国匠城工作台

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<section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;width: 636.5px;vertical-align: top;box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.53) 0px 0px 8px;border-width: 0px;border-radius: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62);background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);line-height: 1.75;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 20px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 13px;color: rgba(102, 97, 97, 0.92);letter-spacing: 0px;line-height: 1.75;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">编者按</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">2016年，《基多宣言》在联合国通过，即将成为未来二十年全球城市规划新的指导纲领。那么，这份宣言和上世纪40年代柯布西耶的《雅典宪章》是什么关系、与我们今天的城市面貌有什么关联，是否存在理论困境和局限，赵益民都做出非常好的梳理与回应。文章“否思”(unthinking)的态度，或许会推动我们对日益尖锐的城市空间、城市形态和城市生活等方面的思考。</span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: left;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);font-size: 16px;white-space: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1.75;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">理查德·桑内特</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（Richard Sennett）</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">和</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">萨<span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">斯基</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">亚</span></span>·萨森</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（Saskia Sassen</span>）</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">对于国内学界来说都不是陌生的名字。无论是前者的《公共人的衰落》和《肉体与石头》，还是后者的《全球城市》都在城市研究者的必读书单上。最近他们又一次在国内的知识界尤其是城市研究和城市规划的圈子里流行起来。以《基多宣言》</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（The Quito Papers）</span></em></span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">为标题，他们的新剧目在安第斯山上的厄瓜多尔首都基多首演之后不久便来到了北京，并开启了新一轮对城市空间和城市生活的讨<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">论。</span></span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOd5ksbAMKG1P1vg2dPzgnN5kM5tYWp2abWAF5icXgAOPxpGne09KyLojzppAiaeaAeWAdcxEj4pCLKw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;">理查德·桑内特</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;">和萨<span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">斯基</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;letter-spacing: 0px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">亚</span>·萨森</span></span></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1.75;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><h1 style="max-width: 100%;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h1></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">这是一场相当及时的讨论。不用提日益增长、早已超过50%的城市化率，也不用提数亿涌向城市的流动人口，我们只需要在日常的每个角落里稍加留心，便可以意识到城市议题早已主宰了我们的生活。我们有一、二、三、四线城市，也便有了“逃离北上广”。我们有日益富丽堂皇的世界城市、国际一流宜居之都，也有不断扩张、不断吸引媒体注意力的“城乡接合部”。我们有越来越多的城市居民，也有越来越多“假装在生活”的人。产业升级和城市环境整治的浪潮亦使我们越来越难见到街头小店，越来越难买到早餐。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOd5ksbAMKG1P1vg2dPzgnN5TvBFzaYFDRibiczQO1CF8SPVdmsJfsiczEgicDvgpS4Z3x4nibYfEUu6Nqw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">2017年，北京市大兴区西红门镇“11.18”火灾（来源：新华网）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在整个社会的城市转型之中，我们的确有必要思考、反思乃至否思以往的城市理论去观察和分析它们与当下城市状况之间的沟壑，从而提出新的问题，研究新的答案。在这一层意义上，桑内特、萨森和他们的《基多宣言》是值得关注的。他们以柯布西耶及其现代主义规划理念为反思对象，继承和发展城市理论批评者简·雅各布斯以降的种种新城市主义思路，力图唤起大家对城市之共时的复杂性</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（complex in a synchronous way）</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">、未完成性</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（incomplete）</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">和多孔性</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（porous）</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">的认识，重新构想一种新的体验和塑造城市的方式，倡导从封闭的城市走向开放的城市</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（the open city）</span>。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">这些想法看上去都很美妙，似乎真的能帮助我们从高楼林立的城市森林里解脱出来，重新发现干净、安全、有效又多元的城市生活。桑内特、萨森和他们的联合国人居署的合作者们也对此充满信心，于是才会在二〇一六年秋天于基多召开的联合国住房与可持续城市发展大会上</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">〔又称“人居三”大会<span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: 宋体;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">Habitat III</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-family: 宋体;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">）</span></span>〕</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">力推《新城市章程》</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（<em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">The New Urban Agenda</em>，</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">一份基于《基多宣言》编制而成的政策文本）</span>。<span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">这个章程最终获得通过，成为接下来二十年指导全球城市发展的纲领性文件。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 1.75em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1.75;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOfM9FIBwaolEV5IRarKD8x77nToMUguHHic6cznDuz1RuqMxKa3PyKMZPaHD2PZUXzwQITIR6Wndrg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p></section><p class="" style="margin-bottom: 1px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;list-style: none;font-size: medium;line-height: 1.54;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family: arial;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《新城市章程》封面</span></p><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;line-height: 1.75;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.75em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">但是，看上去美妙的前景也许并不如这些文件所承诺的那么牢固。与其不加反思地盲从这种种宣言和章程，不如往后退一步，换一个新的角度去审视它们，去探寻它们雄心之下可能隐藏的困境与危险。这篇文章的目的就在于抛砖引玉，以批判性的态度重读《基多宣言》，从而将其可能内蕴的理论困境和认识论陷阱展现出来，以期推动学界对城市空间、城市形态、城市生活的思考和反思。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: left;border-top: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-left: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: right;border-top: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-right: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: both;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -5px;margin-bottom: -5px;padding-right: 4px;padding-left: 4px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 2px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;text-shadow: transparent 2px 0px 2px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 1px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 现代主义及其不满 </span></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: left;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-left: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: right;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-right: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: both;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.75;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《基多宣言》的理论起点是《雅典宪章》。一九三三年夏，国际现代建筑协会第四次会议在一艘从马赛开往雅典的邮轮上召开。这次会议标志着以勒·柯布西耶为首的一群建筑师开始理论化他们对“功能性城市”<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（the functional city）</span>的构想，并最终定型于柯布西耶在一九四三年出版的《雅典宪章》<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（<em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">Athens Charter</em>）</span>中。在战后相当长的一段时间里，《雅典宪章》被奉为城市建设的圭臬而广为流传，并直接塑造了今日千篇一律的城市景观：高楼、广场、绿地、大马路，还有“小汽车主义”。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOfM9FIBwaolEV5IRarKD8x7PKCPDrHZVIdABia9Jx4Q0xsURKB9nSBcibxybZA2J96Z3RdiacyK087lg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 15px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">1947年，</span></span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">柯布西耶</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在马赛设计的住房单元（来源：<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">文森特?德斯贾丁斯等</span>）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">柯布西耶的立场有其时代背景。从十九世纪到二十世纪早期，随着大工业的急速发展，城市空间也日益变得拥挤、杂乱，并严重影响到市民的生活质量。建筑师们所谓“功能性城市”的提法，其实关切的正是工业时代的城市形态问题。通过确认居住、工作、游憩和交通四大功能，他们也在事实上确认了城市形态的从属地位：形态本身需要加以改进，以便服务经济发展和相应的生活需求。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">这一功能主义的思路从根本上限制了柯布西耶们的解决方案。为了解决脏乱差和拥挤问题，他们大力提倡新建高楼、开辟绿地、拓宽马路、功能分区。最终，他们面对的问题非但没有解决，反而被进一步放大。高楼和绿地并没有增进人们的生活质量，而是加剧了社会分隔，恶化了大都会的精神生活，甚至造就了诸如巴黎郊区“邮政编码种族主义”这样的严重后果。功能分区和快速路也同样没有对拥挤问题有丝毫帮助，对于这一点，每天早晚高峰时堵在北京东三环或者上海内环高架路上的人一定有切身感受。针对这些现代主义的观念，桑内特的评论堪称犀利：柯布西耶的宪章是一个乌托邦，“一个错误的乌托邦”。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/G5sxAiadpFOd5ksbAMKG1P1vg2dPzgnN5Ug5V2wn5JvGg5x1f9fLZM4G7icApaFsicN0klbR3DuCVTiaqiaWFic3ZWAw/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">晚高峰的国贸桥</span><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">简·雅各布斯是较早对柯布西耶说“不”的人。在现代主义的建筑和城市规划如日中天的上世纪六十年代，她写作《美国大城市的死与生》</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（<em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">The Death and Life of Great American Cities</em>，以下简称《死与生》）</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">，宣扬街道活力和多元，强调邻里和生活经验的重要，抵抗纽约的城市更新<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（urban renewal）</span>和大拆大建，保卫她住的格林尼治村<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（Greenwich Village）</span>。在这些努力之后，人们逐渐地认识到柯布西耶路径存在的问题，开始接受雅各布斯的批评。如此变化最终促成了八十年代以降“新城市主义”<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（the new urbanism）</span>的兴起，以及美国城市规划设计界的范式转型。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOd5ksbAMKG1P1vg2dPzgnN5I4ibD7OAwhwmxVRxDDIap5VSsACaibicMgVZVaxvIprGWQCH7VhF3cSJA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">1961年，简·雅各布斯在纽约主持格林威治村的公民团体（来源：维基百科）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在萨森看来，雅各布斯的城市观需要放到一个更大的框架里去理解，这个框架的核心是城市在整个经济中扮演的角色。这就需要提及雅氏的另外一本书，《城市经济》<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（<em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">The Economy of Cities</em>）</span>。书中观点可以做如下概括：正是城市的琐碎日常中所隐藏的多元和杂乱，才保证了城市内部劳动分工的演进，在种种不经意间促成新的经济活动的诞生。劳动分工和多样化带来新的商品和服务，从而使城市和经济保持着强大的发展动力。但是，在街道邻里消失的时刻，在日常生活痕迹被抹去的瞬间，这些动力便也会随之消失。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOegLmB5pOOEoT7ejGqVjVWEiaG5ibTe4khkfqeGia1KribELuzd3dNh5yOVluou08QGc3jaadc6JxoKicA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《城市经济</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;">》</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;text-align: justify;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">Vintage; First Pr. edition, February 12, 1970</span>）</span></span></span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在这里，雅各布斯与柯布西耶彻底分道扬镳。如果说《死与生》更多的是在城市形态上与柯布西耶和现代主义进行对话，那么《城市经济》则将这一对话和反思推进到了城市属性和内容的层面。建筑师们始终只关心形式问题<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（urban form）</span>，强调通过改进了的设计手段将城市空间变成一个更好的容器，去承载整个经济与社会。但是雅各布斯变换了方法论，不再仅仅将城市视为容器，而是将焦点转移到城市在经济发展过程中拥有的能动性<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（agency）</span>。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">承认城市空间的能动性也是《基多宣言》的作者们共享的理论基础。桑内特发展了雅各布斯的观点，通过“共时的复杂性”强调城市中各种原本不相及的事情会同时出现并交错，“未完成性”关注开放的未来和无穷的可能性，“多孔性”则意在呼吁陌生人的相遇对城市活力至关重要，我们不能秉持某种封闭刻板的边界观，而是要把高墙<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（boundary）</span>变成前沿<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（border）</span>。与此类似，萨森也将城市定义为一个复杂且未完成的系统。在这样的空间里，普通市民可以营造他们的历史和文化，其间蕴含的动态和多元属性无法被任何掌权者完全控制——这便是城市的多样性所具有的政治意涵。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/G5sxAiadpFOegLmB5pOOEoT7ejGqVjVWEqdictr9O127icAb1swyslr1XvLfiaDpPV4Y4U9AMCq4jVH667YLqgPbtA/640?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">萨森在演讲中引用这张图片描述她对未来城市的设想</span><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（来源：澎湃）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 15px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: left;border-top: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-left: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: right;border-top: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-right: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: both;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -5px;margin-bottom: -5px;padding-right: 4px;padding-left: 4px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);font-size: 15px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 2px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 1px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 新自由主义的街道 </span></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: left;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-left: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: right;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-right: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: both;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.75;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">雅各布斯常常因为这些关于空间能动性的观点而被贴上“城市无政府主义者”<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（urban anarchist）</span>的标签。对此，桑内特正确地反思道：雅各布斯的“无政府主义”更接近于埃德蒙·伯克<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（Edmund Burke）</span>的保守主义立场，而非埃玛·戈尔德曼<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（Emma Goldman）</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">所宣扬的那种激进无政府主义。在雅各布斯那里，空间的能动性只可能立足于某种自发性之上：拥挤的人群以一种非正式的方式聚集在一起，共同生活，相互竞争与合作；由此产生的复杂性、多样性乃至不和谐终将遵循某种类似于自然界的规律重塑社会和空间形态。问题于是出现：城市空间和社会在多大程度上遵循着自然界的规律？</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">桑内特将上述社会达尔文主义的论调归结为雅各布斯对某种“进化论城市时间”<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（evolutionary urban time）</span>的推崇。但是在我看来，这样的反思远远不够，我们必须从空间本身入手去推进批评。事实上，雅各布斯的空间观与海德格尔的地方观具有相当程度的亲和性，并因此而共享着某些严重的理论和政治困境。在《寰宇主义与自由地理》<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（<em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">Cosmopolitanism and the Geographies of Freedom</em>）</span>中，大卫·哈维对海德格尔的地方观做了精准概括：为了寻回已经失去的本真性<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（authenticity）</span>，海德格尔拒斥自由资本主义的物质力量，抨击商业寰宇主义精神，诉诸“栖居”概念，试图以现象学的方式揭露地方<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（place）</span>中的人类存在真理，从而通过本地和真实的感官联结来抗拒全球进程。如果说这是一种内向的保守主义的话，雅各布斯所从事的事业则是一种外向的保守主义。与海德格尔一样，雅各布斯也将焦点转向地方。但是后者对街道的颂扬并不止步于街道本身，而是意图通过街道来吸纳甚至形塑全球力量。在雅各布斯看来，街道的自发性和城市经济紧密联结在一起，各种复杂、多样和不和谐的音符最终将谱写一曲劳动分工和经济发展的赞歌。换言之，街道活力和邻里生活是作为全球流动资本的地方化形态而存在并保有意义的。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOfM9FIBwaolEV5IRarKD8x7ZmctW4LPrKd1ibGGZJXIZRwKWlVX3dJf7XTKM1FicD5TDveHKZw9JzRA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;line-height: 1.75em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《寰宇主义与自由地理》（<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">Columbia University Press; First Edition edition, July 1, 2009</span>）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《死与生》写作于上世纪五十年代末至六十年代初。那个时候，自罗斯福新政以降一直占据统治地位的凯恩斯经济理论逐渐式微，一场鼓吹自由市场和小政府的政治经济思潮开始在芝加哥兴起。作为这一新风潮（所谓“芝加哥学派”）的领军人物，约翰·弗里德曼不仅生产经济学教科书，而且编织出了新自由主义的尺度想象<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（scalar imaginary）</span>。在他和妻子合著的《自由选择》<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（<em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">Free to Choose</em>）</span>一书中，对微型尺度的政府治理推崇备至，认为尺度越小，人们才越可能规避匿名的城市官僚对自由的侵蚀，其中尤以美国大城市郊区<span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（以及郊区社区新兴的业主自治）</span>为正面典型。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果说美国的郊区主义在某种程度上<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（意识形态层面）</span>是新自由主义的发明，那么街道也是。在《死与生》里，通过对“街道眼”的细致分析，通过对街道安全和城市自由的赞许，通过对街道使用者自发演绎优美和谐的“街道芭蕾”的譬喻，雅各布斯也同样在街道和小政府之间建立经久不衰的关联。不仅如此，她的《城市经济》更进一步把街道的社会空间剖面安放到了自由市场里：拥挤的人群，非正式的竞合，自然律的筛选——多么典型的新自由主义表述。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;line-height: 26.25px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOd5ksbAMKG1P1vg2dPzgnN54tLUKHKZNX1G0J6fLmIWdGeIibXdAUz7J64xfq1W8Luia2ibxYpvcBYBA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">1969年的雅各布斯：一位致力于保护街坊邻里的普通母亲（来源：《纽约客》；Photo ? Elliott Erwitt / Magnum and John J. Burns Library, Boston College）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">但是更进一步的问题在于，雅各布斯所保卫的街道到底是谁的街道？在雅氏的设想里，街道和生活仿佛都不具有时间性和政治性，它们自然而然地发生，自然而然地演化，最终的结局一定是圆满的。但是这样的想象无法在现实生活里落地。因为街道的社会和空间形态来自权力和资本的持续形塑，“街道芭蕾”只可能发生在那些有资格进入、使用和拥有街道的人群。《死与生》并非没有意识到这个问题。雅各布斯在其中花费大量笔墨去抨击当时美国城市盛行一时的城市更新工程，从纽约到费城，从波士顿到芝加哥，几乎所有城市的内城都面临着大规模的拆迁和重建。但是雅各布斯的局限在于，她把解决这些问题的希望寄托在了回归街道这样的策略上，全然不顾其背后资本和国家的逻辑。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在雅各布斯的街道里，进化论城市时间事实上取消了真实存在的时空，把生活简化成了观念，让观念决定生活的方向。这一立场立刻产生了两个后果。第一，这种非空间<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（aspatial）</span>和去历史<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（ahistorical）</span>的观念不再把社会和空间正义放置在议事日程上，而仅仅关注街道的某些特定的面向，比如安全和多元，从而给资本的城市化提供了通途。第二，抽象的街道不仅强化了地方和空间的二元对立，而且强化了新自由主义的全球野心，也即用某种模范的街道样态统摄和同一化全球尺度的城市空间。在某种意义上，雅各布斯的街道只是一场全球运动的起点——它承载了始于里根和撒切尔、受挫于二〇〇八年金融危机，但目前尚未终结的新自由主义浪潮。正是在这个时空节点上，《基多宣言》粉墨登场。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;display: inline-block;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: left;border-top: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-left: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: right;border-top: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-right: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: both;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -5px;margin-bottom: -5px;padding-right: 4px;padding-left: 4px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px;padding-left: 10px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;border-width: 2px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(136, 136, 136);background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);font-size: 15px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: none;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 16px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing: 1px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 超越“二手空间” </span></p></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: left;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-left: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 9px;height: 9px;float: right;border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);border-right: 2px solid rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><section style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;clear: both;word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: justify;font-size: 15px;line-height: 1.75;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《基多宣言》的作者们野心不可谓不大。他们常常将这份文件的意义与《雅典宪章》相提并论，宣称要为新的“城市时代”重写一个宪章。面对严峻的气候变化议题、方兴未艾的大数据和挑战与机遇并存的非正规城市空间<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（urban informality）</span>，他们决定彻底否定柯布西耶，全面拥抱和改进雅各布斯的观点，意图通过改良的设计手段重构城市空间，为城市居民赋权，推动他们去创造新的生活。联合国人居署<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（UN-Habitat）</span>执行主任华安·克洛斯<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（Joan Clos）</span>在《基多宣言》的发布会上坦承，这个宣言就是他主导推动的联合国《新城市章程》的理论基础。《章程》是一个外交文本，是各方妥协的产物，因而并不具有伟大的理论原创性。而《基多宣言》的时空范围要宽广得多，通过回顾过去一个世纪城市规划理念的得与失，它成为《章程》的坚实基底。<br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOd5ksbAMKG1P1vg2dPzgnN5la1t7O69pVMsvAVUqBg5ad2k4KVYgN8vDpkq3W0GEyhSf8iaXmAw9zw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">华安·克洛斯在联合国住房与可持续城市发展大会上</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">全球野心背后站着的是前任巴塞罗那市长华安·克洛斯及其“杰出”的城市运营之道。在后来的一次访谈里，克洛斯市长坦承一九九二年奥运会的申办目的就是为了获得西班牙中央政府和加泰罗尼亚大区政府的财政扶持：“那时候我们在思考把巴塞罗那转型成为一座后工业城市<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">，<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">[但是需要大量的资金]</span>，</span>奥运会是一个去找中央政府和大区政府要钱的好借口。”奥运会之后，这座城市便义无反顾地走上了驱赶低端产业、驱逐市区贫民、通过绅士化<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（gentrification）</span>和旅游业促进经济大发展的道路。在克洛斯看来，城市规划、立法实践和财政安排是决定城市发展的三条大动脉，当这三条动脉被合理地汇聚起来的时候，运营一座城市便能成为国家的好生意。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">定义了《基多宣言》和《新城市章程》的理念，并非是靠冠冕堂皇的“人人共享城市”，“有包容性、有韧性和可持续的城市”或者所谓“城市权”<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（the right to the city）</span>，而是克洛<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">斯市长 / 主任上</span>述一席肺腑之言。如果说雅各布斯的街道观尚存有一息理想主义的信念<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（而她本人也正因为这样的理想主义而时常和左翼团体站在一起保卫城市和街道，甚至因此被捕）</span>，那么克洛斯、桑内特和萨森等人的宣言就已经转化为连接资本和城市空间的话语工具。这个工具的内核是克洛斯的，镶嵌着他在巴塞罗那政商两界纵横捭阖的累累硕果——唯独普通人的日常生活及其空间不在其考量之列。这个工具的外壳是经过桑内特和萨森加工了的雅各布斯；在他们的笔下，共时的复杂性、未完成性和多孔性成为彰显雅各布斯及其日常关怀的招牌。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">当雄心勃勃的内核披上良善的外衣，最终的城市问题解决之道就变得简单而直接。在一场名为《开放城市》<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（<em style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">The Open City</em>）</span>的演说里，桑内特引用卢曼“自我生产”<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（autopoiesis）</span>的概念来论证其有关城市生活自组织的观点：“在一个开放的城市里，人们取得的诸如效率、安全和社会性这类成就，都是靠他们自己的能动性实现的。”为了实现和促进这个目标，他继续道：“空间形态和密度至关重要，因此我们需要更好的城市设计来鼓励人们去实现前述成就，比如模糊城市内部各分区的边界，建设未完成的建筑以便日后的进一步发展，以及采纳非线性的叙事方式从而容纳冲突和可能性。”在这里，对城市空间能动性的关切让位给了对个体能动性的拔高<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（和政府责任的退却）</span>，城市问题的最终解决方案则又回到了城市形态和设计上，而这正是柯布西耶失败的根源：如果设计真的能<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">够解决社会问题，那么柯布西耶的乌托邦便不会是一个“错误的乌托邦”——桑内特的逻辑在这里自相矛盾了。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">将城市空间视作推动经济发展的利器而忽视社会不公平的问题，以及将社会问题的解决寄托在城市设计和个体的能动性上，这是时下相当流行的两类城市观。但是在剑桥大学地理系主任阿希·阿敏教授看来，这两种城市观都是他定义的“望远镜城市主义”<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（Amin, Ash.“Telescopic urbanism and the poor.”City 17, no. 4[2013]: 476-492）</span>。论者站在远处举着望远镜观察城市的时候，焦点局限在他们事先预设的空间：商业顾问们只愿意遥望CBD，而人口潜力派们则只顾着寻找贫民窟的人群发展自身潜力的蛛丝马迹。他们不顾及城市空间的整体性，不把视野从预设的焦点上移开哪怕半步，也不谈论社会和空间正义所需要的责任与伦理<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（除了浮夸的城市形态学）</span>。在这种意义上，他们所观察到的城市也是非空间和去历史的，是一种观念性的构建而非生活性的存在——因而无法生产出指导城市实践的真知灼见。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOd5ksbAMKG1P1vg2dPzgnN5pHtszp2vHm71rbszWwpINCHlmQuakXqzbsXkKTLUicXHBxZJBRfUQBg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">阿希·阿敏“望远镜城市主义”讲座海报</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">就这样，《基多宣言》和它所支撑的《新城市章程》与它们宣称的目标渐行渐远。在望远镜城市主义的引导下，社会和空间正义让位给了新自由主义，政商两界的需求开始主宰和重塑人们对城市空间的想象，这便<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">是宣言所隐含的理论 / 政治困</span>境。如果说这个困境深深植根于宣言作者们的思考路径和政治诉求里因而很难克服的话，那么更严峻的挑战则出现在认识论层面。为了弄清楚这一点，我们需要重新思考空间问题。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">在《二手时间》里，阿列克谢耶维奇用深情和悲伤的笔触写下后苏联时代的日常生活和其间种种破碎、悲剧性的情感。时间在这样的破碎里变得迷离起来，再也锚定不了生活。借用她的标题，我在这里想强调的是类似的可能性：深具野心的“二手空间”正在崛起和扩散，它背后隐藏着的政治经济诉求也同样觊觎着我们的生活和空间，如果我们不去审视、批判与之相关的理论、话语和实践，同时构思我们自己的空间观加以应对，那么便很可能会陷入类似“二手时间”那样的境地。在我们身边很多地方，这样的后果已然发生。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/G5sxAiadpFOegLmB5pOOEoT7ejGqVjVWEvtFs7Hnfpy12YWjjRPqKFicNxjfHcDRibStuR7pvplOjKPNiabzCqtaxw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《二手时间》中文版封面：1963年苏联莫斯科一家位于灯泡厂内的小学的幼儿班</span><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;">《基多宣言<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;">》里便同时存在着两个层次的“二手空间”。首先，雅各布斯的空间理论与立场再度出场，并且被继承者们按照资本和城市运营的新要求量体裁衣，成为一种新的模范街道样态。这种街道想象继承了雅各布斯的话语及其与新自由主义联结的潜力，然后立刻开始了对第二个层次的“二手空间”的建构，也即，把这个想象完全不加改变地应用到</span>其他所有地方。这样的普世野心其实并不新鲜，已经有很多讨论述及启蒙和现代性背后隐藏的类似认识论陷阱。但是如《基多宣言》这样的城市文本具有更大的危险，因为在它们的普世宣称里，线性的时间被同质的空间所掩盖，从而可以更轻松地突破和消灭原本共存的时空异质性。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;margin-bottom: 5px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">通过塑造一种全新<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">的空间和尺度想象，资本及其权力便可经过“二手空间”的中介而实现全球范围的流动，最终改变</span><span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word !important;">（甚至摧毁）</span>各个地方每条街道的日常生活。为了避免这样的状况及其恶化，我们应当首先反思类似《基多宣言》这样的二手空间观，然后从我们的身边和脚下出发去构想自己的空间观念。只有<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;word-wrap: break-word !important;">当我们认识到地方本质上就是种种全球 / 全局性</span>过程的交错所在<span style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);word-wrap: break-word !important;">（a global sense of place）</span>，开始从本地出发去探索这些更广阔的、超越了本地尺度的空间属性，用比较的方法重新审视别人和自己，我们才可能真正把握空间和生活的密切关联，才可能发现和对抗萦绕四周的社会和空间不义，才可能重写多元且动态的城市宣言。</p><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;margin-bottom: 5px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p><pre class="js_message_plain ng-binding" ng-bind-html="message.MMActualContent" style="margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-size: 14px;white-space: pre-wrap;word-break: normal;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><em><span style="font-size: 14px;">本文转载自《读书》杂志2017年12月刊，原标题：“二手空间”：否思《基多宣言》，作者：赵益民</span></em></span></pre><p style="max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box;min-height: 1em;margin-bottom: 5px;word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section><hr  /><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 15px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 100%;vertical-align: top;padding-right: 5px;padding-left: 5px;box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0%;text-align: center;opacity: 0.92;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block;width: 90%;vertical-align: top;background-position: 222.991% 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0.79);height: 1px;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: rgb(122, 68, 66);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">/ App Store /</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin: 5px 0%;transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);-o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;width: 80%;border-left: 1px none rgb(62, 62, 62);border-bottom-left-radius: 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0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%;vertical-align: middle;display: inline-block;overflow: hidden !important;box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/YNd5PePZNzX2D5KMMnEcyTlzc7aEk4U8nFmsVc5A0shVrvzPAaLz26iacfY4t7fnmuKDZJhWOw2C3zhGNjKnl1w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;width: 33.33%;box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 5px;margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: center;font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 1px;color: rgb(160, 160, 160);box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">微信公众号 |  </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">豆瓣 | 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