o-transform: rotate(45deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 30px;height: 30px;border-left: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-top: 2px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 22px;height: 22px;margin: 2px;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px;height: 16px;margin: 1px auto auto;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px;margin: 1px auto auto;border-left: 12px solid rgb(227, 163, 43);border-bottom: 12px solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">点击上方“”可订阅哦！</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;padding: 10px;border-width: 1px;border-style: dotted;border-color: white;box-shadow: rgb(225, 225, 225) 7.77817px 7.77817px 3px;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">作者东南大学建筑学院博士研究生赵烨在《规划师》2018年第2期撰文，意大利历史城镇保护和历史地段复兴实践具有非常悠久的历史，几乎所有的城市都保存着历史遗产，且这些历史<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇均保持着高度的活力与集聚力。文章通过对意大利192个代表性历史城镇的分析，全面回顾了自20世纪50年代以来意</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">大利历史城镇演化的脉络和特征，并总结了其保护观念的转变过程，在此基础上提出了对中国城镇与乡村的保护和更新的启示。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-top: 5px solid rgb(42, 118, 162);border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(254, 183, 182);padding: 5px 0px;width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[关键词] 意大利历史城镇保护；历史中心；整体性保护</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[文章编号]1006-0022(2018)02-0134-06　</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[中图分类号]TU984　</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[文献标识码]B</p><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">[引文格式]赵烨．意大利历史城镇保护实践的经验与启示[J]．规划师，2018(2)：134-139．</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin: 0.5em 0px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/iapeO3o57s4MktXeqPf4D5f8vOU07loWBY9icokErOI92VG6vEfhsaicGeufpjwy91nblTiaTgFQKdr5AbBuibpnGxg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">意大利历史城镇统计与形态分析</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">根据意大利国家历史艺术中心协会(ANCSA)的<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">估算，意大利的历史聚落约有20000个，既有历史街</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区，又有独立的城镇和村落，每个定居点都有属于自</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">身的特定历史。少于15000人的城镇占意大利城市总</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">量的91.8％，构成了意大利特有的聚居方式，并包含</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">大量的有形与无形遗产，传统文化、历史价值极高。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">笔者通过对意大利192个代表性历史城镇的分析</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">( 图 1)，从外部影响、空间形态和重要</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">标志3个方面梳理意大利历史城镇演化</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的脉络与特征。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj8qBNXK67e9ibJibOJIT30SS9PDUSt9OMviay1bEhgnNu8yZZibnlAjPEelvU39IcFheicWiayheq80IQA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">外部影响</p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);margin: -3px 0px;padding: 3px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.地理环境</p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">聚落的出现大多与地形相关，聚落<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的布置一般靠近水源且背靠山坡，并远</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">离宽阔的河道水系和沟壑。在192个城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">镇中，77 个起源于山谷或平原，79 个</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">起源于丘陵或山区，36 个起源于海岸</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">线附近。历史事件成为促进城镇迁址的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">主要因素，当遭遇战争或入侵后，63％</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的平原聚落会不约而同地迁移至山坡或</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">山顶以躲避战乱或加强应敌能力，85％</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的山区聚落选择原位重建或迁移拓展，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">20％的海滨聚落选择迁址于更靠近内陆</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的位置；而位于高位的聚落便进一步巩</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">固其军事战略地位，或者发展成为重要</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的主教城市；80％早期开展码头贸易的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">聚落至今仍延续着原有功能，或更趋向</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">海滨与建设内港。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);margin: -3px 0px;padding: 3px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.时间脉络</p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">受到人的活动范围局限和迁移速<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">度影响，各区域出现人类活动痕迹的时</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间不同，同区域的人类聚落出现时间相</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对接近，且人类痕迹遗存、考古证据和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">文明类型基本同源。北部聚落出现较</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">早，大多出现在新石器时代至古罗马时</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">期，以当地土著、伊特鲁里亚人、伦巴</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">第人、威尼斯人及凯尔特人为主要聚居</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">者；中部聚落大约出现在史前旧石器时</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">代至古罗马时期，伊特鲁里亚人、萨比</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尼人、皮切尼人及罗马人先后在这一区</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">域定居；南部聚落则出现时间更晚一些，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">除了史前至青铜时代出现了少数小型聚</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">落，其他聚落大多出现在公元前1世纪，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">腓尼基人、诺曼人及阿拉伯人为主要入</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">侵者和统治者。意大利文化发展的连续</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性使城镇的建筑风貌保持风格统一：几</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">乎每个城镇都是由多个发展片区拼贴而</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成，无论是替换的建筑单元还是扩张的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新建片区，在规划和建筑修护技术上都</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对空间肌理及建筑风格进行了严格控</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">制，保证了与既有要素的呼应。意大利</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的历史城镇除当代建设在建筑体量和组</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">合上出现了较大变化易于辨认外，从平</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">面图上很难清晰地识别各时间段的“接</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">口”，更像是一气呵成的完整城镇。例如，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">蒙塔尼亚纳(Montagnana)的城墙修</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建于公元前300年，城中现存建筑大多</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建于13～14世纪，但呈现的风貌却相</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">差无几。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);margin: -3px 0px;padding: 3px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3.人文影响</p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当城镇发展至一定规模后，人们开<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">始对城镇进行改造，86％的城镇筑起了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城墙和城堡，有的甚至建造了多道城墙</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(占32％)，可见战争时期的动乱对于城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">镇的威慑力和破坏力不容小觑。相较于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">外在的物质性屏障，内在的精神性屏障</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建设成为更迫切的需求。因此，基督教</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自出现以后便如洪流般席卷整个意大利。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">教会完成了对所有居民的精神教化，并</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">借助大批教堂、修道院的建造完成了对</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇物质空间形态的塑造和改变。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间形态</p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);margin: -3px 0px;padding: 3px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.形状与边界</p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇的形状变化体现了从尊重自然<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">到利用自然的演化过程。自然地形赋予</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">了城镇多样的形态：位于丘陵、山顶、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">河谷、海滨的城镇通常具有清晰的边界</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和易于辨识的结构，与自然环境的顺应、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">渗透、咬合关系使其具有更为舒展的自</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由形态 — 条状、星形、梭形、锤形</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">及不规则形态；位于平原的城镇则大多</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为团状、椭圆形及龟背形。直至今日，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">85％的城镇 ( 或历史中心 ) 仍遵循自然</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地理特征，并未出现大规模侵占自然的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建设行为。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇的扩张方式则主要包括新旧<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">衔接和新旧脱离两种类型，不同城镇通</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">常依据城镇外部地形的可操作性进行选</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">择。若城镇的用地局促，则旧区保持原</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">状，另选附近合适的地段建设新区，这</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">一类城镇形态更为完整，呈现出向内发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">展的特征；位于宽阔平原地带的城镇，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新建区可延续扩展旧区的边界，与旧区</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">逐渐形成连续的整体。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);margin: -3px 0px;padding: 3px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.空间结构</p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尽管形状不同，但是构成空间形态<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的要素 ( 街道、地块、广场和标志物 )</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">基本相同，“街道 + 地块”的用地划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">分是城镇空间的基础。意大利目前遗存</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最多的中世纪城镇，其空间布局具有相</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对固定的模板：以城墙为边界，内部空</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">间沿街道伸展，街道中段或尽端设置广</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">场，围绕广场建设市政厅和教堂等公共</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建筑。无论城镇的形状边界如何，内部</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">空间结构均万变不离其宗，在现代发展</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中，城镇旧区作为一个相对完整的空间</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">单元更容易融入大尺度的新结构，或作</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为结构单元与新区有序衔接(图2)。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj8qBNXK67e9ibJibOJIT30SSia27G4flNXf9KSf52RWibwutgk9Fia9CCficNM7T6zP0VNjrXibFkJLic7Sw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);margin: -3px 0px;padding: 3px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3.单元</p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地块作为最小单元成为建构空间形<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">态的主要因素之一，地块单元与地形保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">持一定的对应性：地形较局促的城镇，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建设难以铺展，以不规则形、长条形和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">狭长带状居多，大多为线性格局，即由</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1 ～ 2 条主街贯穿，地块厚度为一个院</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">落单元或一层皮，建筑分布均质，之间</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">由鱼骨状步行道沟通。地势平坦的城镇，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">结构以团状为主，主街呈“十”字形、 “田”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">字形，地块由3～4个院落围合。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">重要标志</p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);margin: -3px 0px;padding: 3px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">1.公共建筑</p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇中最重要的公共建筑是宗教类<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建筑 — 教堂与修道院，无论数量、位</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">置还是体量都处于显著地位，几乎所有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇都拥有5座以上的教堂，且都有主</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">教堂。结合城镇总体形态的格局，教堂</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">布局方式分为位于外围或尽端、位于地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">块内或沿主要街道和集中位于城镇中心</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">地段三类，三种布局类型都是为了凸显</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">教堂的地位。对外，教堂通常位于城镇</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的代表性方位以强化神圣感与仪式感，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">同时作为天际线的竖向要素和视觉焦</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">点；对内，教堂作为空间的绝对制高点，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">高度、体量与普通民居形成鲜明对比，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在日常生活中起到精神统领的作用，教</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">堂前的广场通常结合微地形起伏变化营</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">造空间序列与仪式感。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);margin: -3px 0px;padding: 3px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2.构筑物</p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城墙无疑是城镇中最重要的构筑<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">物，有些城镇建有多道城墙和城堡，伴</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">随城镇的扩展不断新建外廓，有些则是</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">拆除原址重建，或为某座教堂、修道院</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">单独修建，主要功能是防御外来入侵。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(210, 210, 210);margin: -3px 0px;padding: 3px 6px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">3.民居</p></section><section style="height: 5px;line-height: 5px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 3px;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> <span style="width: 5px;height: 5px;float: left;border-radius: 50%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);margin-left: 4px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </section><section style="clear: both;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇中数量最多的是均质、无差异<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的民居建筑，构成了城镇的底面基质，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">突显了公共建筑和构筑物的重要地位。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">数量庞大的住宅建筑修复改造成为现今</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">意大利最主要、最基础的建筑改造再利</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用实践工作，以“合理性灵活”设计理</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">念和技术清楚地表达了“整体性”与“适</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">应性”的内涵。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">意大利文物修复专家卡萨·布兰迪<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(Cesare Brandi)的“可逆性、可再处理</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性、可识别性”文物修复三原则代表了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">西方文物修复保护的主流观点，对除文</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">物以外的一般建筑修复改造同样产生了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">深远的影响。即使是普通的民居，也必</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">须通过建筑来源、历史文献、周边环境、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">平面测绘、形态演变、风格细部、使用</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">功能和腐蚀状况等一系列分析帮助判断</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建筑价值、改造目标、修复方法与路径、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">手法与材料(图3)。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj8qBNXK67e9ibJibOJIT30SShthlp4hdV5kFsEmgHp7JGUY47cSWcv5HkGibygObiaibhsH1iaoctOTjqA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（四）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">小结</p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从以上分析可以看出，外部影响作<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为先决条件深深地影响了意大利城镇的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">起源和发展，其中地理环境为最重要的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">影响因素；“街道+地块”的用地划分</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">决定了城镇的基本格局和空间形态；教</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">堂、修道院和民居共同构成了城镇聚落。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/xK5ZdOuR3BAjDEefJlDctpYClpDQTG4Okbt7zHicMPqgebOMFkGvzhmmq0MsLtUzKsLW1dx0mOFeEWJ7mKlLVOA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">二</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 意大利城镇保护的历史阶段与</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">特征</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从物质建设和空间形态看，意大利<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇的发展具有强烈的历史延续性和高</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">度统一性，呈现出以时间为轴的发展序</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">列，各时期的建设方向和布局方式各不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">相同却均有所表达。城镇与自然环境始</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">终融为一体，且无论什么时间扩建、修补，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">也都尽量延续原有的形态和轴线，以保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">证图形和物质要素能够被识别与解读。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">目前最古老的历史城镇大约建于 7<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">～8世纪，大部分保存至今与现代城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">结构明显区分的片区都可以追溯到中世</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">纪 (10 ～ 14 世纪 )，尤其到 13 世纪，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在大批新兴城市被建造出来的同时，大</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">量的古老城镇也经历了大规模的改造。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">意大利的文化层叠加现象十分普遍，几</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">乎所有的老城中心区都是罗马帝国时期</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的结构原型，在经过长达数个世纪的演</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">变后，叠加了中世纪、文艺复兴、巴洛</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">克和近代改造的痕迹。一般城镇中经常</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">会见到多层叠加并置的历史遗迹，如伊</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">特鲁里亚时期的街巷、古罗马的石材、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中世纪的教堂、文艺复兴的宫殿、巴洛</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">克式的教堂、新古典主义的街区……各</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">个时期的内置属性、历史断代的共同作</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用，使这些城镇呈现出拼贴的结构与混</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">杂的风格，街道格局与尺度、建筑平面</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">与立面，其复杂性非一般城镇所能比拟。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">意大利作为具有高密度文化遗产的国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">家，正在最大限度地促使城市空间不断</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">适应现代需求，提供混合使用功能、链</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">接多层交通系统、组织各类服务设施，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">同时让居民意识到所处的历史空间和物</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">质环境，让“历史教会人理解现在和未</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">来”。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">意大利近现代的历史城镇保护在欧<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">洲的保护领域占有重要地位，并不断深</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">化认识、改善策略，保护工作也愈发趋</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">于理性与全面。历史城镇和历史中心的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保护思路总是与社会环境、经济状况、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">文化思潮紧密相连，虽有反复，却始终</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对遗产保持清醒的价值认知和积极的保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">护态度。从纯粹的风格保护到复合的实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用考量，意大利历史城镇保护观念的转</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">变也经历了3个阶段：城镇化初期保护</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">思想的萌芽 ( 第二次世界大战前至 20</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">世纪50年代)、快速城镇化时期历史中</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">心的保护 (20 世纪 60 年代～ 80 年代 )</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以及后工业化、全球化时代保护思想的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">转变(20世纪90年代至今)。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">第二次世界大战前至20世纪50<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">年代：整体性保护策略</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">意大利城镇化始于 19 世纪中期，<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">最早主要针对罗马、佛罗伦萨和米兰等</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">大城市，通过改善住宅卫生条件、居</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">住密度和基础设施等措施解决一系列</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“城市病”，但解决方式是拆除旧街</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">区、只保留纪念物的激进更新手法。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">然而，古斯塔沃·乔瓦诺尼(Gustavo</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">Giovannoni)提出了不同的观点，他在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《旧城与新建设》中对历史城镇的价值</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">做出了明确的阐述，“既有城镇”既不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">是历史城镇，也不是现代城镇，而是新</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">旧交织、和谐共存的物质空间，是“活</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的”“集体纪念物”，应包括周边环境、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">历史建筑、居住街区和历史中心，应该</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">将保护范围从纪念物拓展到整个街区甚</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">至城镇，应采取整体保护策略与措施。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">第二次世界大战结束后，经济衰<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">败、社会结构质变、城乡区域平衡被打</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">破，欧洲国家纷纷反思战后重建如何在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">历史环境中与旧城建立关联。首先是利</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用历史城镇的旧建筑进行改造或重建；</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">纪念碑式的隔离保存方式显然已经不能</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">适应社会需求，必须结合生态环境、城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">镇景观，把城镇作为整体加以考虑，作</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">为城镇结构完整性的一部分。乔瓦尼·</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">阿斯腾戈(Giovanni Astengo)在1955</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">～ 1958 年阿西西总体保护规划中首次</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对历史地段制定了保护和复原规划：根</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">据文脉对建筑分类，以“合理性灵活”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对城镇遗产采用“风格化”重建方式，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">把整个城市作为一个整体融入更加广泛</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的经济和城市发展计划中。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">20世纪60年代～80年代：快速<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇化时期关于城镇新旧关系的讨论</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">以第二次世界大战后经济复苏为契<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">机的城镇建设开始将目光从快速建设转</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">向文脉、历史等人文层面，这一时期的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">总体特征是围绕“新与旧”的各种角度</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的探讨与实践。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1)20世纪60年代：文脉延续与新<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">旧并行。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">文化精英们促成了意大利国家历史<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">艺术中心协会(ANCSA)的建立以及《古</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">比奥宪章 1960》的签订；同时，规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">师开始倡导“广义文脉”概念，即城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中心的发展趋势应该基于区域文脉的选</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">择。历史片区与新区建设的关系既不能</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">采取冷冻式、防腐式的脱离保存，也不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">能盲目地深入干预，把握干预“度”和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">合理运用设计语言 — “合理性灵活”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">成为关键问题。德·卡洛 (Giancarlo </span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">De Carlo)在1958～1964年乌尔比诺</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保护规划中采用两区并行的方式：老城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">核心区保存进行合理改造，新城区位于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">景观和老城结构共同定义的范围内，以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保证原有空间视觉轴线与自然景观环境</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">同时受到重视，且结构之间存在连续性，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">进一步强化结构和形态。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2)20世纪70年代：类型学分析推<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">动新旧缝合。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">《古比奥宪章1960》对于历史中心<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的过度保护使居住改善和历史住宅再利</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用问题重新回到了大众视野。路易吉·</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">切维拉提(Piero Luigi Cervellati)在博洛</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">尼亚1937～1969年的四轮规划中将老</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城的空间肌理视为建筑类型的集合，挑</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">选出需要重现的建筑类型，再对现存建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">筑进行类型整合和结构升级，与新建部</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">分“缝合”在一起，成为一种新的建筑</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">语言(图4)。建筑普查没有采用传统的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">功能—空间分析方法，而是将建筑的历</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">时性演变落实到具体的建筑形式、开发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">利用模式上，在此基础上做出适应各类</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">形态特征的保护项目。《1969 博洛尼</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">亚总体控制规划修编》提出了“整体性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保护”：将物质遗产全面保护与维护居</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">民群体、社会结构及复兴社会生活和经</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">济活力共同纳入保护策略中，即“物质</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">遗产—社会的整体性保护”；通过复兴</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">历史中心尤其是住宅改善与再利用促进</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">整个城市的平衡和整体发展。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj8qBNXK67e9ibJibOJIT30SS6aKP8MpQkEuHOiaYHWLyBwKHv46p2TfKHUHMFqeWCrHMicp4dufU0A3w/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(3)20世纪80年代：景观共构的整<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体保护。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">对于城镇遗产的解读加入了历史语<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">境和人的使用维度，并放置在不断发展</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的历史背景中，注重城市变迁和建筑使</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用需求变化而出现的各种转换与补充，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">确保“合理性灵活”。以费拉拉城墙保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">护与整合项目为例，自 1975 年开始，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">当地政府意识到城镇遗产的局限性导致</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">众多具有历史遗产特质的景观被忽视；</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">自 1985 年开始，城墙计划将城墙与历</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">史中心结合，将城墙和两侧的城市环境</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">整合为环城带状公园，并把堡垒、四个</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城门和主要城墙段包含在内进行统一规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">划(图5)。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj8qBNXK67e9ibJibOJIT30SSrtwQchMLD7wUJHhGolEbIbrrSegGesGFQby1AYsNsgf15OL0z48ODA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 2px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px;margin-right: 5px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">（三）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px;display: inline-block;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">20世纪90年代至今：后工业化、<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">全球化时代的全面转型发展</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">后工业时代的城镇建成环境出现了<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">普遍性衰败，促使人们对保护方法“适</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">应性”进行反思。欧洲的普遍做法是以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“文化”为线索对历史中心区进行再利</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">用，以“合理性灵活”的规划思路带动</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">人的回归和新的城市更新进程，将历史</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中心区重塑为具有吸引力的居住工作场</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">所和娱乐休闲活动聚集区。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">2005 年，UNESCO 大会通过了新<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的章程 — 《维也纳备忘录》，指出保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">护要基于现存历史形态、建筑存量及文</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">脉，综合考虑当代建筑、城市可持续发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">展和景观完整性之间的关系，功能用途、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">社会结构、政治环境和经济发展的持续</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">变化都会反映在对于传统历史性城市景</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">观的结构干预上，这些变化可以看作是</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城市传统的一部分，要求着眼于城市整</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体，与其他参与者及利益相关者展开对</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">话，采取前瞻性行动，使保护具有新的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">特征，并延续到未来。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/xK5ZdOuR3BAjDEefJlDctpYClpDQTG4Okbt7zHicMPqgebOMFkGvzhmmq0MsLtUzKsLW1dx0mOFeEWJ7mKlLVOA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.28;box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 100%;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;float: left;margin-top: -0.68em;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);padding: 2px 5px;font-size: 19px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;max-width: 90% !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">三</p></section><section style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;border-bottom: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29);max-width: 5% !important;border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.4em solid transparent !important;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;padding: 5px;line-height: 1.2em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;font-size: 18px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对中国的启示</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(227, 163, 43);padding: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">通过对意大利历史城镇保护发展历<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">程的梳理可以看出，意大利历史城镇的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保护与发展始终与时代需求相顺应、与</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">建成环境相协调、与社会问题相呼应，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在实践中不断修正和完善理论、方法及</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">策略，其经验可为中国历史城镇(乡村)</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保护与发展提供参考。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(1)“整体性”作为城镇与乡村建设<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">的首要原则。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从20世纪70年代被提出到现在，<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“整体性”的内涵不断被扩充，“整体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性保护”在历史遗产和文化传统保护实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">践过程中得到了长足的发展。首先，“整</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">体性保护”的保护范围从纪念物单体扩</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">大到街区、地段、历史中心区和城市景</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">观；其次，“整体性保护”的规划理念</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">从传统以物质空间保护为核心，扩展到</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">跨越精神层面、综合时间维度和协同产</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">业共构；再次，“整体性保护”的保护</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">方法从现状分析扩展到时间梳理、文脉</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">解读、风格提取重组；最后，“整体性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">保护”的保护成果从建筑修缮改造拓展</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">到区域空间功能调整，保护周期从阶段</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">性抢救延续到全生命周期管控，保护形</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">式从应对危机过渡为长效管理。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(2)“新旧关系”是城镇与乡村保护<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">和更新的重要课题。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">在具体实践中，“新”与“旧”一<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">直是城镇化、现代化过程中需要妥善处</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">理的一对矛盾，也是体现保护理念的重</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">要对象。在意大利的保护规划中，区域</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">层面采用了新旧分开并行的方式 — 历</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">史区与新建区明确区分开，历史区以保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">护为主，新区以延续发展为主；中微观</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">层面采用新旧缝合的方式 — 旧建筑与</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">新建筑以类型为标准重现或置换，清楚</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">标示新旧的界限。各种类型的保护、修</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">复都必须尊重历史及现状，不盲目地拆</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">旧建新，而应通过调研、分析和论证，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">采取最合适的手段，尽可能多地保留原</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">始、可读的内容，绝不为了保护而保护，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">拒绝“假古董”。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">(3)“普特兼顾”是城镇建设的基本<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">策略。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中国的城镇与乡村一直在应对时代<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">变化的过程中寻求兼顾普适与特质的发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">展模式，其实无论是整体与局部、新与</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">旧，还是历史与现存，都是对“适应性”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">不同维度的解读。现阶段，中国新型城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">镇化建设对广大农村地区的发展提出了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">诸多富有时代性的新课题，当同时面对</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">“瞻前”与“回顾”的需求时，很多乡</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">村不具备足够的自信与准确的判断，只</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">重视“瞻前” — 经济发展，而无力“回</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">顾” — 保护历史资源，导致乡村传统</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">文化与民俗遗产的消亡。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">借鉴意大利历史城镇保护的经验，<span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">中国乡村建设可运用“合理性灵活”的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">理念，将多重目标置于同一平台上，以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">城镇与乡村的发展作为总体目标，将经</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">济产业转型、环境整治美化、居住条件</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">提升、村民生活充实和特色风貌保存等</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">各项发展指标作为分项子目标，在各种</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">需求之间比较、权衡，选择最适合的保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">护与发展策略，促进城镇与乡村的良性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">循环、可持续发展。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/xK5ZdOuR3BAjDEefJlDctpYClpDQTG4Okbt7zHicMPqgebOMFkGvzhmmq0MsLtUzKsLW1dx0mOFeEWJ7mKlLVOA/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0% 20px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;padding: 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powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">精</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 25%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 10px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 4px;display: inline-block;background-color: rgb(247, 177, 32);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-color: white;width: 1.6em;height: 1.6em;border-style: solid;border-width: 1px;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.5em;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">彩</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(67, 103, 117);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">请猛戳右边二维码</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: left;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br 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style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 38.2%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(67, 103, 117);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;">公众号ID</p><p style="clear: none;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-gulangu V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="gulangu"><section class="" style="margin: 0px 0%;box-sizing: 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