国匠城工作台

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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 50px; height: 4px; margin-left: auto; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(169, 211, 214);"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -4px; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9LmnEC4icIic6ZSUNbNKvX6TjLQeiaeZ3AHrm7jfvU06n4uIsrhPr4WvcPdY1yLOc1zibnwdF9jryYbJw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; padding: 0px 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">匹兹堡是美国宾夕法尼亚州第二大城市，美国历史上有名的“钢铁之都”，经历过重工业时代的辉煌，也经受过重污染的困扰，后经过艰难的城市转型，成为高新技术创新城市。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 30px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9LmnEC4icIic6ZSUNbNKvX6TjLm7cFKZHqibrPxHbV38qHcwicvYEElXaBlAwmFc7VYA0Sibkq5bgUOgnQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 5px 10px; display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">莫农加希拉河与阿勒格尼河在匹兹堡附近汇合成俄亥俄河后，自东向西一路狂奔2000多公里，最终注入世界第四长河——密西西比河。<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">沿着莫农加希拉河谷一路向北，曾赋予匹兹堡“锈带烟城”之称的废弃厂房依然醒目。</span></p><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p></section><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/NMYMm2GEgVzzPtRaAeQg8a5p0mWX1pibP0VL0PYN5R9sefCmoXaRJOxsQ3POO5dE4dVnVGwNr0WW74kVzpxv5ZQ/0?wx_fmt=png" style="max-width:100%;" /> <section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">历史上，美国一半以上的钢产量来自位于东北部重工业“锈带”上的匹兹堡，“烟城”便成为其代名词。而如今，匹兹堡已是一座满眼青翠的城市，市内再也看不到一根冒烟的烟囱。<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">匹兹堡多次被评为全美最适宜居住城市，兼具悠久的历史记忆与现代化的都市景象。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">一个过气的城市如何变得富裕、宜居又兼备当下最时髦的科技和艺术感？<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">说到转型，匹兹堡是这个世界上许多城市梦寐以求的故事。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><iframe class="video_iframe" data-vidtype="2" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" data-ratio="1.7647058823529411" data-w="480" src="https://v.qq.com/iframe/preview.html?vid=o0508nfcgzn&width=500&height=375&auto=0"></iframe><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: right; width: 20px; height: 20px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(207, 194, 220);"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin: -10px 0px; padding: 0px 10px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 2px solid white; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 169, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1. 过去</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 20px; height: 20px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(207, 194, 220);"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 16px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">19世纪后期至20世纪初，匹兹堡工商业发展迅速，成为美国工业革命的中心之一，诞生了一批工业革命的先驱，包括卡耐基的钢铁集团，梅隆（Mellon）财团，西屋电气（Westinghouse）集团，以及食品业巨头亨氏（Heinz）集团。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">到19世纪80年代，该地区发展成为美国最大的钢铁基地，其钢铁产值占美国当时钢铁产值的近2/3。一战前后，美国重工业和铁路建设发展迅猛；二战期间，由于战争对钢铁的需求量猛增，匹兹堡进入钢铁工业发展的“黄金时代”。然而，由于地区经济过于依赖钢铁工业，造成了环境污染严重、产业集中度高、就业渠道单一等问题。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 30px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: right; width: 20px; height: 20px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(207, 194, 220);"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin: -10px 0px; padding: 0px 10px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 2px solid white; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 169, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2. 现在</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 20px; height: 20px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(207, 194, 220);"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 16px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">战后，匹兹堡开始了一系列“复兴”计划，处理环境问题，特别是空气污染问题。但由于产业结构的原因，重工业比重依然很大，在很长的一段时间里，该市的城市环境、空气质量并无明显改善。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">直到上世纪80年代，钢铁、电子等传统制造业由于国际竞争冲击而开始衰落，特别是在亚洲国家的竞争压力下，最终退出历史舞台。那时，匹兹堡经济萧条，产业工人大量失业，年轻人也纷纷到西海岸及南部去寻找机会。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">产业结构的调整、艰难的转型，使匹兹堡意识到，仅仅治理环境是不够的，整个城市需要寻找新的经济增长点。</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0% 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9LmnEC4icIic6ZSUNbNKvX6TjRKcfic7BYPT7coA25VoBYsibPchwGl5S2jPg1rEDGxBZC7u6W0Z1wdkg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 16px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">这是1958年至2002年铁锈地带的工业岗位变动图，图中的颜色代表了工业制造类工作岗位的变动幅度，除了绿色和浅绿色代表增加以外，都代表衰退，颜色越深，衰退幅度越高。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 16px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">经过近20年的努力，进入21世纪以来，匹兹堡已成功转型为以生物科技、计算机技术、机器人制造与人工智能、医疗卫生、金融和教育而闻名的工商业城市，成为美国传统产业城市成功转型的典范。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2009年，经济学人（The Economist）把匹兹堡评为美国最适宜居住城市；2010年，福布斯（Forbes）杂志也将匹兹堡评为美国最适宜居住城市。为了推广匹兹堡的转型经验，美国总统奥巴马将匹兹堡作为2009年9月G20峰会的举办城市。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">哈佛大学的哈吉?柴提（Raj Chetty）、纳撒尼尔?亨德伦（Nathaniel Hendren）和加州伯克利大学的帕特里克?克莱因（Patrick Kline）、以马内利?赛斯（Emmanuel Saez）4位经济学家的最新研究表明，从社会流动性来看美国梦的实现，匹兹堡全美排名第二，仅次于盐湖城。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(169, 211, 214); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(169, 211, 214); line-height: 1.5em; padding-left: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">匹兹堡城市复兴的三个阶段</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 16px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">第一阶段为1945-1970年的</span><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">战后复兴</strong><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">，二战后匹兹堡的经济结构单一、环境恶化、基础设施不足等是造成中心城衰败的原因，因此该阶段主要围绕环境治理、基础设施、公共空间和办公楼宇等方面进行城市建设；</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">第二阶段为1977-1988年的<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">全面转型</strong>，政府意识到匹兹堡的发展不能依赖初级钢铁与耐用品制造，经济结构需转向多样化经济门类，因此该阶段推进了PPG 广场、牛津中心与第五大道广场等商业商务设施建设，组建了匹兹堡文化信托基金，并以大学和风险基金为依托，建造了一批高科技企业孵化器；</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">第三阶段为1989 年至今，1994年提出地区经济复兴计划《协同工作、竞争全球》，1997 年完成《匹兹堡市中心区规划》，使匹兹堡成功转向教育、旅游和服务业，尤其是医疗和以机器人制造为代表的高技术产业。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 30px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="float: right; width: 20px; height: 20px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(207, 194, 220);"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="margin: -10px 0px; padding: 0px 10px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 2px solid white; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 169, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3. 城市转型</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 20px; height: 20px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(207, 194, 220);"></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 10px 0% 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9LmnEC4icIic6ZSUNbNKvX6Tjicicn19ohpzb0hF3DtT1Zhia8EDxjSwQTw0XCFyJV2hK4TUWpBEa2pwyQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 16px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(115, 120, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(169, 211, 214); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(169, 211, 214); line-height: 1.5em; padding-left: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">产业结构转型</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px 10px; width: 97%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 16px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">匹兹堡市政府意识到仅仅治理环境是不够的，整个城市需要寻找新的经济增长点。于是制定并实施经济多元化战略，将改造重点转移到促进新兴产业上来，1990年代后期取得显著成效。在保留一部分尚有竞争力的传统产业（美国铝业、西屋、亨氏等）基础上，借助于匹兹堡大学和卡耐基梅隆大学的科学研究力量，匹兹堡开始大力发展以生物科技和计算机技术为龙头的高科技创新产业，并辅以金融、文化、旅游等创新服务业。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">1984年匹兹堡《21世纪发展战略》提出应对经济危机的多元化产业结构转型，并非全然抛弃制造业，而是推动传统制造业与服务业融合，从单纯依靠钢铁制造业，逐步转变为融合新技术、医疗保健、教育和金融服务业为一体的现代城市。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">一是<span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">打造以高新技术为核心的制造业</strong></span>。保留尚有竞争力的传统产业（美国铝业、西屋、亨氏等），重视发展轻工业，投资超级计算机中心、软件工程研究所等项目，探索计算机应用、生物技术、先进材料、机器人和环境技术等领域的新技术和新工艺。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">二是<span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">培育原已存在的服务业</strong></span>，发挥非盈利部门的作用。不仅发展商贸、金融、房地产、科研等生产服务业，还特别注重教育、医疗及政府部门的社会服务业，这些非盈利机构提供了大量连续、稳定的就业机会。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">三是<span style="color: rgb(192, 80, 77); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">大力发展文化产业</strong></span>。设立匹兹堡文化信托基金，通过新建、扩建、改建表演艺术中心，将商业区变为科学、教育、艺术、娱乐多项功能融合的文化区。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(169, 211, 214); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(169, 211, 214); line-height: 1.5em; padding-left: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(30, 78, 121); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">旧城改造</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px 10px; width: 97%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 16px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Southside Works</strong></p></li></ul><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Southside Works曾经是J&L钢铁厂址，占地123英亩。在高峰时期1960s年代，曾有8500名员工，1974年被LTV收购，1986年因钢铁行业衰落，钢厂关闭，场地一直被遗弃到九十年代早期。1993，URA（Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh）买下场地。1994年至1996年，URA进行民众意见协调工作，获得民众对场地再开发规划的认可。随后的几年中，URA完成场地和地下水污染调查、风险评估，并进行TIF（Tax Incremental Financing）税收增额融资。税收增额融资作为一种地方政府的经济发展工具，用来募集开发落后或建设未完全地区所需资金，使其不必完全仰赖中央财政。通过TIF方式，URA融资2500万美元，结合其他各项公共基金，共集资1.04亿美元。整个棕地开发项目费用2.65亿，除公共融资1.04亿美元，其余费用由开发商承担。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">该地块最终于2004年完成开发建设，开发后的场地用于办公、住宅、商场、公共球场等，创造了众多就业机会，提高了周边住宅价值，同时为市民提供了平日休闲放松的河滨公园。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Waterfront</strong></p></li></ul><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">The Waterfront占地256英亩，是一个成功的河滨开发案例。场地曾经是美国钢铁（US Steel）的厂址，曾经生产了超过2亿吨的钢铁运往全国各地用于各领域。然而由于20世纪80年代钢铁产业的衰落，整个地区陷入经济困境。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">1988年，Park Corporation买下此地块，后在1996年又易手给Continental Real Estate。在1999年开发商开始对地块进行治理和再开发，历经三年，在2002年the Waterfront完成改造工程，以全新的面貌展现在公众面前。此项棕地开发工程重新赋予了这块场地价值，吸引众多知名餐厅、零售、娱乐入驻，促进当地就业，提高政府税收，大大改善附近民众的生活。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">The Waterfront棕地开发项目总花费3亿美元，大部分资金来源于私人投资，只有3000万美元来源于TIF税收增额融资。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">值得一提的是，棕地开发中将钢铁旧址的标志性烟囱保留下来，以纪念这块场地的曾经。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9LmnEC4icIic6ZSUNbNKvX6TjFxmcu1icO7ibfwswNbsq8oliaGmnXmgPBxXx4HDv08sicEnylBfl32T5YQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 16px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bakery Square</strong></p></li></ul><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Bakery Square占地6英亩，曾经是Nabisco食品工厂，现在经改造成为办公、购物的综合场所，Google匹兹堡办公室就坐落于此。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9LmnEC4icIic6ZSUNbNKvX6TjqpcMAAmZRE4BGI1ibibNG9m8Oq6b8buRxoibCZnZSVFVaHHBZ21JsYIAg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 16px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">1998年Nabisco食品工厂关闭后，RIDC(Regional Industrial Development Corporation)买下这块地。2007年RIDC获得环保部100万美元的环境修复基金，同年展开场地污染调查，主要污染物有石棉，PCBs，地下储油罐，含铅油漆等。除了100万美元的修复基金，RIDC额外出资33.5万美元用于场地修复，去除PCBs和地下储油罐污染。后场地又转手给Walnut Capital，Walnut Capital花费100万美元对场地遗留的石棉和含铅油漆进行修复，并通过验收。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Bakery Square棕地开发项目总花费1.35亿，其中1000万美元来源于TIF税收增额融资，100万美元来源于环保局的修复基金，剩余来源于私人投资。在开发过程中，秉着“绿色，环保，再利用”的原则，保留Nabisco厂址大部分建筑，对老建筑进行翻修，拆除少部分建筑并回收利用建筑垃圾，并将绿植屋顶、高效的空气净化器、优化采光设计降低能耗等结合到建筑设计中。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Bakery Square周边拥有10万人的高收入高学历年轻消费群体，年平均收入超过8万美元，平均年龄35岁，52%人口受过大学以上教育。许多知名商场、餐厅、酒店纷纷入驻Bakery Square。目前，Bakery Square二期项目正在进行中，占地12英亩，将做办公和住宅用地，计划在2016年夏天完成，估计投资1.2亿。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; padding: 0px 10px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">匹兹堡是这个世界上许多城市梦寐以求的故事，然而对于世界上无数个其他正在没落中企盼转型的老工业城市来说，还有一个问题是需要厘清的，匹兹堡的成功究竟是一个可遇不可求的个案，还是一个具有普适性且可复制的模版？</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 8px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 10px; height: 10px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(169, 211, 214); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(169, 211, 214); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="margin: -5px 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border: 1px solid rgb(219, 219, 219); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">文章整理自第一财经日报、上海污染场地修复产业创新战略联盟，感谢原文作者及发布媒体为此文付出的辛劳，转载请注明出处。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 50px; height: 20px; margin-top: -10px; margin-left: auto; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1px; height: 20px; margin-left: 44px; margin-bottom: -6px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(169, 211, 214);"></section><section style="width: 50px; height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(169, 211, 214);"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: hidden;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 6px; height: 6px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: rotate(0.1deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.1deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0.1deg); -o-transform: rotate(0.1deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(169, 211, 214);"></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; margin: 0px -6px 0px -7px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(169, 211, 214); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(169, 211, 214);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/QX2ynuhBL9LmnEC4icIic6ZSUNbNKvX6Tj1sHaqWriaEVEjKvMIBRicmcRJnA37aFAicNPxOfCu9IU70culzHjqcUdw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section>
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