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<section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="font-size:16px;"><section style="white-space: normal;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class=""><section class=""><section donone="shifuMouseDownCard('shifu_c_033')" label="Copyright Reserved by PLAYHUDONG."><section class="color"><section><section><section donone="shifuMouseDownCard('shifu_c_019')"><section label="Copyright ? 2015 playhudong All Rights Reserved." donone="shifuMouseDownStyle('shifu_bus_005')" style="margin: 1em auto;border: none;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="color1" style="padding: 1em;border-left-width: 0.4em;border-left-style: solid;border-color: rgb(207, 168, 28);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><strong><span style="background-color: #C9A21B;color: #FFFFFF;">街道前沿</span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 20px;"><strong><span style="background-color: #C9A21B;color: #FFFFFF;"> </span></strong></span>是由北京市城市规划设计研究院《北京市街道设计导则》课题小组建立的街道前沿动态跟踪专栏，旨在聚焦国际前沿理论共识、剖析全球优秀实践案例，为北京街道发展共识、管理治理、规划设计服务。<strong><span style="color: #C9A21B;">欢迎业内同仁和社会人士来稿，期待与您共同探讨，让街道更美好！ </span></strong><br  /></p></section><section style="margin-top: -3em;width: 0.38em;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);float: left;"><section class="color2" style="height: 1em;background-color: rgb(207, 168, 28);width: 0.4em;"></section><section class="color3" style="width: 0px;height: 0px;border-width: 0px 0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;border-style: solid;border-color: transparent transparent transparent rgb(207, 168, 28);box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="color2" style="margin-top: 0.2em;height: 0.5em;width: 0.4em;opacity: 0.8;background-color: rgb(207, 168, 28);transform: skewY(-30deg);-webkit-transform: skewY(-30deg);-moz-transform: skewY(-30deg);-ms-transform: skewY(-30deg);-o-transform: skewY(-30deg);"></section><section class="color2" style="margin-top: 0.2em;height: 0.5em;width: 0.4em;opacity: 0.5;background-color: rgb(207, 168, 28);transform: skewY(-30deg);-webkit-transform: skewY(-30deg);-moz-transform: skewY(-30deg);-ms-transform: skewY(-30deg);-o-transform: skewY(-30deg);"></section><section class="color2" style="margin-top: 0.2em;height: 0.5em;width: 0.4em;opacity: 0.3;background-color: rgb(207, 168, 28);transform: skewY(-30deg);-webkit-transform: skewY(-30deg);-moz-transform: skewY(-30deg);-ms-transform: skewY(-30deg);-o-transform: skewY(-30deg);"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com"><section class="_135editor" data-tools="" data-id="90899" data-color="rgb(201, 162, 27)" style="border: 0px none;box-sizing: border-box;"><section data-width="100%"><section><section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">近日，李克平教授受汪光焘部长邀请编写了关于德国城市功能区域与交通限速管理方面的资料，发布于公众号“同济智能交通”。经授权，《北京市街道设计导则》课题组转载此文。</p><p><br  /></p><section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-left: 0.8em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;float: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 2.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15TicMpPsE25Sl48YN53mzAD9elXB5gpeMnurbZG7HCVM5MrkDXDjk9LA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;font-size: 17px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">德国城市区别化的交通限速区域管理</p></section></section><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15iblibx7mcQgTk1ORoeV3GA7sjBu8r8hW2D92ib9Rjq8dUHQU3yffiaSibfA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: both;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 30px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 603px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(220, 221, 221) 3.53553px 3.53553px 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: -28px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(13, 0, 21);font-size: 18px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">1</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 城市交通（Stadtverkehr）的基本概念</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">城市交通包含城市内的客运和货运交通。通常情况下将城市交通划分为私人交通和公共交通。而运行城市交通的前提是拥有城市交通基础设施。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">从基础设施来看，城市交通包括城市道路（城市快速路、城市干道、支路以及自行车道等）、铁路、水运道路、隧道以及停车场所。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">从交通方式来看城市交通包括私人交通（轿车、卡车、自行车、校车、（私人）货运车等）、公共客运交通、复合交通（Park+Ride等）、公共货运交通、紧急和救护车辆等。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">在城市交通中<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市建成区</strong>（Geschlossene Ortschaft）是一个很重要的概念，它也是德国道路交通安全法规中的一个特定概念，它描述了在空间上连续的住宅和生活区域特征。城市建成区这个概念区别于位于郊外的公路以及其相关的道路交通规则。通常在城市建成区的起点和终点设立相应的黄色标识来告知交通参与者是否处于城市建成区。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15uicQOkJWFLp4fRS2jzxDfXCGbjDoehCA2GqJvJkcylbbyUE5icIAib3hQ/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市建成区起点和终点的标识</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">下面列举了德国道路交通法规中部分有关城市建成区的交通规则：</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">?  <strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">除了城市快速路，理论上城市建成区的限速为50 km/h；</strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">?  对于小于3.5吨的车辆在多条车道上可以自由地选择车道（不包括城市快速路）。“右侧为慢行道、左侧为快车道”的交通规则在此不适用；</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">?  在铁路与道路平交叉口的安德烈十字标志前5米禁止停车；</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">?  在纯粹的居住区域和医院附近，原则上禁止大于7.5吨的卡车停车；</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">?  在夜间停车时，示宽灯的亮度是足够的；</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在打算超车时不允许使用喇叭和远光灯。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 30px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 603px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(220, 221, 221) 3.53px 3.53px 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: -28px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(13, 0, 21);font-size: 18px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">2</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 24px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">德国城市道路等级划分</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（选自《德国城市道路设计规范》（RASt 06 第0章 规范适用范围））</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市道路分类</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15sqhgOahFBQ3Ea1iaVHCgjOCpDZWYEeQdsQiakMAicBGibOT9LcV9WmCLDQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;width: 335px;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15H4R4icGSftoH7Js0ERmTFH2TxnOR6UvqfcQMOia2JtUJKwoXdSJR0SIA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">城市道路主要涉及城市中的联通性道路、在建成区的干道以及在未建成区的干道（包括其平面交叉口）的规划和设计。换而言之，该规范适用于德国《路网总体规划规范》（RIN）里所包含的VS、HS和ES三种道路等级类别。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">道路等级“<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">未建成区的干道”（anbaufreie Hauptverkehrsstra?en，简称VS）</strong>包括在城际到城市区域以及城市范围内的周边空旷区域的道路。这种等级的道路主要针对普通公路在逐渐靠近城市以后的一种“延续”。这类道路的路侧通常是较为稀疏的、不常使用的建筑物，因此整个区域对于道路的连接功能的需求较低，即道路两侧只有小部分已开发区域。车道两旁通常有非机动车道。这样的干道基本上以有信号控制的平面交叉口或者环形交叉口与下一级的路网相连接。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">这类道路如果在公路向城市道路过渡区，其限速建议为70 km/h；如果在城市内，则限速大多应为50 km/h。</strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">道路等级“<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">建成区的干道”（angebaute Hauptverkehrsstra?en，简称HS）</strong>主要指城市内的周边拥有众多建筑物的道路。它们构成了城市内的干道路网并且承担公共交通的运行。它们也可以是连接两个小镇之间道路的一部分（即地方快速过境道路（Ortsdurchfahrten））。关于道路行政命名，这类道路可以是国道、州道（相当于国内的省道）、乡道。这类道路如果和相同等级的道路相连接的话，通常使用有信号控制的平面交叉口或者环形交叉口。并且，因为这里道路拥有对于周边区域的延伸功能，因而这类道路经常会有静态交通停车区域（路侧停车）的需求。而自行车交通则建议设置独立的自行车道。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">原则上，这类干道的限速为50 km/h。</strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">道路等级“<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">连接性道路”（Erschlie?ungsstra?en，简称ES）</strong>主要用于连接周边建筑和活动或停留区域的道路。此外，这类道路也承担了周边居住、工作、服务所构成的区域中的<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">集散功能</strong>。这类道路基本上是单幅（单块板）道路，并且以无信号灯控制的平面交叉口相互连接。如果这类道路与干道相连接，则可以通过有或无信号灯控制的平面交叉口以及环形交叉口相连接。在特殊情况下，这些道路上也运行公共交通，当然其核心功能是服务区域内的自行车交通。因此，<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在很多情况下，这些道路的限速为30 km/h。</strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">因为考虑实际城市道路多样性的特点以及每个案例的特殊性，在使用该规范时并没有固定的标准。因而，如果确定使用新的方案能满足工程特殊的要求，则可以采用和规范不同的值或方案。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 30px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 603px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(220, 221, 221) 3.53px 3.53px 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: -28px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(13, 0, 21);font-size: 18px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">3</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市道路功能区别定位</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（选自《德国城市道路设计规范》（RASt 06 第2章 城市道路分级））</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><p style="margin-bottom: 5px;margin-top: 5px;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">基本原则</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 5px;margin-top: 5px;"><br  /></p><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;margin-bottom: 5px;margin-top: 5px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市道路可以从<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">交通特征</strong>和<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市规划特征</strong>来区分不同功能的道路：</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15r0huPVZToXvaGr2zHdXFP5KEmoFX1rpBb3tzmnoicicJs9srXlZhbciag/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;">城市道路功能定位图解<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">将交通特征和城市规划特征相结合对于城市干道有着举足轻重的意义。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">城市干道始终是城市规划和交通规划的轴线和空间分布的骨架，同时它们也是区域性公交或整个城市公交的高一级路网的一部分。它们连接着城市中不同大小和功能结构的区域和地块，只要这些干道在建成区，则这些主干路同时也具有住宅区的集散功能。（可以被称为“<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">连接性的干道</strong>”）</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">干道在下面两种情形间形成了一个特别的“有争端”的区域：</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">-跨地块（跨区域）的<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">联通功能</strong>，以及由此引出的对于出行时间和驾驶舒适度的要求；</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">-地块内（区域内）的与城市规划关联性和周边环境的使用，以及由此引出的对于周边环境质量、活动区域停留和道路<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">连接功能</strong>的要求。</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;font-size: 13px;white-space: normal;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">交通特征</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">城市道路的<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">连接功能</strong>由周边区域的建筑物样式和尺寸来决定，由此产生的</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">- 起讫点之间的所有交通出行方式的路径数量</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">-（货运交通）的供货和装卸过程的频率和时长</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">连接功能会根据交通形式的不同而有所区别，同时<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">连接功能与道路的联通功能相互竞争</strong>。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">联通功能</strong>是主干道的一个重要的交通特征。它取决于：</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">- 道路所连接的两地的重要性（区域定位）</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">- 两地之间的距离</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">- 两地之间的交通出行需求强度</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">在评价道路联通功能的时候，必须将不同交通方式单独地考虑；比如，一条对于公共交通有重要联通功能的道路，可能对于自行车交通的意义不大。所以，在道路设计中，道路联通功能的好坏程度对不同交通方式，对于通行质量的要求有深远的影响。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">在动态交通（交通出行过程）中，<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">交通流量</strong>由各种交通方式的过境交通和到发交通组成。由此所产生的交通量及其时间分布是在城市道路中是十分不一样的。因此交通量和其时间分布是一个显著有区别化的特征。同样地，在静态交通中，其需求量取决于周边环境的使用情况、停车位的提供以及其他交通方式的运行质量。</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p><br  /></p><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;font-size: 13px;white-space: normal;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">城市规划特征</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">城市道路的城市规划意义由城市空间（规划）方案、城市发展不同阶段的使用结构以及周边环境建设和塑造的质量决定。城市道路的这个特征通常会随着城市历史的发展发生着巨大的变化，有些特征甚至会随之消失。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">以下城市规划特征与道路设计密切相关：区域特征、周边土地利用及规模和道路空间（规划）的情况（道路红线、道路宽度以及道路走向等）</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">对于城市规划方面特征的关注尤为重要，因为它直接影响道路设计。由于它们在道路设计过程中很难被改变（改建），因此它们通常作为设计中的“地方限制条件”来处理。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">从<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">区域特征</strong>引出了整体城市道路设计的第一个要点。城市规划和城市历史的因素区域特征中充分体现出来。一个小村落、一个中世纪的城镇、一个靠近城市中心长时间行程的聚居区或者城市市郊形成的大型生活区，这些特征都为道路空间设计提供了一个基本框架。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">通过<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">周边土地利用的规模和功能</strong>，即通过道路沿线地产、房屋以及空地使用的形式和规模，将道路两侧的空间和周边地块相连起来。作为具体道路规划的基础，它们越是被细致地规划，越会出现各种多样性。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">对于已有的以及规划中的周边土地使用的了解程度也有着重要意义，因为土地的使用是各种使用需求多样性的出发点。周边土地使用的规划给予未来使用需求指明了方向，而这些内容通常在现状分析中并不能一目了然地被观察到。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">此外，可能会在城市区域内和路段中出现一些并未规划，却和设计有关的变化和发展。这些变化和发展的通常可以通过诸如外墙和建筑物现代化过程、人口发展、商贸的繁荣和萧条、办公区域的增加来凸显。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">道路空间规划的情况实际上是道路空间中土地分配以及道路规划的基础。它主要包括三个方面：</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">——道路外部限制条件</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">——道路的宽度</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">——道路的走向情况</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">道路外部限制条件</strong>是道路（空间）规划的重要前提条件也决定道路空间的构造学意义。和开放式的，周边没有建筑物的道路空间相比，在密集的建成区的城市道路中，很难在有限的周边空间中满足每一种道路（空间）需求。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">道路的宽度</strong>决定了道路设计的限制条件，不同的限制条件可采用不同的解决方法：不同交通使用者共享道路空间（如机非混行，人非混行等），道路功能转移到其他道路（如禁止大型车辆通行，通过周边其他道路分流等）以及城市规划者通过规划将这些需求转移。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">道路的走向情况</strong>是道路设计的另一个重要条件。道路沿线的变化例如道路的宽度变化，与其他道路的交叉口都是设计中值得关注的点。这些道路沿线的变化直接导致道路两侧的城市规划学效果的变化。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;font-size: 13px;white-space: normal;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">典型的设计情况</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">系<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">统化地综合所有的交通特征和城市规划特征会导致眼花缭乱和不适宜实际设计的错综复杂。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">因此，为了实际设计的可操作性，定义了不同的典型的设计情形，它们基于大型城市、中型城市、小型城市和村镇中的城市规划和交通特征所给定。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">典型设计情况的推荐解决方案</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15ojbC3qgvp9bez8EicibPP0mF5dzBq9861SMopOribPocl9yU32AddmicSw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">上述的典型的设计情形覆盖了现实中大部分设计的要求。</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">尤其在一条很长的道路上沿线上，这些典型的设计情形构成了一个连续的序列。比如一条主干道，在经过不同区域的时候显示出不同的路段功能。相比之下，支路，通常是某个区域内短途的道路，因此在其沿线上只有一个统一的设计情形。</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 30px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 603px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(220, 221, 221) 3.53px 3.53px 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: -28px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(13, 0, 21);font-size: 18px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">4</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">道路交通的速度（Geschwindigkeit (Stra?enverkehr)）和德国限速规定（Zul?ssige H?chstgeschwindigkeit im Stra?enverkehr）</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">在德国，根据规定，机动车驾驶者应当这样选择行驶速度，在驾驶者可视的路段内可以使车辆刹车至停止。当然速度的选择必须和道路的实际情况（交通情况、视线情况、天气情况）、驾驶能力和车辆的载重相结合。在十分窄的车道情况下，即隐含威胁对向来车的情况下，车速应这样选择，要保证可视距离的一半范围内可以停车。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">关于<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">限速</strong>，在公路上，对于载重不超过3.5吨的小型车辆来说，限速一般在100 km/h。但在高速公路和类似于高速公路的公路（有中央分隔带的公路）上例外，在这些公路上<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">建议限速</strong>（Richtgeschwindigkeit）为130 km/h，理论上并没有最大限速。 所谓建议限速只是一个推荐值，即使超过了这个速度也不会遭到处罚，但是如果发生交通事故的话，会被共同问责，因为高速行驶增加了事故发生的风险。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在城市建成区，最大限速为50 km/h。但如果有限速标记存在的话，允许该路段的限速超过50 km/h。</strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在交通稳静化区域内最多一7-8km/h的速度行驶，</strong>从2013年4月1日起，这样的规定也适用于部分开放的步行区和人行道。在（用于）游玩的街道（Spielstra?e）上禁止车辆通行。（详见下文）</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 30px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 603px;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);box-shadow: rgb(220, 221, 221) 3.53px 3.53px 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: -28px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding: 0.1em 0.3em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);color: rgb(13, 0, 21);font-size: 18px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">5</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">交通宁静化（Verkehrsberuhigung）</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">交通宁静化是指通过各种措施来减少非地块的外来机动车交通以及降速余下的机动车交通，以提升居住周边环境的交通安全和（生活）质量。交通宁静化措施主要可以分为三类：</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  交通政策/交通规则措施：包括设置某区域的限速，引入某种特定的交通规则诸如单行道或者右先于左规则。甚至有可能为了设置步行区而对机动车封闭整条路段或者通过大巴路障来保证公交运行</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  大面积的措施：指的是建立步行区和（人车）接触区域，即所谓限速30公里区域</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  建造性措施：指的是对道路本身的改造。它包括车道错开、部分路段路面砖石化、减速带等</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;font-size: 13px;white-space: normal;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">步行区（Fu?g?ngerzone）</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">步行区/步行街是某一种交通区域，在这种交通区域内行人拥有相比于其他交通参与者的优先权。它通常坐落于城市的内城/中心地段。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">步行区的道路空间构造必须满足行人的需求，通过路段的铺面构造和其他附属设施（如长凳、照明、喷泉等）来产生一种构造性的作用，以提升活动停留区域的吸引力。此外步行区通常围绕着商店、餐厅和咖啡厅等。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">步行区是为行人的使用所设定的。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">原则上其他交通参与者在步行区是禁止的。</strong>通过相应的交通标识，某些交通在部分时间是允许驶入的，但是它们在步行区属于次要的地位，因而<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">它们的行驶速度和驾驶行为必须和步行区域特性相匹配</strong>。通常例外的包括清洁车、废物处理车等服务性车辆以及部分公共交通。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15scNGnBkQ5juuqMs6Xepqexp2icibSXEJCF63o6Wpbmlt6tOsCXFPmiafw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">步行区标识（左）、人行道标识（中）和人行道实例（右）</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;font-size: 13px;white-space: normal;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">限速30区域（Tempo-30-Zone）</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">在这个区域中所有车辆必须以最高时速为30km/h的速度行驶。这是交通宁静化的措施之一， 在限速30区中一般使用“右先于左”的规定来决定优先权（《德国道路交通安全法》§8条），但是对于已存在的信号控制的丁字路口可以保留信号灯控制。 根据《道路安全交通法实施条例》（VwV-StVO），当十字交叉口、丁字路交叉口对交通安全有特殊需求或者通行公交大巴的需求，则可以使用让行——优先权的通行方式。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在限速30区域不允许标识（必须使用的）自行车专用道。同样，该区域内的道路不应划车道线，同时自行车保护带也是不允许的。</strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15tdFV8odKPMnDhYzzMmyzOAWwX4jaV4sj0ictoZsicqOyTYbMiarBa0slQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">德国限速30区域标识和取消限速30区域标识以及限速30区域划线标识<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d154CrUAWoT5Pmib0cPzepXvMHvQyWvfTZbRXp0vQMiccsoy8yiaxJ61icicaw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;">荷兰限速30区域标识和限速30区域标线</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15ib8RicMn9iaDjrJM2LtOHT5XxCnicNlWS6gJ67DDnnSSRdO1gosoJdiaXVg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;">限速30区域实例</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;font-size: 13px;white-space: normal;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">接触区域（Begegnungszone）</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">接触区域是交通宁静化的一种形式，在这个区域内行人拥有优先权。它起源于瑞士，通过增加道路附近居住和商业区的功能，弱化道路的交通功能，以及改善慢行交通的行驶条件，来提升道路（附近）空间的吸引力以及保证道路安全。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">接触区域主要用在火车站广场、内城和市中心、学校附近区域、居住区、中心商业街以及行人和自行车量较大的交叉口。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">根据《瑞士信号控制条例》（SVV）第§3节第22条，对接触区域作了具体规定：</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  通过标识2.59.5标定了在居住和商业区的接触区域。在接触区域内行人和非机动车（包括自行车、轮滑、滑板等）使用者允许使用整个交通区域，相比机动车驾驶者，他们拥有优先权，但不得故意妨碍机动车行驶。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  最高限速为20 km/h</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  停车只有在已标识的或已划线的区域是允许的。自行车停放遵照一般的停车规定</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">德国在此基础上创新地扩展了这个概念的使用，分别产生了交通稳静化的区域（Verkehrsberuhigter Bereich）和交通稳静化的商业区域（Verkehrsberhigter Gesch?ftsbereich）。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;font-size: 13px;white-space: normal;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">交通宁静化的区域（Verkehrsberuhigter Bereich）</span></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 616.391px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 12px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">它是以下面这样的标志来表示的，并且在1980年以后被引入到《德国道路交通安全法》。在该区域中具体的规定如下：（《德国道路交通安全法》第§4条）</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15iaqnzpZXH1SD2ialcI4mVEIBPr9CBs1QkHRFyck4XA4n0jHu7ceXkqnA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">交通稳静化的区域的标识（左）和实际案例（右）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  在该区域内机动车必须以步行速度（大约4 km/h）前行；</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  机动车不能威胁和阻碍行人交通的通行，如果有必要，机动车应当（停下）等候；</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  行人不得故意的阻碍机动车交通；</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  机动车不得在以划线的停车位外停车，（短时间）的上下车以及装卸货例外；</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">?  行人可以利用整条道路的宽度。整个区域允许孩子玩耍。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;font-size: 13px;white-space: normal;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">交通宁静化的商业区域（Verkehrsberhigter Gesch?ftsbereich）</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">这类区域是在限速30区域的基础上，根据《德国道路交通安全法》（StVO）第§45节第1d条，即限速小于30 km/h区域的规定所形成的。因此在这样的区域内建议使用限速20区域和限速10区域。它比较类似瑞士所使用的接触区域（Begegnungszone），其具体区别请详见附录。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（1d）在城市中心区域，拥有大量行人交通，并且以停留活动功能为主的话，可以设置小于30 km/h的限速区域</em></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">作为限速30区域（Tempo-30-Zone）和交通宁静化的区域（Verkehrsberuhigter Bereich）的纽带，即所谓的过渡状态。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15mVmL6br5foXcHl6Dyg7FHdYIsnrtbMsA3yCQ560Cvl3lVYqDsPAJ2Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">限速20公里标识（左）和实例（右）</span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;font-size: 13px;white-space: normal;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">共享空间（Shared space）</span></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">共享空间是一个规划理念，在以机动车交通为主的市政道路上，使得其更加宜居、安全和顺畅。这个想法的特点是取消使用车道和人行道之间的分离措施，<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">即采用混合的交通空间，并且放弃使用交通标识、信号灯和交通标线等交通设施。</strong>共享空间被看作为“给予所有交通参与者”空间，因此，<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在这个区域内所有交通参与者的优先权理论上是平等的</strong>。它平衡了道路的连接功能/交通功能和道路的活动停留功能。因此共享空间考虑了道路空间内的机动车、自行车、行人、城市生活、儿童玩耍等各种交通参与者的利益。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">传统的交通宁静化措施，强调慢行交通的优先权，因此通常适用于非主要道路，但是<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">共享空间也可用<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">于干道上</span></strong><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">。在具体的措施上，共享空间的方案中不采用各种严格的交通规则，而是依靠驾驶者自觉的行为的匹配，这种驾驶者行为的改变依靠独特的、符合地区特性的交通空间的设计。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">换而言之，交通参与者之间的协动、自身的责任感以及文明行为就是共享空间的交通规则。共享空间基于交通参与者的观察，即交通参与者的行为受到区域规划的影响。比如一个很显眼的学校以及很多学生，其效果远好于简单的交通标识。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">但是共享区域也存在一定问题，因为放弃使用交通标识，则会让交通参与者主观上感到交通风险。因此很多城市更愿使用接触区域和交通稳静的区域。</p><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="white-space: normal;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><p style="margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 5px;font-size: 13px;white-space: normal;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15gm3qyszcYViaR9sG5WABUC8m6Ylic0d4F1dcxasyg9ZWiczpNJSWEfniaA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" />  <span style="font-size: 16px;">与交通宁静化相协调的速度</span></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">在机动车和慢行交通之间产生的很多交通冲突来源于交通参与者之间的速度不匹配。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">不同交通方式之间的速度越相近，则不同交通方式共同使用交通空间的可能性越大。</strong>在低速的情况下，交通事故的数量和严重程度急剧下降。通过降速，减小车辆在转弯时的轨迹线和行车时的安全距离，可以减少交叉口的大小和道路的横断面宽度，用以减小道路空间的用地。这些剩下的用地可以给以他用。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">在自行车与行人之间以及不同速度的自行车交通中也存在不少冲突的隐患。要推进行人交通的重要策略是保证行人能够无碍地、无担忧的前行并保证其活动空间的功能（比如孩子玩耍区）。这当中也包括保护行人免受自行车交通的威胁。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">在城市内，在考虑残疾人无障碍设施的需求下，应尽量避免行人非混行。只有在少部分特殊情况下，才能使用人非混行。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">自行车的停放也可能限制行人活动的空间（同样也会对盲人以及上下公交乘客的安全造成交通安全的威胁）。</strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">要推进慢行交通，可以采用不同的交通稳静化的措施。采用的措施的不同取决于交通网的功能以及对于慢行交通意义和所要达到的目标：</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">——<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">设立限速30区域</strong>可以用于提高交通安全，特别是学校附近区域的交通安全，同时也提高居住区和生活活动区域的质量。此时，行人和机动车交通之间仍采用<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">分离原则（Trennprinzip）</strong>。自行车则以没有自行车道（特殊自行车设施）的形式在机动车道上行驶。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">——在居住区域设立<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">交通宁静化的区域</strong>，以保证机动车没有优先权。在该区域内机动车必须以步行速度行驶，原则上行人以及孩子的游玩拥有优先权。对此应该放弃分离原则，而采用混合原则（Mischprinzip）。<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">混合原则</strong>是以不同交通参与者之间的交互为基础。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">——<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">交通宁静化的商业区域</strong>使得设置限速低于30km/h的区域成为可能，理论上在这个区域内采用限速20 km/h限速（也可以采用10 km/h限速），但理论上还应<strong style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">保持车道和路侧空间的分离</strong>，即行人过街时有等候的义务。而自行车则仍以没有自行车道（特殊自行车设施）的形式在机动车道上行驶。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: justify;">其他具体关于交通宁静化的措施，例如空间共享，可以参考《有特殊过街需求的道路——“共享空间”的应用和思考——指南》。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 0px;border-left: 0.8em solid rgb(207, 190, 120);border-top: 0.8em solid rgb(207, 190, 120);word-wrap: break-word !important;border-right: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-bottom: 0.8em solid transparent !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">各类交通宁静化措施比较</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0.3em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 0px;border-right: 0.8em solid rgb(100, 180, 191);border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(100, 180, 191);word-wrap: break-word !important;border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.8em solid transparent !important;"></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15QxhX2ssqticdKUaibcGJjumLoxeDthgV6MHrqGiaGKsSosMQ4feibHwymw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d15yLtma7Gnq941Fp3gc2gian5dV7VicE184orx2BlF9VeX6sU1K78D5WsA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;overflow: hidden !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/icKFe0wqE4ePkkz1c78tlrjojyibeJ2d159l64U8dbxc2DLGIK6uiahXk99uAiam5K8ibXV5NKOOamrsv7rDK3p5qpw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 0px;border-left: 0.8em solid rgb(207, 190, 120);border-top: 0.8em solid rgb(207, 190, 120);word-wrap: break-word !important;border-right: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-bottom: 0.8em solid transparent !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《德国城市道路设计规范》目录</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0.3em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 0px;border-right: 0.8em solid rgb(100, 180, 191);border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(100, 180, 191);word-wrap: break-word !important;border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.8em solid transparent !important;"></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">0        适用范围与结构</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">1        目标与原则</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">1.1     总体原则</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">1.2     目标</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">2        城市道路分类</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">2.1     基本原则</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">2.2     交通特征</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">2.3     城市规划特征</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">2.4     典型的设计情况</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">3        设计方法</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">3.1     设计任务</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">3.2     道路空间设计的分类和程序</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">3.3     确定设计原则</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">3.4     设计过程</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">3.5     影响预估、评价与利弊权衡</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">3.6     规划阶段和展示</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4        道路空间用户需求</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.1     基本原则</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.2     公共交通</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.3     （通行中的）机动车</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.4     停车</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.5     装卸货</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.6     自行车交通</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.7     行人交通、社会需求和无障碍设施</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.8     绿化</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.9     公共服务车辆及给排水</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">4.10    特殊使用需求</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5         典型设计情况的推荐解决方案</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.1      简介</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.1.1   确定推荐的横断面形式</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.1.2   推荐横断面形式的设计和利弊权衡</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2      横断面形式</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.1   居住区小径（断头胡同）【Residential lane(Cul de sac)】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.2    居住区道路【Residential street】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.3    支路【Collector road】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.4     社区道路【City neighborhood street】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.5     村镇干道【Village main street】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.6     城市干道【Urban main street】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.7     区域干道【Local main street】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.8     商业街【Main shopping street】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.9     商业区道路【Roads in commercial areas】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.10   工业区道路【Industrial Estate road】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.11   连接功能为主的道路【Link road】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.2.12   未建成区干道【No frontage access road】</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.3        交叉口类型</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.3.1     简介</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.3.2     不同交叉口类型的适用性</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">5.4        道路与交叉口的衔接段</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6           设计元素</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1        路段元素</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1.1     行车道</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1.2     交通管理元素</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1.3     路缘石和排水</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1.4     道路平纵设计</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1.5     道路停车和装卸货区域</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1.6     人行道设计</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1.7     自行车道设计</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1.8     行人过街</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1.9     自行车过街</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.1.10   公交设施</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.2        降速措施</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.2.1     城市延伸性道路中的建造性交通稳静化措施</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.2.2      过境性道路中的交通稳静化措施</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.2.3      城市干道中的交通稳静化措施</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.3         交叉口</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.3.1      总体介绍</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.3.2      采用右行优先原则的交叉口</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.3.3      有让行标识的交叉口</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.3.4      信号控制交叉口</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.3.5      环形交叉口</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.3.6      半立交</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.3.7      其他交叉口类型</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.3.8      其他交叉口设计元素</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">6.3.9      可通过性与可视性</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">7            道路空间中的交通设施、照明以及绿化</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">7.1         照明</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">7.2         标识标志</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">7.3         道路空间中的绿化</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">7.4         交通设施</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 0.4em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 0px;border-left: 0.8em solid rgb(207, 190, 120);border-top: 0.8em solid rgb(207, 190, 120);word-wrap: break-word !important;border-right: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-bottom: 0.8em solid transparent !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 80%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">典型设计情况的推荐解决方案图例</p></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0.3em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;vertical-align: bottom;width: 0px;border-right: 0.8em solid rgb(100, 180, 191);border-bottom: 0.8em solid rgb(100, 180, 191);word-wrap: break-word !important;border-left: 0.8em solid transparent !important;border-top: 0.8em solid transparent !important;"></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（图片选自《德国城市道路设计规范》）</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" 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