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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 15%; padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj44fFjx4uIlbXgj4mqNTsBPyD03r3fyXGgwBy4QrpS5ERE36aVkg0MMnyyOM9ZL1vMDnicFs1CPZA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 70%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(153, 166, 171); line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.4; box-sizing: border-box;">欢迎点击以上蓝色字体</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">关注</p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 15%; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/j8bTq15u0mj44fFjx4uIlbXgj4mqNTsBPyD03r3fyXGgwBy4QrpS5ERE36aVkg0MMnyyOM9ZL1vMDnicFs1CPZA/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 50%; border: 3px solid rgb(254, 193, 192); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 5px 0px; clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">作者中国人民大学公共管理学院城市规划与管理系博士研究生田若敏(Rachel Tochen)<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，中国人民大学公共管理学院城市规划与管理系副教授</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">张磊</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，中国人民大学公共管理学院城市规划与管理系硕士研究生</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">宋海泉，程星星</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2017年第5期撰文，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市总体规划作为指引城市发展的纲领性文件，是引导城市经济、社会和环境可持续发展的主要公共政策之一。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">然而，当前城市总体规划成果在多大程度上体现其服务的政策目标，尚缺乏系统的分析。研究以环境议题为切入点，运用文</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">本内容分析法对全国80个大中城市总体规划文本的基础事实、政策目标、政策内容和实施工具进行系统评估。评估结果显示，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">虽然我国城市总体规划文本中普遍对环境议题较为关注，并制定了相应的政策目标，但是仍缺乏与之相匹配的实施政策和工</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">具。规划编制方式仍然保持较强的“蓝图式”特点，而非兼具目标、政策和实施，协调各利益主体的公共政策。</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 50%; border: 3px solid rgb(42, 118, 162); float: right; margin-top: -6px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 12px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(34, 136, 146);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">[ 关键词 ]规划评估；文本分析；公共政策；总体规划<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section><section style="border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(95, 94, 102); width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(56, 30, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">[文章编号]1006-0022(2017)05-0083-05　</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">[中图分类号]TU981　</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">[文献标识码]B</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">[引文格式]田若敏(Rachel Tochen)，张磊，宋海泉，等．规划是公共政策还是公共愿景？ — 基于全国80个大中城市总<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体规划的环境议题的文本分析[J]．规划师，2017(5)：83-87．</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/micBn865InZ2dZr9FDMpWP95BVn0gKMGYnArmfcw6o6cdO5Kl0pdtfr11fxP36CWOG6Y3j9I3b1H1Jgb1UNiaBHw/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-radius: 1em; padding: 0.3em 0.8em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(34, 136, 146);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一  <span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span> </strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">国内外城市规划文本评估的理论<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">与方法</span></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-top-right-radius: 1em; border-bottom-right-radius: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); padding: 0px 10px; color: rgb(34, 136, 146); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（一）<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span>国外规划文本评估研究回顾<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">规划文本评估是规划评估工作中的<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">重要环节，科学的规划文本可保障规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">实施的效果。正如美国学者Berke所言：</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">“在绩效导向的社会，我们总是期望能</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">够评估一项规划在多大程度上完成了既</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">定目标，以及好的规划过程是怎样产生</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的” 。然而，如何评估规划文本？或</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">者说如何判断成果是否是一个好的规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文本？对这一问题国外规划界存在长期</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的争论，并分别从规划文本评估的理论</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">框架和实践维度不断推进。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">Berke和Brody等学者基于Baer提</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">出的理论框架，提出规划质量评估包含</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">内在有效性和外在有效性两个维度</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">其中，内在有效性评估包含了规划核心</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">要素(如愿景描述、基础事实、目标和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政策、实施和监测等 )；而外在有效性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">则反映利益相关者之间是否充分沟通，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">各规划之间是否具有一致性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。该评估</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">体系因其系统性、完整性和可操作性而</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">成为规划评估中应用最为广泛的理论框</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">架。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">此后，该评估理论框架被广泛应用<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">于对防灾减灾、生态环境与节能减排的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">总体规划评估中。例如，Berke等人从</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">防灾规划角度，对美国 33 个新建高密</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">度城市及传统低密度城市的防灾规划进</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">行评估，发现新建高密度城市比传统低</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">密度城市存在更多潜在风险，提出新建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市总体规划更应关注防灾规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。Fu</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">则选取美国发展最快的 100 个城市中</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">81个城市的总体规划样本，系统地分析</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">了总体规划中的防旱规划内容，通过建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">立基础事实、目标远景、行动计划与实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">施监管等指标体系，对 81 个城市总体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划文本中的防旱规划进行评估，发现</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">快速发展地区总体规划存在对城市干旱</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的现状分析不清、目标模糊与监管薄弱</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">等问题，且大部分政府并未将旱灾防治</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的规划战略贯彻到土地利用规划之中。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-top-right-radius: 1em; border-bottom-right-radius: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); padding: 0px 10px; color: rgb(34, 136, 146); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（二）<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span>国内规划文本评估回顾<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">国内对规划文本的评估仍缺乏专门<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">研究，通常只是作为规划实施评估中的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一个阶段来进行纵向分析。孙施文和吕</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">晓蓓等学者对城市规划实施评价的工作</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">目标、程序、内容、基本方法和基本原</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">则等内容进行了探索性的研究 [6-7] 。此后，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">欧阳鹏基于公共政策的视角，重新审视</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">了城市规划评估的政策维度，理顺了规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划方案技术评估、规划主体价值评估、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划过程实施评估和规划结果绩效评估</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">之间的关系，建构了一种将规划目标与</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">手段、事实与价值整合的全过程评估模</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式和方法体系</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。而韦梦鹍通过研究城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市总体规划的特性和编制的内容，分析</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市总体规划实施的政策机制，对城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">总体规划实施评估的内容和实施的政策</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">机制进行了梳理、归纳和分类</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">伴随着《中华人民共和国城乡规划<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">法》和《城市总体规划实施评估办法(试</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">行 )》的颁布，国内对于城市总体规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">实施评估的研究不断涌现，但其侧重点</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">仍在于对具体城市的总体规划实施情况</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和实施效果进行评估。在评估框架方面，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">邢谷锐等人通过剖析城市总体规划实施</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">效果评估所应具备的公共性、人文性、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">整体性和适应性等价值取向，认为城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">总体规划实施效果评估框架应包含内容</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">综合评估、实施可达评估、公共价值评</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">估和环境适应评估4个方面的内容</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"> 。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在实践层面，田莉等人建立了总体规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划层面城市规划的实施评价框架，应用</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">GIS技术，以《广州市总体规划(2001—</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">2010)》为例，介绍总体规划实施的建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">设评价方法，并分析影响规划实施的因</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">素</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。程茂吉等人结合南京城市总体规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划修编工作，系统总结了南京现行总体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划实施的成效，针对存在的问题认真</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">分析相应的原因，对如何进行总体规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">实施评估工作提出建议，类似研究框架</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">也应用于上海和北京等城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。尹宏玲</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">等人认为，无论是关注规划实施还是实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">施效果，现状规划评估的基本思路是通</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">过比较建设现状和规划目标，评估目标</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的实施程度</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。但是，这种对比式的实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">施评估有一个假设前提，即原来编制的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市总体规划是科学、合理的，不需要</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对规划本身进行评估。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">此外，目前国内城市总体规划文本<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的公开程度还不是很高，获取大量城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">总体规划文本较为困难，因此国内规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文本评估研究主要采用定性检讨和回顾</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">典型案例的方式，反思规划文本编制的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">科学性、合理性，并提出改进建议。例如，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">林立伟等人运用层次分析法对《徐州城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市总体规划(2007—2020)》的规划方案</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">进行评估</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">，尹宏玲等人以《胶南市城</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市总体规划(2004—2020)》实施工作为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">例进行评估，重点分析胶南市城市总体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划的局限性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"> 。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">近年来，一些学者开始尝试借鉴国<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">外理论和实践，提出适合我国的规划文</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">本分析的评估框架。宋彦等人在总结北</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">美 12 个城市规划评估实践经验的基础</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">上，提出适合我国城市发展现状、具有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">可操作性的规划评估体系</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"> 。张昊哲等</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">人借鉴美国有关经验，建议我国的规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">成果应包括基础事实、愿景陈述、目标</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政策和实施工具4项基本要素，增强规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划成果的政策表达能力，构建总体规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">内在有效性评估技术框架，提高规划成</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">果的内在有效性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"> 。李智慧等人以深圳</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">现行法定规划为对象，采用城市发展相</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">关规划编制成果评估和专家评估两种方</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">法，对城市规划编制的外在有效性进行</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">客观、全面的评估，具体包括对垂直级</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划的承接性评价和对平行级相关规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的协调性评价，旨在建立一套城市规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">外在有效性评估框架，检验城市规划编</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">制的科学性，促进规划编制的完善</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6;">整体而言，这些研究仍侧重于提出评估</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">框架，缺乏通过量化方法系统分析城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">总体规划文本质量的实证研究。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/micBn865InZ2dZr9FDMpWP95BVn0gKMGYnArmfcw6o6cdO5Kl0pdtfr11fxP36CWOG6Y3j9I3b1H1Jgb1UNiaBHw/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; padding: 3px 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(34, 136, 146);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二    <span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span>城市总体规划文本评估框架<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">本文主要以环境议题为切入点，系<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">统分析全国 80 个大中城市的城市总体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划文本的基础事实、政策目标、政策</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">内容与实施工具的匹配程度，从而对我</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">国城市总体规划文本提出优化建议。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-top-right-radius: 1em; border-bottom-right-radius: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); padding: 0px 10px; color: rgb(34, 136, 146); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（一）<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span>评价指标建立<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">研究侧重于分析规划文本的内在有<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">效性，即环境议题在基础事实、政策目</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">标、政策内容和实施工具4个方面是否</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">得到充分反映。首先对文献进行回顾，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">其次结合我国城市总体规划文本内容的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">特点，建立涵盖反映环境议题的评价指</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">标，其中，I级指标4个、II级指标25个、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">III级指标48个。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(1)基础事实用于对城市总体规划文<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">本所划定的规划区内城市现状的“事实”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">进行描述与分析(规划评估指引)。在规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划评估指标体系中引入基础事实描述的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">目的在于理清城市现状，其不仅仅是对</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">事实的“简单陈述”，还为城市后续发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">展提供分析基础和数据支撑。涉及到与</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">环境议题相关的基础事实主要包括人口、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">土地、资源、生态、环境、绿地、基础</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">设施及与环境相关的交通现状(表1)。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mj44fFjx4uIlbXgj4mqNTsBUaH1Zfg9NZq35ic9KQ1EOqKDevzSibPXp45YZosTQMlx0VHia29cEib7KQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span><br  /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(2)政策目标，主要是对未来环境的<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相关政策目标和愿景，以及在城市总体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划中是否对未来的政策目标进行充分</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">表述。政策目标的主要内容包括发展目</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">标、人口预测、土地要素、生态保护、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">环境质量、基础设施目标和交通改善目</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">标。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(3) 政策内容，主要是对于提出的<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">目标是否准备了相关的实施内容进行表</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">述。其主要内容包括人口发展策略、土</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">地及空间发展策略、大气环境治理政策、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">水环境治理政策和噪声污染治理对策。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(4) 实施工具，主要是为实现以上<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政策目标所制定的政策工具，具体可细</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">分为限制性政策工具 (如空间建设管制</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政策、生态保护政策、对高污染高耗能</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">企业的限制政策、容积率控制政策、生</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">物多样性保护政策、环境监测制度、环</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">境影响评估制度和环境保护资金来源 )</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和引导性政策工具 (如容积率奖励性开</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">发政策、开发权转移政策、公共交通实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">施政策和新能源鼓励政策)。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-top-right-radius: 1em; border-bottom-right-radius: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); padding: 0px 10px; color: rgb(34, 136, 146); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（二）<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span>评价方法<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">对于具体指标的测评，则采用基于<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文本分析的得分率来计算。具体评估过</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">程如下：首先，由2名专业规划人员按</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">照总体规划文本中的体现程度分别进行</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">打分，其中没有涉及为0分，部分涉及</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为 1 分，充分涉及为 2 分。如果该项 2</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">人打分的分值相同，则为该项的最终得</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">分；如果2人打分的分值具有较大差异，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">则由2人讨论之后，再确定该项分值。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">其次，在每项打分的基础上，以组或以</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">全体指标为单位，加总得分，并除以指</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">标数量的 2倍 (指标数量乘以 2即全部</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">指标都为 2 分的“满分”情况 )，得到</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一个范围在0～1的小数，即为反映该</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">项内容的得分率。具体公式为：</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mj44fFjx4uIlbXgj4mqNTsBn0X9AmCXHpp6AqJKwbIuKSRBQ7154Xeyw7vsFBh2yHzYUCJbQYebhg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-top-right-radius: 1em; border-bottom-right-radius: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); padding: 0px 10px; color: rgb(34, 136, 146); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（三）<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span>样本基本信息<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">本研究选择 2000 年以来编制的<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">百万人口以上的大城市总体规划成果</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为对象，共得到有效样本 80 个，约占</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">同期所编制总体规划总量的 70.8%。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">这些规划文本的编制时间跨越 2000 ～</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">2011 年。其中，2011 年样本数量最</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">多，为 20 个，占总样本比例的 25%，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">其次2010年度内样本数量为16个，再</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">次 2001 年和 2008 年的样本为 10 个，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">2009 年的样本为 8 个，其余年份的样</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">本分别为2～4个。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">样本覆盖范围也较为全面，包含全<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">国4个直辖市、23个省会城市、4个计</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划单列市及49个一般地级市。其中，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">东部城市共计33个，占总样本比例的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">41%；中部城市22个，占比为28%；西</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">部城市14个，占总样本比例的18%；东</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">北城市11个，占总样本比例的14%。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/micBn865InZ2dZr9FDMpWP95BVn0gKMGYnArmfcw6o6cdO5Kl0pdtfr11fxP36CWOG6Y3j9I3b1H1Jgb1UNiaBHw/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 6px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 6px; font-size: 18px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(34, 136, 146);"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三   总体规划评估结果分析与政策<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建议</span></strong></p></section><section style="margin-top: -9px; margin-left: -6px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: rgb(13, 0, 21); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; height: 16px; width: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">经过评估分析，80 个案例城市的<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">总体规划文本环境议题的综合得分率</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为 0.553。其中，基础事实的描述平均</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">得分率为 0.196，在 4 个指标分组中最</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">低。政策目标的得分率最高，平均分值</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为 0.917，反映出我国城市总体规划文</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">本中对于环境保护的目标有比较全面和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">详细的阐述。政策内容的平均得分率为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">0.744，主要包含人口发展策略、土地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">及空间发展策略、大气环境治理、水环</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">境治理、发展策略和噪声污染治理等政</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">策指标，因为这些政策大多为强制性内</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">容，所以得分率较高；而各项政策的实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">施工具的评分结果较低，平均得分率为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">0.483，反映出很多政策目标和内容并未</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">有相应的实施工具(图1)。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mj44fFjx4uIlbXgj4mqNTsBg05s9EunTsWs2Vgic64QPKvZuwLxYIAEhiaXiamo8N1ANpBFiaQTGUhTJA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-top-right-radius: 1em; border-bottom-right-radius: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); padding: 0px 10px; color: rgb(34, 136, 146); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（一）<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span>评估结果分析<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(1)基础事实部分共有14个指标，<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">其中人口现状的得分率最高，为 0.6；</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">其次为土地现状描述的得分率，为</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">0.563；而对于绿地、生态、大气和水</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">环境等情况的描述不充分，得分普遍偏</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">低。在我国城市总体规划文本编制中，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">现状描述大部分会在文本说明书中详细</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">阐述，而在规划正式文本中涉及的基础</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">事实描述较少，但通常情况下只有规划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文本会向社会公示。按此编制方式，如</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">果规划只是作为技术文件使用则缺点并</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">不明显，但是作为一项公共政策则有明</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">显不足。因为公共政策制定、实施与评</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">估是一个连续的过程，在此过程中同级</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">人大、上级政府的监督与公众参与都不</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">可或缺。然而，这三方作出合理判断的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">前提是要基于准确、详实的信息基础，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划文本中缺乏对于现状的准确描述，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">也就难以据此准确判定规划设定的环境</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">目标是否合理，实施难度有多大，所需</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">配套的政策工具是否可行。此外，缺乏</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">准确的事实依据也不利于规划后续的实</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">施监督和评估。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(2) 城市总体规划文本中政策目标<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">部分对于环境议题的论述都比较充分，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">平均得分率达到 0.917。80 个案例城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">大多制定出与环境议题相关的发展目</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">标，其中有10个城市的得分率为1.0，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">最低的城市得分率也为 0.75。而在 14</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">个三级指标中，绿地系统规划和给水工</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">程目标的得分率均为 1.0，其余指标除</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">公交出行目标较低 (0.606) 外，均处于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">较高得分水平。规划文本中涉及环境议</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">题的政策目标得分较高，说明随着中央</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对于环境相关法律法规的出台，以及社</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">会环境保护意识的提升，地方政府对于</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">环境议题已非常重视，并在城市总体规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划中设定了明确的环境目标。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">(3) 虽然总体规划对于目标和愿景<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的阐述较为全面、深入，但是缺乏与之</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相应的政策工具。实施政策工具部分共</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">有 12 个指标，其中限制性政策 ( 如生</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">态保护政策、空间管制政策和限制高污</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">染企业 ) 的得分率相对较高，但监督和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">奖励性政策的得分率却较低，而且大部</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">分城市总体规划并未明确阐述环境评估</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">制度、环保资金来源和容积率奖励等。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">这反映出在我国城市规划编制由“技术</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">型规划”向公共政策转型过程中，政策</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">目标已经适应城市发展需要变得日益多</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">元化，除关注城市的增长、经济结构提</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">升外，环境议题也得到普遍关注。但是</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划文本缺乏政策工具，尤其是缺乏基</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">于市场机制的激励性工具，这说明我国</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市总体规划编制并未充分考虑市场条</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">件下的规划实施问题，仍然保留着“蓝</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">图”式的思维模式，过多依赖自上而下</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的行政命令和管制。而在市场经济环境</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">下，当政策目标与市场机制相悖，且缺</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">乏合理的政策调整工具时，规划也很难</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">得到有效实施。</span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; border-top-right-radius: 1em; border-bottom-right-radius: 1em; border: 2px solid rgb(34, 136, 146); padding: 0px 10px; color: rgb(34, 136, 146); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（二）<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span>政策建议<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">针对当前城市总体规划文本中“重<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">目标、轻实施；重愿景、轻基础；重惩</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">戒、轻激励”的特点，为增强城市总体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划的可实施性，更好地实现其预设的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政策目标，成为具有约束力的公共政策，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">需要在规划文本的内容和组织上进行优</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">化。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">首先，明确界定规划目标的事实基<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">础，建立“规划、编制、实施、调整”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的动态更新模式，并代替此前的大规模</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">重新编制模式。在规划文本中，不仅应</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">当设定城市的发展目标，还要明确界定</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">现实与目标之间的差距，并向社会公布。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">针对规划设定的目标，需要在文本中提</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">供与之相应的现状基础数据列表，同时</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在不违反相关保密法规的原则下，在市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政府或城市规划管理部门官方网站上公</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">布这些基础数据，并定时进行更新和评</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">估。此外，对于一些专业性的评价指标</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">(如生态保护区、绿地率)，还应当给予</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">解释，以便于公众理解。这样一方面可</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">以让公众了解实现政策目标的难度和需</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">要投入的资源；另一方面，也便于公众</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">实质性地参与到规划实施过程中，监督</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">目标的实施过程，评估目标的实现程度。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">其次，加强与目标和政策相匹配的<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政策工具设计。没有政策工具支撑的目</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">标无异于“无源之水、无本之木”，规</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">划目标制定时要同时考虑与之相配套的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">评估、监测、协调、激励与惩戒政策工</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">具。在近期发展、建设和规划实施中需</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">要明确各项政策工具与目标之间的对应</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">关系，而非笼统地提出一些诸如“加强</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划实施，加强各部门之间协调”的建</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">议。政策工具设定时需要平衡其综合性</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和专业性。城市总体规划实施受到发改、</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">国土和环保等相关部门已经制定的相关</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政策工具的影响，因此需要综合考虑其</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对城市总体规划目标的影响，针对具体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的政策目标列表逐一分析相关政策的正</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">面、负面影响。在城市规划管理部门权</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">责范围内，尽可能通过空间管制工具对</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相关政策进行整合。例如，城乡结合部</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">地区的基本农田保护政策可以与城市中</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">心区的容积率转移和容积率奖励政策相</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">结合，从而在实现耕地保护的同时促进</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市的高密度开发，缓解城市的无序扩</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">张。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">最后，基于市场机制，丰富规划实<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">施的激励性政策工具。现有的城市总体</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划主要采用限制性的政策工具，如划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">定空间管制区域、限制高污染企业、划</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">定生态保护区并限制开发等，但是缺乏</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">奖励性的工具，如容积率转移政策。在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市场经济环境下，土地开发给开发者和</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">土地使用者带来巨大收益，完全通过强</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">制命令难以实现空间管制和环境保护目</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">标。因此，应结合我国城市社会经济发</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">展现状和制度环境，借鉴其他国家城市</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">规划实施中的激励性政策工具，充分运</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">用市场力量来实现规划的目标。例如，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对于湿地等重要的生态区域，除了划定</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">限定性的保护区之外，还可以 “地票”</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">形式，给予受保护区影响的土地使用者</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">一定的开发权补偿。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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