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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px; padding-top: 1.3em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(227, 102, 43); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 102, 43); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 30%; margin-right: 30%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(45deg); -o-transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 30px; height: 30px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(227, 102, 43); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(227, 102, 43); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="width: 22px; height: 22px; margin: 2px; border: 2px solid rgb(227, 102, 43); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: 1px auto auto; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 102, 43); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin: 1px auto auto; border-left-width: 12px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(227, 102, 43); border-bottom-width: 12px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">点击上方“”可订阅哦！</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding: 10px; border: 1px dotted white; box-shadow: rgb(225, 225, 225) 7.77817px 7.77817px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">作者<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">清华大学建筑学院博士后，清华大学中国新型城镇化研究院助理研究员</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">林颖</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">，武汉市土地利用与城市空间规划研究中心</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">李梦晨</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">，武汉市土地利用与城市空间规划研究中心</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">柳应飞</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2017年第5期撰文，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">我国现代城市设计的本土化演进过程在很大程度上受到了来自美国城市设计思想的影响，特别是引入区划法后的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市建设管理系统，使中国城市设计的实施运作一直以来都与控制性详细规划体系保持着紧密联系。但是美国城市设计实施</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">体系并不是仅仅依赖于区划法进行的强制性管控，而是具有一套较为协调化、民主化、专业化的实施框架。基于国内外学者</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">对美国城市设计运作过程的研究，文章从法律、行政、社会和经济四个层面对美国城市设计实施体系进行系统归纳、梳理，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">总结出美国城市设计实施具有强制性与诱致性并行的特征，并通过对中美现行城市设计实施路径的比较分析，提出解决中国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计实施问题的建议。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-top-width: 5px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(42, 118, 162); border-bottom-width: 5px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(254, 183, 182); padding: 5px 0px; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">[关键词] 城市设计实施；比较分析；诱致性实施；美国</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">[文章编号] 1006-0022(2017)05-0143-07 　</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">[中图分类号] TU984 　</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">[文献标识码] B</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">[ 引文格式 ] 林颖，李梦晨，柳应飞．美国城市设计实施体系及其启示 — 强化城市设计的诱致性实施路径[J]．规划师，</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2017(5)：143-149．</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/Lib8tUZhju11aZPTdx1c2CicGicsE8lVvntP3C7L9LcTPQTBfIsRicLxtN9TTE9tGVty3nYD9KpBJnsZmuSibU3Y3Zg/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: left; margin-top: -0.68em; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-right-width: 0.4em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-left-width: 0.4em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px; padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">一</p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-left-width: 0.4em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-right-width: 0.4em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding: 5px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">美国城市设计实施体系概述</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 102, 43); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">美国城市设计实施通过四个方面的<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">作用方式和技术手段，形成了一套控制</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">性强、操作性高、协调性好及民意性优</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的实施体系：①法律层面，依托于以区</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">划法为核心的相关法律体系；②行政层</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">面，通过城市设计审议程序进行运作；</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">③公众参与，充分体现自下而上的城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">建设组织模式；④经济层面，通过资金</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">激励与抑制策略促进公私合作，促进城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">市建设资本市场的发展，增强实施的可</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">操作性。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 3px 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（一）法律层面 — 以区划法为核心的相关法令基础</p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计在美国的法律地位与中国<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">类似，并没有关于城市设计的专项法规，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">其在法律层面的体现主要融汇于以区划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">法(Zoning Regulation)为核心的城市建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">设管理法规和相关政府法令之中，可以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">说，法律不能直接成为城市设计实施的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">依据或手段，而是为实施的可行性和可</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">操作性奠定了基础。美国法律体系不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">同于中国，一是具有高度分权的司法和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">政治结构；二是具有判例法的英美法系</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">特征，带来了其特有的城市建设法律体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">系特征，主要由联邦和州宪法、联邦和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">州成文法及普通判例法令组成(表1)。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mjQ1ctdAl9DRXWefQprmWuxcvtzefdRoic18jT4FRh6uNvqWE1BwbVgAuSSwkiabGhqYkZRy3xkCdibA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;"></span><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(1)联邦和州宪法(Federal and State <span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Constitutional Law)提供了最基本的财</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">产权利、税务征收及政府行为等法律，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">其中或多或少地涉及到了城市建设、土</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">地利用和空间开发等内容，这部分法令</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">是成文法与普通法的立法依据，如关于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">财产权(Property Rights)、警察权(Police </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Power)、妨害权(Nuisance)、授予权</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">(Vested Rights)及立法程序(Process of </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Law)等方面的条文。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(2)联邦和州成文法(Federal and <span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">State Statutory Law)则主要是在遵循</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">宪法规则的前提下，通过授权法和地方</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">立法形成的成文法令，这是城市设计实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">施的法律基础的最主要部分。首先，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">与城市设计实施关系最为密切的区划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">法(Zoning Regulation)正是属于这一类</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">别，其中的管理条款被称为区划管理条</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">例(Zoning Codes)，由此延伸出多样化、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">具有针对性的法令，如土地细分控制</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">(Subdivision Regulation)和计划单元整</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">体开发(Planned Unit Development)、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">形态设计准则 (Form-based Codes)</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">等；其次，在联邦和州层面的成文法涵</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">盖了更多方面的内容，其中不乏与城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">设计有关的内容，如国家环境政策法</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">案(National Environment Policy Act)、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">交通联邦法案(Federal Transportation </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Laws)、联邦住房与社区发展法(Federal </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Housing and Community Development </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Law)等。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(3)普通判例法令(Common Law)，<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">在城市设计领域主要是指妨害法。对于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">区划法没有涉及到或者尚未编制立法的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">区域，美国司法机构则通过宪法对财产</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">权、妨害权等的阐述和规定来进行判例</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">式的审议与研判。实际上，各个州或地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">方城市区划法的颁布和制定正是基于长</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">期以来美国各式各样的判例法案而形成</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的，但随着成文法的完善和地位的加强，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">这种方式被运用的次数也在逐渐减少。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/MrN7n7Plp3IrQUiaKItN76wlia6xEOFkmvFu1rEVk4ic5IkWXKAbD0Diaoib1Q3McBq4W8X1S1SwEPG0OPusMa7Wg3w/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 3px 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（二）行政层面 — 城市设计审议程序</p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计审议(Urban Design Review <span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Procedures)是美国以政府为主导进行</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的主要实施程序，其以既定的城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">导则(Urban Design Guidelines)、区划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">管理条例(Zoning Codes)等相关法案</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">和政策作为评判依据，对地块开发中的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">设计内容加以审定，由此落实城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">成果。同时，作为评判依据的还有上位</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的城市总体规划和城市发展政策，这些</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">文件主要作为地方政府法令或政策文件</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">成为审议的依据。美国大多数城镇都采</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">用了城市设计审议的相关方法，城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">计审议成为城市规划许可的关键环节，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">地块开发中的建筑设计只有通过审议才</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">能获批进行建设。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在城市设计审议程序中，审议的<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">依据一般是区域管理条例与城市设计导</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">则。其中，区划管理条例本身便是一种</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">地方政府的成文法案，需要将城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">导则的地位从技术类的城市设计过程式</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">规则上升为拥有强制约束力的政策法</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">规。在美国现行的法律基础结构下，城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">市设计导则主要以州、市、郡政府采纳</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">并执行的行政规则这一形式被赋予强制</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">属性，具体有两种做法：一是直接纳</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">入当地区划法，如纽约市区划管理条例</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">中的住宅用地、商业用地设计导则；二</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">是将城市设计成果作为附件收录于区划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">管理条例中，在区划法令的某些章节明</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">确此附件的运用范围和作用程序，以及</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">其对于区划管理的功能和地位，由此引</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">领建设项目进行查阅，如西雅图市区划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">管理条例。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计审议的项目范畴需要兼顾<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">重点与效率的关系，通常主要针对重点</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">地区或城市敏感地段进行审议；而对于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">一些非重点地区，只需进行设计审查，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">这个区域的划分在城市总体规划时就需</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">要划定清楚。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/MrN7n7Plp3IrQUiaKItN76wlia6xEOFkmvFu1rEVk4ic5IkWXKAbD0Diaoib1Q3McBq4W8X1S1SwEPG0OPusMa7Wg3w/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 3px 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（三）<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">社会层面 — 公众主导的参与式</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">设计</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计实施应最大程度地满足公<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">众需要，有必要将社会公众组织到城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">设计创作架构中，纳入实施操作主体范</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">畴，共同完成城市设计。在美国优质的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">公民社会环境氛围中，这种社会层面的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">实施得到了有效的保障，其将城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">视作一种参与式设计，通过自上而下的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">审议参与与自下而上的公众实施，来实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">现社会层面的实施目标。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">审议参与的负责人通过划定项目</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的影响范围，确定参与公众，由公众以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">书面意见或公众会议对项目审议进行反</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">馈，最后通过开展公众听证会进行投票</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">裁决，如旧金山、西雅图的公众审议。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">而影响美国城市设计实施最主要的公众</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">力量是公众自行组织的社会团体，通过</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">自下而上的主动倡导、编制、实施及协</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">商等方式参与城市设计，实现以公众利</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">益为价值取向的城市设计目标。这种城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">市设计社团通常是由一种人员构成的联</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">合体，包括志趣相投的专家、民众等，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">他们的活动可以介入城市设计的整个过</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">程，通过为所在社区周围环境或城市重</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">要地区的城市设计提供技术指导，或是</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">对社区公民进行城市设计教育，在公众</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">中自发筹集资金和力量，实施一些小规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">模的城市设计项目或试图左右一些大型</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计项目的发展进程。在城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">实施中，这种社会团体扮演了政府所不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">能扮演的角色，其具有专业技能和内生</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">动力，代表无法拥有资源或无权利优势</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的公众主体，运用共有产权空间领域，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">提供了公众获取话语权的机会和平台。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">社会团体通常进行三个方面的工<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">作：①教育，为公众描述城市空间的目</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">标意象；②宣传，倡导公众希望解决的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计目标；③代理，代表公众进行</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计实施的协调与谈判。这种社会</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">团体在美国 42 个州、121 个城市中都</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">已存在并发展迅猛，其通过提升公众对</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市形态和城市空间的认知水平，基于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">代表公民价值的独立性，在获得公众的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">授权后，进而采取相应的措施实现城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">设计目标，以此集聚公众力量实施城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">设计。例如，著名的重建曼哈顿下城公</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">民联盟(City Alliance to Rebuild Lower </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Manhattan)，在世贸中心重建过程中，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">通过教育、宣传和代理曼哈顿市民利益</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的方式，组织召开了“倾听城市”公众</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">听证会，使政府和开发企业主导的六个</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">设计方案全部废止，最后通过不断协商，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">形成了最终的“自由塔”设计方案，有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">效地保障了市民利益。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/MrN7n7Plp3IrQUiaKItN76wlia6xEOFkmvFu1rEVk4ic5IkWXKAbD0Diaoib1Q3McBq4W8X1S1SwEPG0OPusMa7Wg3w/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 3px 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（四）<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">经济层面 — 资金激励与抑制</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">策略</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">资金支撑是城市建设实践的必要条<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">件，也是城市设计实施的关键要素。城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">市设计审议程序的启动前提是存在需要</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">开发的项目和动机，在开发动机的驱使</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">下，业主托付建筑设计师完成设计方案，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">在提交到规划管理部门后才能开始审议</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">程序，审议通过后方可进行城市设计实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">施。然而，在市场经济环境下，政府只</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">是开发主体之一，甚至是次要的开发主</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">体，更多的开发决策权掌握在私人开发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">企业手中，美国更是如此。因此，在经</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">济层面，城市设计需要采取一系列的资</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">金策略对业主的开发行为进行引导和控</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">制，协调地块开发与城市整体的效益偏</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">差，即实施城市设计的目的。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">哈米德·胥瓦尼从城市经营的角<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">度，从基本财务机制、其他辅助措施和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">公私合作开发三方面阐述了如何影响</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">开发企业的经济活动，使其实施政府</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">期望的城市设计开发。经过三十年的发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">展，以企业为对象的政府财政干预机制</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">在实践过程中又得到了一些改进，增</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">加了如增额融资、开发影响费用等措</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">施，而有的应用于其他领域的财政机</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">制，如棕地开发基金、城市增长的并</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">发管理，也逐步被用于城市设计实施</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">领域，经过长期实践经验的积累和改</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">善，最终形成了经济层面上的一系列城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">市设计实施方法(表2)：①经济激励型</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">资金策略，包括资本改进计划(Capital </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Improvement Program)、税收减免</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">(Tax Abatement)和税收增额融资(Tax </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Increment Financing)等，如密歇根州</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">对棕地开发的投资企业或承租企业给予</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">10％的增值税折减。②经济抑制型资金</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">策略，包括开发影响费用(Development </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Impact Fee)、公共艺术费用(Percent-</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">for-art Program)等。例如，1985年，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶重建局按照 1％的比例收取公共</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">艺术费用，将这笔资金的 60％用作城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">市的公共艺术建设，剩下的 40％被纳</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">入文化信托基金，以支持整个市中心的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">公共艺术发展，如此城市公共艺术建设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">不再是雕塑摆设，而是形成了整体的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市公共艺术氛围，并通过组织一些</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">展览活动提升城市形象。③权利干预</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">型资金策略，包括开发权转移(Transfer </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">of Development Right) 和连带开发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">(Linkage Development)，美国纽约典</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">型的“蛋糕式”退台式建筑格局即是开</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">发权转移策略实施的成果，政府要求开</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">发企业对建筑进行退台设计，同时将这</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">部分开发权转移至城市其他地区，以实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">现城市密集区的城市设计控制，进行一</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">种权利干预性的城市设计实施。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mjQ1ctdAl9DRXWefQprmWuxShjJ2icQZNp3bW0yQoJvfGCaia4WvGwRJuVqfQvQiagibllfhTrNEBmz0A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;"></span><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">基于开发企业行为，以经济利益<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">最大化为动机的出发点，城市设计实施</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">中的资金激励与抑制策略，均需要充分</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">利用市场规律，对企业的开发建设行为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">进行实质性的鼓励或打压，加大期望开</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">发的发生程度，减少非期望开发的出现</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">频率，试图在实现公众主体利益的方向</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">上，以不牺牲企业主体的合理效益，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">形成所谓的公私合作 (Public-Private </span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">Cooperation)，谋求利益双赢。在成熟、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">完整的资金策略体系下，企业主体为了</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">增加竞争力，追求自身利益最大化，在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">契合激励或抑制策略的方向上不断地向</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计的目标靠近，由此构成实施城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">市设计的有效路径和方法。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/icshI7otibib3rnzm39fHzg8H5FlUia3Ud9lmN135tcPlRYsEsPBMaibS5Oq4eSKj4OCjD7WmLYPVqNshu4nL0f2BNg/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: left; margin-top: -0.68em; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-right-width: 0.4em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-left-width: 0.4em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px; padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">二</p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-left-width: 0.4em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-right-width: 0.4em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding: 5px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 美国城市设计实施特征 — 强制<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;">性与诱致性实施并行</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">综上所述，本文对美国城市设计实<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">施体系的内容进行归纳，如表3所示。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">可见，美国城市设计实施具有两方面的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">特征。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mjQ1ctdAl9DRXWefQprmWuxCmOzHOwpn7NrMYQLG8pZLGl1W0G7JA0OKhQOHDlajgmZ6YEJG3Gcow/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;"></span><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">充分运用法律工具，依托审议<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">程序的</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">强制性城市设计实施</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计在美国规划体系中属于非法定规划，并没有城市设计的专项法规，但这并不妨碍政府通过相关的法令政策来实施城市设计。在城市设计实施中，美国充分运用了以区划法为核心的城市建设管理法规和相关法令，城市设计内容要么融入区划法等法律法规得以施行，如区划管理条例、土地细分规则等；要么在地方立法程序下，以设计导则的形式形成单行的地方政府法案，如纽约市城市设计导则、旧金山住宅设计导则和波士顿新建建筑设计导则等。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在城市设计内容得以纳入或形成法令文件后，基于对城市设计弹性引导与刚性控制的考虑，通过城市设计审议这一行政程序来贯彻城市设计决策，以此形成“二次订单”的控制进程。可见，结合法律权威和行政力量，城市设计审议程序成为了美国以政府为主导的主要城市设计实施方式。在法律基础下，通过行政程序进行的这种实施方式实际上就是政府将城市设计成果转化为法令形式强制性执行的过程，即城市设计的强制性实施路径。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/MrN7n7Plp3IrQUiaKItN76wlia6xEOFkmvFu1rEVk4ic5IkWXKAbD0Diaoib1Q3McBq4W8X1S1SwEPG0OPusMa7Wg3w/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(56, 30, 5);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">以私人资本与公众力量为主导的</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">诱致性城市设计实施</p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在市场经济环境中，尤其是以生产<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">资料私有制为主导的美国，私人资本是</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市建设的主要力量，在实践中，开发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">企业只会依据自身经济利益最大化的程</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">度来主导其行为，在有利可图时趋之若</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">鹜，反之则退避三舍，如何引导和控制</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">私人投资是实施城市设计的关键。20世</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">纪 70 年代，美国上上下下都关注如何</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">重建城市核心区，但在郊区化的浪潮下，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">大批开发商仍然将投资放在郊区空地，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">即使市中心区制定了高质量的设计导则</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">和完备的审议程序，也无济于事。此时，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计师开始致力于制定针对开发企</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">业的城市设计资金策略，通过公私合作</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的模式激励或抑制私人开发，引导私人</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">资本流向城市设计的目标方向，增强城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">市设计实施的可行性和可操作性。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">同时，美国自古便具有公民结社的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">传统和民主自由的社会氛围，公民的权</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">利在城市设计实施过程中备受尊重，因</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">此在城市设计审议过程中需要实现公众</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的多样化、全程式的公共参与；更重要</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的是，美国存在众多城市设计公民组织</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">为公众提供教育、宣传及代理服务，形</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">成了自下而上的公众力量，在城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">实施中为自己的权益博弈，最终形成公</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">众、私人开发企业和政府共赢的城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">计实施局面。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">可见，社会层面和经济层面的实施<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">途径及方法，不在于通过法律法规的强</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">制性来实施，而是通过一种诱导与激励</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">措施进行实施，笔者将其定义为城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">计的诱致性实施，即指城市空间开发建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">设的利益主体在响应城市设计带来的获</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">利机会时，自发倡导组织和实施城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">计方案或成果的过程。对于企业主体，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">激励或抑制措施是为其创造获利机会的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">方法，而对于公众主体，更加有效、便</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">捷地参与城市设计过程，实现对自身居</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">住空间和城市体验的改善，是一种获利</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的过程(表4)。这种实施的关键在于如</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">何为企业和公众创造获利机会，并提供</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">获利条件，从而推动其主动靠近城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">计目标，助推城市设计的实施。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mjQ1ctdAl9DRXWefQprmWuxtdHhIAicJ9Mno58Cj69xiaSXZXALU4vet3rZl2vMPZhHhz76WrRjR6cA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;"></span><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">因此，前者是依托于法律基础和行<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">政程序的强制性实施，后者是针对公众</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">主体与企业主体的诱致性实施，两者保</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">证了美国城市设计实施刚性与弹性的并</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">存，并发展成为了一个完善、并行的实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">施体系。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/icshI7otibib3rnzm39fHzg8H5FlUia3Ud9lmN135tcPlRYsEsPBMaibS5Oq4eSKj4OCjD7WmLYPVqNshu4nL0f2BNg/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: left; margin-top: -0.68em; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-right-width: 0.4em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-left-width: 0.4em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px; padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">三</p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-left-width: 0.4em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-right-width: 0.4em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding: 5px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">中美现行城市设计实施路径比较</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(249, 110, 87); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">与美国刚性与弹性并行的实施体系不同，中国现行城市设计实施表现为单一地依赖于城市规划的强制性实施路径。笔者将中美的对比情况进行归纳，如表5所示。</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mjQ1ctdAl9DRXWefQprmWuxx0QUjxl5Fuy8ybApNqBs9x8cqCaEjdwphUSUHxSicvUmfNcMwe8bicqA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">中国现代城市设计起源与区划法传入中国成为控制性详细规划这一进程密切相关。中美两国都没有针对城市设计的专项法规，美国依托区划法等城市建设管理法规，以城市设计审议程序的形式构成了其强制性实施路径，而中国城市设计则主要依托于控制性详细规划，以城市规划许可程序的形式来进行强制性实施。同时，相比美国，中国集权制的政治结构和土地公有制的经济特点，使得以政府为主导的强制性实施方法得以加强。一方面，在整个法定规划体系中，城市设计可以从总体规划贯穿到控制性详细规划，在作为政府行为的城市规划编制中，得以充分融入城市设计的内容和思想；另一方面，中国积极推进控规全覆盖后，在土地公有制背景下，几乎所有城市建设项目都需要严格遵守控制性详细规划和规划许可程序，确保了控制范围的完整。从这个角度看，中国的城市设计强制性实施路径具有更强的操作性和可行性。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">但是，在诱致性实施路径方面，中国城市设计明显处于劣势，在有些方面甚至完全尚未涉及。在对公众主体的诱致性实施层面上，随着中国民主社会建设的推进，在城市规划与设计编制过程中，学习美国的公共参与经验，已经具有了听证会、公众意见征询和规划公示等一系列自上而下的参与程序，同时尽管现阶段在规划许可程序中较为缺乏公共参与，但随着中国从建设型政府向服务型政府的转型，以政府为主导的公共参与模式得到了很多的重视，以多样化的形式在各个城市推行，并开始逐步深入到各个行政程序中，但由于自上而下的公共参与属于一种被动的参与形式，往往会流于形式，因此公众利益的保障还需要自下而上的公众自发实施路径。美国由于公民社会的悠久历史和社会氛围，具有了一定规模和较为成熟的公民社团，是推动自下而上公共参与的主要力量。但是在中国，公民社团组织的建设较为滞后，人们仍然存在一种“城市规划设计是政府工作”的意识惯性，对城市设计中自身利益的认识不足，更不用提相互集结成立公民社团了。可见，要推动以公众为主体的诱致性实施，不应仅限于政府主导的公众参与，而是需要从公众主导的角度去探索解决办法，这是中国城市设计实施现状的“短板”之一。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">此外，在对企业主体的诱致性实施层面上，美国由于其私有制结构和市场自由经济的背景驱使，具有丰富多样的财务手段，通过各种类型的资金激励和抑制策略来诱致企业实施城市设计。相比之下，长期以来中国在计划经济时代的影响惯性和公有制经济的大背景下，对于私人资本的重视不足，尽管部分城市也学习美国经验，采用了部分财务奖励手段，但限于制度建设原因，往往难以广泛推行。随着中国市场经济改革进入深水区，公私合作开发必然是城市建设的主流，一味地采取强制性实施路径是一种被动的控制方式，总体上是对私人投资的一种打击和限制，损失私人开发企业的利益来换取其他群体利益的管控方式，并不符合市场经济的规律。因此，如何结合中国国情和制度环境，形成诱致企业主体的城市设计实施路径，是急需探索的领域，这是中国城市设计实施现状的“短板”之二。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/icshI7otibib3rnzm39fHzg8H5FlUia3Ud9lmN135tcPlRYsEsPBMaibS5Oq4eSKj4OCjD7WmLYPVqNshu4nL0f2BNg/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: left; margin-top: -0.68em; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-right-width: 0.4em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-left-width: 0.4em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px; padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">四</p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-left-width: 0.4em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-right-width: 0.4em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding: 5px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对中国的启示</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/rVbg8euFXI3PI1E8kYIhytkMWcgU9gAnHJyEWdhBq4pFnVw6XbhDliatWyeWK6duQDBWQXdyXw4PRgLuSUJgD9g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /> <section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""></section><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">综上所述，中国现阶段城市设计实<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">施主要集中于强制性实施路径方面，诱</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">致性实施路径的缺失是中国城市设计实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">施现状的主要问题。结合美国城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">实施经验，中国应当针对上述两方面“短</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">板”，分别发展对公众主体自下而上的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">诱致性实施和对企业主体进行资金激励</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的诱致性实施路径。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（一）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">建立自下而上的城市设计第三</p><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">部门，实现对公众的诱致性实施</p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">随着中国国家治理现代化和基层政<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">治民主的推进，公民权利在政府主导下</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的强制性实施程序中越来越受到尊重，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">全程式的公共参与渗透到了城市设计编</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">制与审议的整个过程中。但是，这种程</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">序上合理的公众参与仍然难以提高公众</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">关注城市设计实施的积极性，根本原因</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">在于公众始终处在被动参与的地位，以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">个体为单位的公众主体难以理解城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">计意图、难以集聚力量抢占话语权、难</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">以主动自发地参与到城市设计实施中。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">因此，需要借鉴美国社会层面的实施路</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">径，倡导公民自行组织城市设计第三部</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">门，分层次地为公众提供教育、宣传及</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">代理服务。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">对于城市中的街区或社区尺度下的<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">小型公共空间建设项目，如街区游园、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">街区步行道的修缮等，在第三部门建设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">发展的制度环境支持下，倡导公众组建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">各种类型的公民设计组织，为公众提供</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计专业指导和宣传教育，帮助公</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">众正确理解城市设计意图、组织公众表</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">达自身话语体系，进而能够向政府表达</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">清晰、有效的城市设计意愿，督促政府</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">着力于街区公共空间的品质提升。此外，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">进一步依托公民设计组织，通过自筹资</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">金的形式聘请专业团队，并委托民间资</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">本对小尺度的城市公共空间进行设计和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">建设，驱动公众自发地关注城市设计、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">参与城市设计，进而实现自下而上的自</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">组织式城市设计实施。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">通过上述措施逐步推进公民设计组<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">织的形成，不但能够形成针对公众主体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的城市设计诱致性实施路径，而且也是</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">对强制性实施路径中公众参与程序的补</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">充。例如，对于“众规平台”这类政府</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">主导的公众网络参与，从政府发布信息、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">宣传造势开始，网民的积极参与与不积</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">极参与直接会导致网络参与的高效发展</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">和低效下沉。此时如果政府与公民设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">组织CDO开展合作，利用第三部门进</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">行大范围的宣传推广，将参与不积极转</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">化为参与积极，就能实现低效参与向高</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">效参与的转化(图1)。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mjQ1ctdAl9DRXWefQprmWuxTpjroxq07JgAwkALGV39PicQ4eqsxNsFQS2ToaUZD3icMX5rsWmYlM2g/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;"></span><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（二）</p></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">健全符合中国国情的城市<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">设计</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">资金策略，实现对企业的诱致性实施</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">中国通过强制性实施路径对企业开<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">发行为进行控制的传统模式，是对企业</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">投资的一种打击和限制，实则不利于城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">市和土地开发市场帕累托最优的实现。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">美国经济层面的城市设计实施采用激励</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">与抑制(Incentives and Disincentives)路</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">径，是对企业实施城市设计的诱致和引</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">导，值得借鉴。所谓激励与抑制，是指</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">政府通过激励或抑制手段来引导企业主</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">体参照城市设计进行行动，在开发建设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">过程中实施城市设计的同时，杜绝或减</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">少不实施城市设计的建设行为发生，从</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">而使城市空间环境建设逐步实现城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">计目标的过程。作为政府干预，激励与</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">抑制都是促使城市设计实施的有力工具。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在成熟、完整的资金策略体系下，<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">开发企业为了减少竞争压力，加快个人</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">利益的实现，也会逐步自愿地在其作用</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">下向城市设计组织目标逼近，将城市设</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">计带来的外部性影响内化为其自身的成</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">本—收益分析中，以此实现对企业主体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的城市设计诱致性实施。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在具体制度设计上，需要政府从总<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">体计划、投融资、财务税收、立法模式</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">和土地开发等多方面出台一揽子经济政</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">策。借鉴美国城市设计在经济层面的实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">施路径，中国应当探索以下适宜于自身</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">制度环境的城市设计资金策略(图2)：</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">①加强以城市设计实施为条件的政府资</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">金扶持计划编制；②构建政府调控下的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计开发融资模式；③赋予地方政</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">府进行城市设计建设的税收减免权力；</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">④促进政府对城市设计运作资金策略的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">立法创新和行政规范合法化；⑤在存量</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">规划模式下可以有效借用开发权转让和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">连带开发诱致企业实施城市设计。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mjQ1ctdAl9DRXWefQprmWuxTEsPEicxC8s0dic5QGXEy2zUaP5icycCib08nbuOxPW2ZTJpNg5Eia0CtTg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;"></span><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">当前，尽管中国《城市设计管理办<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">法》的出台，进一步强化了城市设计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">实施的权威性和法定性，但仍然是仅仅</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">属于从地方试点到全国推广的阶段性胜</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">利，中国现阶段城市设计实施最大的问</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">题之一，是在于诱致性实施路径的缺失。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">如果始终保持单一的强制性实施路径，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">其将在城市设计的准确性、灵活性、动</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">态性和独立性等方面造成较大局限性，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">不益于城市设计目标的实现，更不益于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">城市建设秩序的和谐稳定和成熟健全。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">可见，面临市场经济深化改革和存量规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">划转型时期的双重挑战，为保障新型城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">镇化战略下空间品质的提升，强化我国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; box-sizing: border-box;">的城市设计诱致性实施路径显得十分必</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.28; 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