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<section style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px 3px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; margin-top: 1.15em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-radius: 100%; float: left; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="border-top: 1px solid rgba(211, 163, 180, 0.47); width: 99.9%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="text-align: right; margin: -1.1em 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255); text-align: left; padding: 3px 10px; color: rgba(255, 175, 37, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">请输入标题     bcdef</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px 3px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-right: -3px; margin-top: -3px; float: right; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="border-width: 0px 1px 1px 0px; border-style: solid; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-right-color: transparent; padding: 0px 10px 5px; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; color: rgba(171, 85, 111, 0.66); letter-spacing: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">【 </strong>世界银行学者预计</p><p style="clear: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">新一代智能交通系统行将厚积薄发<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> 】</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaibMDuDdmVeDHjYoJ5tIDWBEjpJcdULM8X7oZ86IZoQ6Y4MibdPdcvvhfibibqVyVug7A05rhCzYlHewQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-top: -3px; margin-left: -3px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: -20px 0% 0px; padding: 0px 3px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; margin-bottom: -0.65em; margin-top: 0.95em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top: 1px solid rgba(211, 163, 180, 0.46); width: 99.9%; float: left; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; margin-top: -3px; border-radius: 100%; float: right; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; margin-top: -1em; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255); padding: 3px 10px; color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">请输入标题     abcdefg</p></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0%; 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 box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -2.25em; margin-right: 5px; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 12px; padding: 0px 7px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Yang Chen, Arturo Ardila-Gomez, Gladys Frame</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 郑英嘉、顾晨慧、宁思曼、易媛媛   </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ 薛露露   <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px; box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/ 众山小    排版/ 徐逸菁</span></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 129, 36); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(255, 129, 36); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; 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vertical-align: top; width: 25%; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaibMDuDdmVeDHjYoJ5tIDWBEqbgVFd3iaA4WAa0SVwyLyoNpLVM4PkicFiaLq0As2A7dHnY6U3A7EW9Rg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 25%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaibMDuDdmVeDHjYoJ5tIDWBEu4BicmhRnFOlgpwC5DABPCZZRoicFALr3otJI2HgOS4Lx3r5rx56JM4A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); margin: -5px 0% 0px; font-size: 21px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: right; font-size: 47px; color: rgb(221, 220, 215); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“</p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 80%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 5px 0%; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px 10px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"></span>从前，</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">距离那么远，</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">交通那么慢，</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">慢到一辈子只够爱一个人......</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">远到一辈子只能不分离......</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></p><p style="text-align: right; white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(149, 218, 243); box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 96%; vertical-align: top; border-width: 2px 0px 0px; border-radius: 70px 0px 70px 70px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(251, 76, 94); padding: 10px 10px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); line-height: 1.8; letter-spacing: 1.5px; padding: 0px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">  如今，新的城市智慧城市项目都融入了更多的环境、气候目标，这也直接影响了传统智慧交通系统ITS项目的转型升级，以提高交通系统能源利用效率，降低移动源污染物排放为重点目标。本文就是世界银行研究团队，经过文献综述、案例研究和采访后总结出新型智能出行系统的三大新型特征，包括：以人为本、数据导向、从下至上的创新。同时为了帮助新型ITS系统达到节能目标，需要机制上、技术和物理上的一体化工作，例如短期内出行者可以通过改变出行习惯减少出行，或者改变出行模式以减少每公里能源消耗。对于发展中国家而言，要想达成智能出行带来的益处，至少还要在以下方面做出努力，包括：建立公私合营的基础机制；强调具有执行力和可监控的信息服务技术能力；持续关注提高基础设施及其服务管理水平。更多内容就让我们一览为快吧。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-bottom: -0.9em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 5px 5px 0px 0px; background-color: rgb(241, 119, 54); padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Part</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="height: 0.9em; border-top: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/t2NAvJOQYn4ESVTE7rUEW6Pgb2FPLTlicmruGo9UxEHwJj9lG3jsDjG6vdrerpkBQiad5a6m6wocibS0TiaOgRdW0Q/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 54%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.56); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">智慧交通系统</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">智慧城市和节能</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/RmgkuQeno2g6RlsWqah6zNAOxia1wgBfM7XlZdZPbiblTc7dgibj2jPxcwO1KhDnv0vAhPZ5BKjggzZLLVxgleKLQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; letter-spacing: 1.5px; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">很多城市为了在有限的资源下为市民提供有效的交通服务，近几十年来纷纷开始发展智慧交通系统 。<span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">智慧交通系统（ITS）</strong></span>致力于整合利用信息和交流技术（ICT），让现有的交通基础设施发挥最大效用的同时，做到提高服务质量，减少拥堵，降低事故率，减轻环境污染。在信息和交流技术不断发展以及大型科技供应商的研发努力下，“智慧城市”这一理念越来越火，很多基于此理念下自发的运动开始全面提高城市服务水平。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">智慧城市不仅仅是昙花一现，现在所有的城市都想变得更加智能。印度有转变100个城市成为智能城市的愿景，中国已经试行了500个智慧城市项目。全球有很多钱都投入到了智慧城市中，核心都是想利用好技术，使得城市让生活更美好。自然智慧城市中重要的智能出行，靠的就是智慧交通系统，全世界开始广泛开展对智慧交通系统的投入。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">节能和污染排放的减少，智慧城市发展的关键原因，这两个因素也被认为是智慧交通系统的主要优势，在成本效益分析中会以这两项指标，来评价一个智慧交通系统 的优劣。交通要对世界上五分之一能耗负责，其中路面交通又占大部分。智慧交通系统既能管理好城市交通，又能缓解气候变化。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">为了回答智慧交通系统是怎么节能，以及能节能多少的问题，本文采取了多种方式。我们首先对现有文献就行了整理，然后以阿姆斯特丹、巴塞罗那、伦敦、马德里、维也纳、首尔、新加坡和东京为案例做了调研，最后我们有一些智慧城市领域参与者的采访。对于纽约，旧金山，赫尔辛基以及一些发展中国家城市例如内罗毕、里约以及中国的一些城市，我们做了附加的案例和采访。我们在分析中发现，以人为本、数据导向、从下至上的创新是现在智慧交通系统 转变的特点。文章的第二部分会解释这些话题，并且让大家有个框架以理解智能出行投入如何可以节能。第三部分我们主要解释智慧交通系统 在智慧城市大环境下是如何操作和运用的以达到节能目的的。这里也有一些定量实践分析，以及有关方法论变化的问题说明，这里也会提到共享出行服务以及机动车自动化这两个例子。第四部分我们会具体讨论概念模型在制度上，技术上和实践上的落实。最后，我们会在第五部分，就智慧城市环境下的智慧交通系统 在发展中国家的特殊情况，给出一些政策建议。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-bottom: -0.9em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(72, 97, 70); border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(72, 97, 70); max-width: 5% !important; border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 5px 5px 0px 0px; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 171); padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Part</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(72, 97, 70); border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(72, 97, 70); max-width: 5% !important; border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="height: 0.9em; border-top: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/t2NAvJOQYn4ESVTE7rUEW6Pgb2FPLTlicmruGo9UxEHwJj9lG3jsDjG6vdrerpkBQiad5a6m6wocibS0TiaOgRdW0Q/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 54%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.56); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">从智慧交通系统</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">到智能出行</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/RmgkuQeno2g6RlsWqah6zNAOxia1wgBfM7XlZdZPbiblTc7dgibj2jPxcwO1KhDnv0vAhPZ5BKjggzZLLVxgleKLQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; letter-spacing: 1.5px; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">智慧城市的革命使得传统的智慧交通系统转变成由技术支持的，由城市各方努力和并且融合自主交通变革而成的“智能出行”。“智能出行“可以提高城市宜居性，城市竞争力以及可持续发展的能力。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">智能出行的自主发展面向所有交通参与者。小汽车主可以利用它导航，娱乐、停车甚至无人驾驶，公共交通可以把实时信息推送到手机上，并且做到免现金乘车，人们可以随时随地租用自行车；身体不方便的行人可以获得更长的绿灯时间，物流可以用它更好地匹配路线以提高投入产出比。智能出行会是传统智慧交通系统的的升级。实时信号系统可以预测拥堵，做出反应，随时变换信号，实时信息推送到手机上，公共交通、道路和停车等服务定价可以根据需求量变化随时改变，这些都是以前的智慧交通系统 做不到的。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">相比传统的智慧交通系统 ，自发的“智能出行”行动有以人为本、数据导向、从下至上的创新三个特点。</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(72, 97, 70); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(71, 193, 171); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">以人为本</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(72, 97, 70); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(71, 193, 171); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; letter-spacing: 1.5px; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">与传统的智慧交通系统 注重系统效率和车辆和车流量本身不同，智慧城市时代的智慧交通系统系统致力于优化人的出行体验，提高生活水平，专注于“人”。尽可能的争取到用户是智能出行时代竞争的唯一游戏规则，用户也可以和政府，运营商以及其他参与方一样，参与到出行服务的改进中来。用户可以获得个性服务，伦敦牡蛎交通卡的持有者中，30%的注册用户可以收到伦敦交通系统订制的个人出行信息，在有列车晚点时候可以得到自动退款。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">以人为本的智能出行强调准确定位问题以及用户评价，所有的参与者都有着相同的目标：使得用户满意。但是，这也给我们带来很多挑战，人的行为是复杂的，多样的，易变的。智能出行提供定制服务的同时，隐私和信息安全问题变得越来越重要，如果处理不好，会带来大量客户流失。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(72, 97, 70); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(71, 193, 171); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">数据导向</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(72, 97, 70); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(71, 193, 171); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; letter-spacing: 1.5px; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">传统的智慧交通系统已经收集了很多数据，但是和如今以数据为核心的智慧城市不能同日而语。数据已经是一个生产要素，数据可以使得交通变得高效、有创新、提高用户体验。除了传统的监控、传感器以及在车辆上，道路或者路标支架上的数据采集器之外，智能出行可以利用比如巴士和出租车的实时定位等附加数据。比如伦敦交通系统的智慧巴士（iBus）系统每秒钟就产生9000个定位数据，这些数据会和其他数据融合，会比传统智慧交通系统产生更广泛的应用。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">智慧城市中的生活正在被更快和更好的数据流改变。通过技术发展带来的数据的收集、重组、分析和可视化，提供给用户的数据服务正在发生着革命。实时处理大量个人数据的能力使得系统可以及时反应，而不是像以前一样根据有限数据对未来作出预测。实时处理能力使得基础设施问题被转变成了信息问题，如果可以利用数据高效利用基础设施，可以减少基础设施需求量。比如系统可以在堵车时候调整信号系统，提高道路交叉口通行效率，实时路线规划可以更高效避开拥堵，减轻系统高峰压力。另外，“共享经济”也是个好例子，通过数据实时共享巴士和出租车可以减少附加的承载力投入。但是数据也可以杂乱不堪，我们甚至会被数据所操控。我们需要从海量数据中提取技术所需有效信息，更别说数据缺乏和不同格式数据带来的问题。同时，法律法规的发展常常落后，无法正确引导例如拥有权、欺诈、隐私和安全等问题。 </p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(72, 97, 70); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(71, 193, 171); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">自下而上的创新驱动</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(72, 97, 70); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(71, 193, 171); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; letter-spacing: 1.5px; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">和传统的智慧交通系统只覆盖交通领域以及被几家专业分工的企业独占相比，智慧城市则覆盖到城市居民生活的方方面面。智慧交通系统以人为本和数据导向的特点，使得它可以包含很多其他的内容，包括土地利用，住房，环境，能源，健康共安全，经济发展和信息技术等方面，现有的自上而下执行组织形式在这样的合作和各领域交融下受到了很大的挑战，</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">另一方面，智能出行把来自私人领域的自下而上的创新带进来。在传统的智慧交通系统系统依赖专业性和资本密集的硬件投入，甚至是基建投入的同时，智能出行可以是几个几天就可以写出来的手机软件，可以变得很实惠。城市欢迎自下而上的创新，创新不仅仅给城市带来了物美价廉的公共服务，也提供了高品质的工作机会，可以促进经济发展。城市官方机构和智能出行公司的信息共享也在增多，例如实时导航软件Waze的“居民互联项目”。在这里，用户可以从政府得到关于施工、马拉松比赛、洪水或者任何一个可以导致道路拥堵的信息。相应的，Waze把用户实时交通信息反馈给城市管理部门方便城市对于应急事故的处理以及更好地监管交通。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">这些自下而上的创新带来新的工作机会，低成本的公共服务，也带来了对于职业技能，企业领导力等劳动力市场上的竞争。同时，也给城市的规范管理带来了挑战。Uber和一些共享出行软件给出租车市场带来的冲突就是一个例子。在鼓励创新的同时，一些企业在政策灰色区域的行为，需要政府增强监管。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">总而言之，以人为本、数据导向、从下至上的创新这三个特点带动着传统指挥交通系统 在智慧城市中的转变，同时让我们更智慧地出行的同时，达到节能的目标。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-bottom: -0.9em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 5px 5px 0px 0px; background-color: rgb(241, 54, 63); padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Part</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="height: 0.9em; border-top: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/t2NAvJOQYn4ESVTE7rUEW6Pgb2FPLTlicmruGo9UxEHwJj9lG3jsDjG6vdrerpkBQiad5a6m6wocibS0TiaOgRdW0Q/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 54%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.56); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">通过智能出行达到节能：基于实证的分析框架</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/RmgkuQeno2g6RlsWqah6zNAOxia1wgBfM7XlZdZPbiblTc7dgibj2jPxcwO1KhDnv0vAhPZ5BKjggzZLLVxgleKLQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; letter-spacing: 1.5px; padding: 0px 7px; color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">实施这些智能出行项目并不是总是成功的-试图达到或声称的效益--并没有达到，而且通常结果并没有被合理地测量。而智能交通系统投资或者说智能出行的环境效益（包括节能）通常是事先使用模型和模拟进行估计的，这项研究试图向研究者和实践者们提供一个机遇经验证据的分析框架，这个框架可以在这个迅速变化的数字时代更有说服力地为的政策制定者提供信息。我们将在3.1节里展现一个概念框架来分析智能出行的节能效益，然后在第2节里讨论节能行为背后的因果关系机制以及从真实世界的证据里获得的量化节能潜力。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(245, 7, 7); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 155, 155); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一个概念化的模型</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(245, 7, 7); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 155, 155); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">从全球决策者和智能出行技术提供商的案例研究和采访中总结得出，智能交通系统在智能城市的干预措施有四个主要步骤来实现节能，如图1所展示的一个风格化的模型.（1）一个识别移动性问题，并设计智能出行解决方案。与城市交通相关的重大的问题，如拥堵、事故和空气污染，都有其能源方面的影响。这里要强调的一点是智慧移动解决方案是用来解决人们关心的已经存在的问题，而不是为了寻找问题而寻找问题。（2）对智能出行策略进行部署并实施。城市需要有足够的资源和能力去事先这些解决方案并让其可持续地运营下去。（3）使用者们使用这些解决方案并根据此改变他们的行为。交通服务使用者们愿意而且能够使用这些措施并改变自己的行为是最重要的一步。使用者们可能减少出行的频率，切换到一种不那么耗能的模式，使用一条不那么拥堵的线路，改变他们出行的时间，或者驾驶得不那么有侵略性。这些行为变化可以被转化为较少的能源消耗。（4）智能出行解决方案被放大并且根据时间演化。对于智能出行解决方案来说，能够从长远来看具有经济可持续性，利用网络外部性和规模经济最大化利益是很重要的。一个健康的参与者的“生态系统”也需要培养来使他们学习和进化以适应适应未来的变化。这四个步骤对于智能出行干预措施具有重要意义是不可或缺的。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaibMDuDdmVeDHjYoJ5tIDWBETutAG85icuhiayDYBPzqR8bh8hyH4w1bEvhUspWLXwGBPcRd8ibDDMJIg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;">图一、ITS投资的理论框架</span></em></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(245, 7, 7); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 155, 155); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">节能</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(245, 7, 7); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 155, 155); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">在交通领域已经有几个常用的模型用于理解能源消耗和温室气体排放。</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“ASIF框架”将运输能源的使用分解为活动，模式份额和能源强度（Schipper等，2000）。其他组织将缓解方法纳入行为（车辆数量），设计（旅行距离）和技术（每车辆行驶的排放/能量）。最近的“ASIF2”范式及其差异总结了避免，转移，改进和融资的缓解措施。所有模型实际上都非常相似和直截了当。考虑到干预措施的关注重点是在智慧城市语境下的智能交通系统投资，即“以人为本”，而不是单纯车辆或通信技术（例如电动汽车或燃料电池车），本研究强调通过用户的行为变化带来的节能效益。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">从上述概念模型可以看出，节能是通过使用智能出行解决方案导致的更改（步骤3）导致用户行为变化。这些行为变化基于他们的结果可以分为三类：（1）较少的旅行（总车辆行驶距离的减少），（2）模式转变（用户切换到能源相对不密集的模式），（3）短期内每公里能耗的减少（更少的停车，更快的速度）。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">智能出行解决方案作为推动者也可能导向其他节能政策或举措，这些政策或举措脱离了智能出行解决方案就可能无法实现。从长远来看，用户的生活方式可能会改变，而在车辆所有权，工作及居住位置和活动模式的改变可以进一步节能。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1）短期影响</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">a)   较少的行程。</strong></span>智能出行解决方案可以在多个方面减少交通工具的运行距离。比方说一个打出租车的软件通过将出租车司机的位置和线路与实时需求进行匹配，这样司机就不用四处开车转悠寻找顾客。共享汽车或者合伙用车可以将两段旅程合二为一减少旅行的次数。智能停车应用帮助用户轻易找到停车位。据估算SFpark将在街上寻找停车位的逡巡（cruising的翻译存疑）减少了50%。与旅客实时交流道路状况、事故和施工情况可以让旅客通过挑选更好的路径并避免无谓的逡巡而减少旅行的时间。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">b)   模式转变。</strong></span>当智能出行应用的使用让某种相对绿色的模式（如公告交通、骑自行车或走路）更有吸引力以后，用户可能会将私家车模式切换到这种绿色模式。例如多模式旅行计划安排的应用、公共交通信息应用以及共享单车应用或减少时间金钱成本，提高舒适度、满意度，增加乐趣，或改变了人们的认知和态度，这些又有潜力鼓励用户转换模式。一项研究显示移动实时信息不仅减少乘客（感知的等待时间，而且减少了真正等待的时间。在西雅图的OneBusAway乘客信息系统减少了2分钟的实际等待时间以及额外的0.7分钟感知的等待时间。研究表明人们对于有实时公交信息服务的公共交通更满意，而且愿意额外为信息提供支付19-24%，而且实时公交信息提高了公交乘客人数。一项在希腊的塞萨洛尼基完成的研究表明20%的用户由于信息系统更多地搭乘公交，而且这些多出来的旅程有24%本可能是通过小汽车完成的.</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">c) 单位车辆移动距离所消耗能量的减少。</strong></span>传统的智能交通系统方式，比如说适应性的信号控制，匝道控制和vihecle 汽车平排技术，通过使交通更流畅和提高燃料效率来节能。可以减少拥堵的智能出行解决方案（包括定位道路交通事故检测来减少事故引起的拥堵）也可以导致更流畅的交通，提高平均速度从而提高速度的燃料效率。环保驾驶解决方案提倡一种以缓慢加速，保持适中的速度，避免突然刹车，减少空转，以及选择适合以上方式的路径等为特点的驾驶方式。一项实验显示在仪表盘上显示实时的燃油效率信息导致燃油效率平均提高2.9%。一项台湾的实验表明通过现金奖励公交司机（每节约一升汽油奖励新台币5元）可以提高燃油效率10%以上（Lai，2015）。一项在马德里的限速实验显示由于更少的停车时间和减少的平均加速，燃油消费减少了2%。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(245, 7, 7); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">更多节能的潜力的例子在表1中总结出来，其中包括了一些传统智能交通系统的干预措施，因为与它们相似的最近开发的智能出行干预措施非常少而且几乎没有什么估测是能用的。</strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaibMDuDdmVeDHjYoJ5tIDWBEGl4FYiaZTuyGwpkhUqd4NOw1RRylAbCK5D9XcANg71j90G1SYp3KLRQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaibMDuDdmVeDHjYoJ5tIDWBEB8GO2D2TukCynRQOszX31oAmXpd7Gl22d4NCx7wcfVWWic0hFuc6bvg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 1.5px; padding: 0px 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;">表1 、对一些智能交通系统的节能评估案例</span></strong></em></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">来源: US DOT ITS Benefits Database; ICT-emissions (2015) (http://www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/); (http://www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/); ITS UK, 2013 (http://www.its-uk.org.uk); Klunder and Malone (2009) and Vaidyanathan (2014).</strong></em></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2）促成效果</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">智能出行干预措施由于能够收集分析实时且个性化的数据，可能成为其他干预措施和政策的促成者。停车方案、道路收费方案、公共交通收费方案和补贴,特殊移动服务的提供，其他强制和教育措施，都可以基于需求、定向、定制和适用并实时实现。这些在智慧城市语境下由于智能交通系统而得以实现的草案和政策将会从技术和行为改变上都达到节能的目的。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3）长期效果</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">从长期来说，智能出行解决方案可能改变人们的生活方式。虽然共享旅程应该可以通过结合旅程而导致较少的出行，然而关于新出现诸如Uber、Lyft、GrabTaxi、和EasyTaxi这样提供共享出行的交通网络公司（TNC）如何改变人们的出行行为、以及在能源使用上的聚合效应究竟是什么样的依然不清晰。然而从长远来说，通过智能出行解决方案有更多的移动出行选项和方便交通服务，人们不会有那么强的动机来拥有私家车是有可能的（例如赫尔辛基的基于需求的移动愿景）。例如旧金山湾区引进城市共享汽车（City CarShare）四年后，29%的会员去掉了一辆甚至多辆汽车。一项由北美汽车共享组织发起的9500人参与的调查记录说，由于汽车共享，25%的成员卖掉了一辆车，而25%的会员推迟了买车计划。尽管没有相关研究，对一些城市的观察显示共享出行应用和他们的变体（租车、班车服务、代驾服务和外卖服务）正使得拥有私家车变得越来越没有吸引力，尤其对年轻一代来说。生活方式的改变不仅包括活动也包括工作和居住位置的改变。随着越来越多人愿意住在密集的城市区域，出行需求变少。随着更多人使用公共交通、自行车和步行出行，私家车会变少所以城市不必修建更多的基础设施，例如道路和停车。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(245, 7, 7); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 155, 155); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">讨论:一个复杂问题的可实施框架</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(245, 7, 7); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 155, 155); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">这个章节之前讨论的概念模型和行为因果机制提供了一个基于经验性证据的框架来分析智能出行干预措施的节能效益。拥有一个切合实际的对智能出行干预措施节能效益的量化估算并不容易，如果压根有可能的话。要对文献中的量化结果（例如上面表1的估算）使用或者引用需要格外小心。一些研究因为某些影响行为的因素难以控制而在方法论遭受诟病。一些研究仅仅估计了总体人口中的一个亚组，例如选择性忽略偏见在环保驾驶的文献中特别常见。这些估算也可能受制于“发表偏见”，因为展示负面或不显著结果的经验研究可能更难发表，导致这些发表了的研究的重要性受到高估。而实际效果可能小得多。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">另一个重要的行为因素是能源效率文献中的“反弹效应”或交通文献中的“诱导需求”。这种现象就是当一个城市的智能出行解决方案减少了旅行总成本并使得出行更便捷，人们会旅行地更频繁并消耗更多的能量。许多研究已经证明了反弹效应的存在，但对于其量级的估计有较大的差异范围。研究显示反弹效应随着拥堵的程度增加而增加，但基本上是适中的。最近的一篇综述论文发现能源效率措施总体有20%或更少的反弹效应，而这20%的反弹也促进了消费设施的增长。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">由于智能出行干预措施通过行为改变来达到影响，而行为改变复杂而且因环境而异，更别提其促进作用和长期作用（包括反弹效应）使得观察到的效益难以归因；这使得建立一个可靠的基准线极度困难。这个基于主要的行为改变机制并由积累的经验性证据支持的（而非基于一些未经验证的假设作出模型并模拟的）分析框架对于决策者来说更可信，我们与实践中的利益相关者的互动也证实了这一点。使用这个框架与此同时领会系统性反馈的复杂性，我们可以辨别出关键性推动因素和关键风险，从而导出有用的政策上的影响。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">例如交通网络公司诸如Uber和Lyft提供将司机与乘客实时匹配的共享出行服务，并附加应用内预订、评论和无现金支付。基于行为机制，实时匹配司机与乘客以及乘客与其他乘客共享汽车由于减少的空车巡航和提高的占用率，可以在短期内导致较少的旅程。一项最近的研究使用数学模型预测出高占座率的共享汽车仅需要15%的出租车量就可以满足纽约98%的需求，导致能源使用降低70%。然而经验性证据不确定得多。这项共享出行服务快速增长的乘客出行源自于诱导出行和其他交通模式的迁移。这种模式转变的组成在不同的地方有所区别，取决于替代模式的特点、用户偏好以及目前的模式的分配。密集的城市中心公共交通使用者和行人趋向于比汽车司机多，因此不会有那么多来自汽车旅行的模式转变。一项在旧金山市中心展开的共享出行用户的调查显示，至少8%的共享出行出行是诱导的，而模式转变有39%来自出租车，33%来自公共交通，而只有6%来自私人汽车。一项最近的研究估计纽约的交通网络公司在三年内增加了6亿英里的汽车出行，其中只有34%可能是从私家车而来。西雅图的交通专家怀疑交通网络公司可能加剧了通勤时间的拥堵-由于更多的汽车出现在繁忙的城市街道，并且占据了路边空间来让乘客上下车，这些意味着更多系统性的能量使用。长期来看方向更难预料，一方面交通网络公司的存在减少了汽车的拥有量和停车需求，另一方面坐车出行更方便导致更多的汽车出行。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">目前还几乎没有发现关于汽车自动化在系统性能量使用的分析，由于其处于部署的早期阶段。用户是否并多快使用无人驾驶技术取决于很多因素，包括价格（主要是电池价格）、可靠度、充电难易程度、感知等。基于前面讨论过的框架，无人驾驶汽车的主要节能效益来源于（此处需要确认），提高的安全性（对交通较少的干扰）促成更多的旅程共享及电动汽车（有疑问）。    </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">对于电动汽车，究竟是否能节能也取决于给他们充电的能源供给方，包括随之而来的对用电需求的提高。一些研究者估计自动驾驶汽车可以从 汽车平排技术、高效的交通流量、停车、自我诱发的轻量化（self-induced light weighting不知道对不对）以及自动汽车共享中节省多达80%的能量。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">一些研究使用代理生成模型并估测每一个共享的自动驾驶汽车可以取代约11个普通汽车，但总共累积的出行距离比相较而言普通汽车的出行距离多10%，依然能导致整体上的节能。研究者们也怀疑自动驾驶汽车的出行距离可能会戏剧性地增长-由于一系列原因的叠加，包括：目前无法开车的人使用上的增加、旅程数量的增加（包括被人使用的和空闲的）、从公共交通转移过来的使用、由于自动停车和自动加油多出来的额外出行，以及更长的通勤时间（从长远而言由于通勤体验的提高人们愿意搬到更远的地方住。研究者们辨认出3个对自动驾驶汽车能源使用量级和方向有影响的因素：汽车特性、交通网络和消费者选择。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">从上面两个讨论的案例可以看出，解决方案本身的技术设计、价格、支持性的基础设施、互相竞争的交通模式特性、发展的时间线、教育、习惯和人群的文化、公共竞选、丑闻或其他未预料的可能影响公众观点的事件等，都可能对智能出行干预措施的成功有重要影响。这一节的分析展示了如何以及多大程度的节能可以被智能出行干预措施达到取决于这个概念模型里的每一步的许多个因素。紧接着这个分析模型的下一个章节通过从小型的案例研究和采访中总结，将会详细讨论要成功实现智能出行干预措施的制度上、技术上以及物质上的条件。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-bottom: -0.9em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 5px 5px 0px 0px; background-color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Part</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">4</p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="height: 0.9em; border-top: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/t2NAvJOQYn4ESVTE7rUEW6Pgb2FPLTlicmruGo9UxEHwJj9lG3jsDjG6vdrerpkBQiad5a6m6wocibS0TiaOgRdW0Q/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 54%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.56); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">成功的智能出行投资需要的制度、技术和硬件条件</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/RmgkuQeno2g6RlsWqah6zNAOxia1wgBfM7XlZdZPbiblTc7dgibj2jPxcwO1KhDnv0vAhPZ5BKjggzZLLVxgleKLQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">从第二节的架构中可以得知，对于智能机动性的投资是建立在以人为本、数据趋势、以及依仗新技术发展的前提下进行的，在此环境下，机遇与挑战并存。这一节将有对过往不同城市在不同情况下的研究概述，总结为三种状况：制度状况、技术状况、以及硬件状况。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 126, 145); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 230, 232); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">针对问题来设计解决方案</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 126, 145); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 230, 232); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在ICT发展的风口，过于注重与技术提升反而会让人忽视智能城市发展的真正目的在于提高居民生活质量，通过技术解决问题，而当今的情况更像是先产生了技术，再根据技术而寻找合适适用的场景。就如第二节所言，智慧城市建设应当以人为本，确定问题应当是第一步。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1）制度状况</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">建立合理的民意舆情反映通道，论文作者所接触过的政府方面大都对此保持开放积极的态度，积极利用社交媒体，同时保持呼叫中心，邮箱等方式搜集民意。例如在首尔的社情民意反应中心中，一年三分之二的意见建议都与交通有关，根据居民意见，主管部门能够及时作出反应提出解决方案。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在制度制定层面仍存在一些问题，比如许多私人公司试图推销自己的产品和系统，以至于政府在做选择的时候会下意识的拒绝推销，私人公司因此无法在市政事物上进场合作来共同合作解决问题，而NGO组织则可以提供一个合作的平台。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2）技术状况</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">创新是技术层面的关键问题，一些城市已经在逐渐实现了在应用层面整合民众社区力量的同时加强合作，创立城市创新实验室、城市实验室，举办公开数据挑战、编程马拉松等活动支持鼓励多方力量参与技术创新来更好地为城市服务；一些城市开放了许多公开数据和硬件设计以鼓励开放式设计的发展和新的科技创新。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 126, 145); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 230, 232); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">ITS的部署和应用</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 126, 145); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 230, 232); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">目前ITS技术存在几大问题，包括预算、数据、权力分散等，解决问题主要需要统一的长期规划以及多方的合作，在整合资源的问题上，同时也需要主要职权机构的支持。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1）制度层面</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">最初的智能机动性解决方式的落地应用通常既不便宜也不容易，通常需要一个联盟的支持和统一的长期规划支持，</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">案例：mobility on demand，手机软件可以帮助制定旅行计划和整合支付平台，同时整合实时的公共交通资源，包括地铁、公交、出租、游船、共享汽车单车等，该设想应该就是智能机动性发展的最终目标。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">事实上应用的推广落地还火候欠佳，除却制度上政府方面的大力支持，还需要完善的组织结构，资金来源，以及人力资源的提供来完善系统。现在很多智能机动化应用的合同选择是结果导向的，并且也需要一个实力雄厚的利益相关方（风险共担者）来抓住剩余利益。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">一个项目通常会涉及多方政府部门或是利益团体，操作者在跨部门协作和整合数据时会遇到一些问题，亦或是程序本身潜在会有偏差，交流、合作方面还有很大提升空间。为了更好的合作，应当有官方的公开数据整合中心以便捷开发者进行创新，不同类型的数据共享需要可靠的传输中心，但同时也要注意避免潜在的个人隐私和公共安全问题。美国有一些相关条例 比如1996年信息自由法、2013年大数据公开条例等。还有个问题就是在有些行业数据被认为是商业机密，获取的难度更大，比如对于共享停车系统而言的实时停车信息于不同平台而言都是独家的私人资料。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2）技术层面</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">技术层面的核心问题在于数据容量、数据管理、数据分析、信息共享服务等方面，硬件设备会有误差，与此同时有纠正软件应运而生；数据来源、形式都日渐多样化，整合不同渠道的信息数据需要更大的数据空间，同时需要标准化数据形式以便于软件开发和交流合作。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">数据收集整合现在的市场正热，有上千家创业企业在进行所谓的数据收集整理工作，而事实上数据分析和信息整合方面有很多初创企业在开发软件。在选择全部公开数据以鼓励科技创新的城市中，在极大访问量数据调用量的状态下维持其数据库也需要一定的技术资源支持，比如纽约市的数据库还有世界银行的数据共享中心。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">实际上，大部分城市并没有完全的进行数据公开，然而为了鼓励软件开发和应用创新，数据量越多越好；智能机动化解决方案是创新与技术的结合，合作方式的选择可以更灵活，官方与私人供应商之间的充分交流有助于提升数据处理的内部能力，高效运行节约资源。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3）硬件层面</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">完善的路网设施是ITS解决方案的基础，如果本身的路网基础不完善的话ITS是完全无法应用的。其他硬件设备需求包括数据收集（感应器、摄像头、GPS等）和交流系统（巴士Wifi、电子公告板等），同时所有设备都需要妥善的维护。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 126, 145); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 230, 232); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">用户根据解决方案调整行为习惯</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 126, 145); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 230, 232); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">智能机动性模型概念中最重要的一部分就是通过该方案来改变用户出行行为以达成节能的目的，而如何改变用户行为是最为困难的一个步骤。方案的理想情况是通过一些举措能够使用用户减少私家车出行、尽量使用节能档位、驾驶时少停顿、改变出行时间或路径以达成节能目的。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1）制度层面</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">需要互补而不冲突的一系列连贯政策才能是绿色出行的模型有效，同时应该公正公开透明化以建立用户的信任，同时政策需要长期而有效的执行；技术上，应当正确评估需求和预测行为，联合公共资源和私人资源来进行市场营销和教育，同时应当考虑隐私、种族、宗教、安全、暴力、犯罪等方面的潜在危险；硬件上，需要采用合理的设计和固定装置设置，需要考虑用户对智能设备的可达性，还应当尽量提供不同选择以备取舍。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">用户行为是被多种不同因素所影响的，需要一致而连贯的政策。若是政策之间相互冲突，比如鼓励减少私家车出行的政策（公交专用道、拥堵费、停车限制）和鼓励私家车出行的政策（提高限速、免费停车、降低燃油税）同时实施的话，本身鼓励非私家车出行的措施将无效。同时，改变用户行为模式的措施在用户不理解其潜在优势和利益的时候也很难有效，在设计、应用方案的过程中也应当鼓励公众参与和提出意见。若是信息不够公开透明，公众更容易对政策失望而使完成度不足。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2）技术层面</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">不同民众的生活方式、文化、习惯、职业、年龄层次、性别不同都会在其行为上表现出差异，因此在实际落地的时候要充分考虑现实因素。比如，北京的停车场协调系统的落地不尽人意，大部分人并不愿意改变原有的停车方式，也对价格的变动不敏感，主要由于雇佣单位通常会负担停车费用。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">公共资源和私人资源有时候会合作进行推广，初创企业通常会采用奖励机制以鼓动用户参与，例如有项目通过奖励机制（小额现金、抽奖券、折扣码等）来鼓励通勤者改变出行行为以减少拥堵。安全问题也是需要仔细考虑的，由于该类型系统所获取的数据大约都是实时数据并且涉及个人隐私，隐私和安全的保护也同样重要，需要预防暴力犯罪和其他安全隐患。有些服务供应商能够提供体验更便捷的服务，然而某种程度上牺牲了安全的保障。例如滴滴声称有4亿的数据量，但是用户的出行模式仍然难以判断和鉴别，主要由于真实数据的有限，滴滴的系统存在一定量的虚假订单，这类的情况也需要权力机构实用技术来鉴别和处理。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3）硬件层面</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">用户对于硬件的便捷可达性也十分重要，比如叫车软件除却智能手机应用也应当适当开放呼叫平台等方式服务没有智能手机的群体，现行很多新软件对于无智能手机的用户并不友好，包括共享单车对于儿童和老年人而言使用不便。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">当居民不易获取替代方案的时候，智能机动性的方案无法改变居民的出行行为，比如实时提供拥堵状况的软件也应该提出其他路途的建议，否则仅仅预见前方拥堵不足以使得用户能减少拥堵时间节能减排。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 126, 145); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 230, 232); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">智能机动性方案不断完善更新</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(255, 126, 145); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(255, 230, 232); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">智能机动化方案致力于最大化收益，因此不断扩大规模并且不断进行更新升级，因此，可持续发展性也十分的重要，充分利用网络平台以及选择合适的规模尺度有利于可持续发展。对于城市而言，协调均衡各方的利益有助于去的最大效益。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1）制度层面</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">所有参与者都希望有更多的用户量和更大的规模，然而不同的供应商有不同的目标、策略和方法，为了达到节能目的，必须发扬鼓动所有潜在的用户参与并考虑其相关利益。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2）技术层面</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">为了更好的扩大规模和更新升级，构建“技术生态系统”也十分的重要，在生态系统中有产品、体验、技能、学习型社区等组成，整合不同类别的技术来鼓励合作开发，同时可以定期举办信息知识交流活动，比如研讨会、训练营、公开会议等，有助于整体的技术提升发展。正确的评价体系也有助于技术层面的提高，TFL运用调查组的方式来做一个项目落地前后的效果对比，同时也有其他的系统的监管监测框架来对整体影响惊醒评估，有助于提升整体技术水准，完善更新。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; opacity: 0.6; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span><span style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; border-left: 0.6em solid rgb(70, 69, 69); border-top: 0.5em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.5em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.2; padding-left: 3px; color: rgba(238, 42, 107, 0.71); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3）硬件层面</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">光纤、市政设施和网络硬件基础是智能机动性方案落地的基础。</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-bottom: -0.9em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; border-right: 0.4em solid rgb(31, 73, 116); border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(31, 73, 116); max-width: 5% !important; border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 5px 5px 0px 0px; background-color: rgba(42, 182, 232, 0.77); padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Part</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">5</p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; border-top: 0.4em solid rgb(31, 73, 116); border-left: 0.4em solid rgb(31, 73, 116); max-width: 5% !important; border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.4em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="height: 0.9em; border-top: 3px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/t2NAvJOQYn4ESVTE7rUEW6Pgb2FPLTlicmruGo9UxEHwJj9lG3jsDjG6vdrerpkBQiad5a6m6wocibS0TiaOgRdW0Q/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 54%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.56); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">结论</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/RmgkuQeno2g6RlsWqah6zNAOxia1wgBfM7XlZdZPbiblTc7dgibj2jPxcwO1KhDnv0vAhPZ5BKjggzZLLVxgleKLQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(5, 5, 5); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">本报告一方面总结了目前全球范围内“智慧城市“的优秀案例，同时在考虑到发展中国家不同于大多数发达国家的国情，我们也提出了相应的政策建议。</strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(31, 73, 116); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgba(42, 182, 232, 0.77); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">国际优秀案例经验</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(31, 73, 116); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgba(42, 182, 232, 0.77); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">与传统的智能交通系统投资相比，智慧城市“以人为本、数据驱动、自上而下的创新”的三大特点已经将传统智能交通系统转变为了“智能出行”的新概念。这三大特点既是机遇也是挑战，更是成功推广智慧城市解决方案、节约能源的关键所在。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">智能出行解决方案带来用户习惯的改变，进一步带来能源节约：短期内意味着更少出行里程、交通模式转变、每公里能耗减少甚至推动能源友好型政策的出台；长期来看，则是用户生活方式转变——减少小汽车购买、合宜的工作和家庭地点选择以及日常活动模式的转变——带来更深远的能源节约。如何达到这一理想化的目标虽然很复杂，但我们认为可以遵循以下<span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四个步骤</strong></span>，每一步都需要制度、技术、硬件条件等各方面的配合：</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第一步：</strong></span>确定出行问题，设计智能出行解决方案。制度性条件包括建立公共参与机制和利益各方共同参与的协作平台。通过编程马拉松等社区活动激发社会创新，并保障信息数据公开。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第二步：</strong></span>智能出行方案的运作落地。在这一步，管理者的远见和各方支持十分关键。政府部门需要有基本的制度条件来保障透明、高效的管理和监督，并协调好各方机构，同时确保信息公开和共享。技术条件包括数据收集和整合、数据分析、信息服务。如果需要第三方机构参与，资质审核也很关键。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第三步：</strong></span>用户使用方案并逐步改变行为习惯。这些行为习惯的改变意味着更少的能源消耗。制度方面，要保持“绿色导向”政策的连贯性、保证透明公开从而建立公信力、政策执行要到位和连续。技术层面，明确需求、预测行为因素、公私部门合作提供市场和教育；个人隐私、信息安全和诈骗案例要考虑在内。硬件条件则需要设计良好的基础设施和交互体验以确保用户能方便使用。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第四步：</strong></span>智能出行方案是在不断变化演进的，作为协调角色的城市管理部门应该积极了解整合各方利益。技术层面，则要培育良好的竞争生态，同时做好监测和评估以积累经验。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-right: -0.5em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgb(31, 73, 116); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1em solid rgba(42, 182, 232, 0.77); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style=" display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em;  padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; box-sizing: border-box; "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对发展中国家的启示</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: -0.5em; border-bottom: 1em solid rgb(31, 73, 116); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 1em solid rgba(42, 182, 232, 0.77); border-left: 0.65em solid transparent; border-right: 0.65em solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">发达国家已经在智能出行方面积累了不少的优秀案例，相较之下，发展中国家通常具有以下特点：<span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（1）较低的机动化水平，但有着较高的增长率和拥堵程度；（2）欠发达的基础设施；（3）较少的金融资源投入和开发运作；（4）较低的制度和技术能力。</strong></span>因而在智能出行的发展上，发展中国家既有后发优势也面临着挑战。对此我们提出了如下的建议：</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">a) 在合作、透明的框架内吸纳公私部门各方参与。</strong>资本欠缺的国家可以基于各方提升用户体验的共同兴趣，充分利用社会民间资本。协作和透明原则不光对那些低成本的创新交通解决方案适用，更是为了长期范围内智能系统的使用、维护和增加。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">b) 发展技术来获取和监督信息服务。</strong>对于那些技术要求复杂的方案，缺乏核心技术的发展中国家很容易受制于强大的利益方，比如一个强大的技术公司希望为自身谋取更多收益。因此政府部门需要具备基本的技术能力来预防此种风险的发生。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">c) 重点发展基础设施，包括完整的道路网络、基本的交通管理措施。</strong>完善的基础设施建设不仅对于满足市民交通出行需求至关重要（比如减少拥堵和交通事故），也对塑造未来的交通出行需求模式有着相当的战略重要性。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: hidden;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 6px; height: 6px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: rotate(0.1deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.1deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0.1deg); -o-transform: rotate(0.1deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 100%; background-color: rgb(5, 5, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; margin: 0px -6px 0px -7px; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(5, 5, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 100%; background-color: rgb(5, 5, 5); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/bicdVbWhhibve6OmuVOVa523DLs5GIhRrYicfjW1NE3tRGBKQWrTMVeRUYnM5uVnKW0eRf4wSLo1GWDiavd59mUorA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-position: 55.6015% 33.1154%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: 100.637%; background-attachment: scroll; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgba(160, 239, 254, 0.4); padding: 10px; border-width: 0px; border-radius: 0px; border-style: none; border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(71, 193, 168); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">致谢</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0% 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 7px; display: inline-block; border-top: 1px solid rgb(5, 5, 5); font-size: 14px; color: rgb(71, 193, 168); text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px; box-sizing: border-box;">本研究得到了能源领域管理援助计划（ESMAP：www.esmap.org）的支持，本文观点由作者负责，不代表世界银行及分支机构。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; padding: 0px 10px 10px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; border-radius: 0px; border-color: rgba(198, 105, 236, 0.86); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0% 8px; text-align: center; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0.8em solid rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65); border-right: 0.4em solid rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65); border-left: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.8em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 5px; line-height: 1.6em; background-color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">参考文献</p></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0.8em solid rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65); border-left: 0.4em solid rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.65); border-right: 0.4em solid transparent !important; border-bottom: 0.8em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; line-height: 1.8; color: rgba(0, 45, 72, 0.56); letter-spacing: 1.5px; padding: 0px 7px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</strong></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1、《智慧城市背景下通过投资智能交通系统实现节能》</strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5px; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaibMDuDdmVeDHjYoJ5tIDWBExKoiaxp7KGfhrFzm4MoHDNsJqnJS2DZiat7MsZC3fRwrl5wdicNoEpUwg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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vertical-align: top; width: 85%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(97, 182, 204); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">免费索取英文原文资料：</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">联系微信公众号 <em style="box-sizing: border-box;"></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">或电邮 <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Daizongliu@qq.com</em> </p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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"><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">「 欢迎投稿 」</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="text-align: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">我们作为专业志愿者团体，秉承理想，帮助中国可持续发展。并为之贡献：理念与传播、培训与教育、实践与孵化。欢迎您加入我们一起并肩前行！</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="text-align: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2014-2017 ? 转载请注明：<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  />源自公众号“”</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaibMDuDdmVeDHjYoJ5tIDWBEABWSSAbbOQMDqWtShQds0HnblLFXQGib5mOjXt9dWGvWCZpRalZNw7A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="max-width:100%;" /></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section>
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