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<section style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2.25em; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -2.25em; margin-right: 5px; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Shifalika Goenka  </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ Chenhui Gu   校核&导读/ 徐蜀辰</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ 曹书韵   编辑/ 众山小    排版/ 蒋理</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-right: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 35%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: right;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: auto; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; border-right: 10px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(251, 210, 107); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaictxRVnYqEAFfZcZ0cqgvQpRh51ByJ7VicIZouyPaewsvPYdOOrNx0W9KualwS723ibnNyBfGqBxEBw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="170"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; margin-top: -10px; margin-left: auto; border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 65%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(182, 182, 182); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">《城市设计、交通与人群健康》</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">评论一：改善健康生活的城市设计和交通</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-right: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; border-top: 10px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); margin: 0px -10px; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">柳叶刀杂志关于城市设计、交通和健康问题的专题提出了一个有关健康城市的设想和介入措施建议、实施方法。该专题的一系列文章认为宜人的城市规划可以有效的促进人的健康。政策制定者和城市规划师有能力通过追求健康可持续的城市规划和交通设计来增进人口健康和促进公平。同时，他们可以保护环境、减少化石燃料消耗、减缓全球气候变化问题。此外，我们可以从减少的直接和间接健康成本中节省资金。政策制定者和规划师应当致力于建设创造健康的和改变未来几代人的生活的城市。</p></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 1px 1px 5px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic4WynywicTcY4uvOsa8W0fqibmxxyfQjZ5Edib4icz8SbzXhhpRhxuM1iaibiaDcwh0OKcwyaRSvya9AL0Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.8125" data-w="640"  /> <section style="width: 100%; height: 1em; margin-top: -0.92em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 0.8em solid white; border-right: 0.8em solid white; border-bottom: 0.8em solid white; border-top: 0.55em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; margin-left: 80%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -0.6em; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(202, 198, 198); letter-spacing: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: -5px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(133, 118, 106); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市设计、交通与人群健康专刊</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); letter-spacing: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">评论一：改善健康生活的城市设计和交通 </p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/iazOKBWClMBtWLUh19oCsd6xVwRanj2jonaYayBLIYby1byjibbeMS9bn1yLS7bjW6qCUfoUtfXsou2vxic8GP4bQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.2081447963800905" data-w="663"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: -58px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 24px; color: rgb(72, 172, 233); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: right; margin: -110px 0% 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 22%; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/lCXNzgic9ZyVhFBaiaeKIdXZ2HCYia0qzlmD54CdwLLYptpPl4V5cV3V0uNj5rbxLUYZv5QMOK9oABwoLLrnpywwA/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="1" data-w="144"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">我们设计城市的方式可以促进人口健康。有关城市设计、交通和健康问题的柳叶刀专题强调了科学设计的城市及交通规划可以致力于解决健康、环境和经济负担的问题。道路交通和交通事故伤亡一直在年轻人可预防性死亡原因中位居前列，尤其是在中低收入国家（LMICs），90%的可预防性死亡是可归咎于交通事故。非传染性疾病（NCD）的负担一直是个世界性的问题。在1980到2013年间，在中低收入国家里，年轻人中肥胖症状发生率是60%， 而世界平均值是27.5%；由于肥胖程度的加深，肥胖带来的死亡率上升了45％；中风是另一个在1990到2013年里显著增加的非传染性疾病，尤其在中低收入国家。大约三分之二的这样的全球性疾病问题可以被归咎于社会行为（例如吸烟、不良的饮食习惯、较少体力活动），三分之一归罪于空气污染。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">全球范围内，空气污染造成了550万人死亡，体力活动不足造成了530万，高血压造成了1040万的死亡，肥胖则导致了440万人死亡。超重、肥胖、空气污染和高血压分别导致了1.34亿，1.42亿，2.08亿的伤残调整生命年（伤残调整生命年（disability adjusted life year, DALY）是指从发病到死亡所损失的全部健康寿命年，包括因早死所致的寿命损失年(YLL)和疾病所致伤残引起的健康寿命损失年(YLD)两部分。DALY是生命数量和生命质量以时间为单位的综合度量。（译者注：来自百度百科））。这些疾病负担而带来的经济损失也很巨大，尤其是在中低收入国家里，用于交通事故伤亡的医疗支出最高可占据GDP的5%。2013年，缺乏体力活动导致了世界经济损失了675亿国际元用于卫生保健支出和生产力损失，2014年的全世界用于应对糖尿病的卫生保健支出大约在6120亿到10990亿美元之间，而高血压疾病在全世界范围内每年大约需要花费1000亿美元。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">柳叶刀专题体现了城市设计和交通规划如何针对以上这些挑战提出一系列解决方式。这个专题系列对于城市设计和交通规划提出了清晰明确的建议用于提升人口健康水平。这些建议包括提升主动交通安全性、吸引力、且令人满意；相较于机动交通优先考虑宽阔的步行道和非机动的交通/自行车道；并且保证人行道/非机动车道与机动车道之间有足够的分隔。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0% 8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="margin-left: 40px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 1; font-size: 19.2px; color: rgb(249, 110, 87); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; line-height: 1.6; margin-left: 3px; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(25, 159, 192); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">该专题的一些建议措施：</strong></p></section></section><section class="" style="line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; transform-origin: right center 0px; -webkit-transform-origin: right center 0px; -moz-transform-origin: right center 0px; -o-transform-origin: right center 0px; transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(45deg); -o-transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="height: 1px; width: 40px; background-color: rgb(72, 172, 233); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="display: inline-block; height: 1px; width: 80%; background-color: rgb(72, 172, 233); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="__bg_gif" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background-image: url("http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/4dwTwcowplWbnFOGfTpBU3QO4gFibI9QiaIk4UWsuggwLd68IPuhiamDfOV0qMkliaMoFecpsgiaKtxGJclEZunRFGQ/s640?"); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: 77.7842%; background-attachment: scroll; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0% 20px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(31, 163, 196); padding: 0px 15px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">1）呼吁保证相邻街区的安全性、吸引性、可达性，并且有充足的绿色空间和公园；</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2）专题作者提倡城市中就业产业的平均分布，就业和住宅尽可能分布在接近可通勤距离的区域内；</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">3）相应的，学校及教育设施和住宅也应远离高速公路；</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">4）改变土地利用方式，增加极低密度城市的混合土地利用区域并减少高密度城市区域的密度；</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">5）通过政策保护和支持城市及周边区域的农业产业。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">通过这些措施，以下风险都将得到改善：空气污染、交通污染、噪声污染、安全和犯罪问题、缺乏体力活动、社交隔离、长时间坐着和不健康饮食、呼吸疾病入院人数、儿童和成人的肥胖问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">关键问题在于，我们应该如何利用这些介入措施来真正的确保其有效实施并有可靠效果。跨部门合作是达成目标的重要因素。所有的部门应该对于跨部门合作保持开放的态度来达成不同领域下的整合行动，比如交通与健康，城乡规划与健康，环境与健康，经济与健康等。所有的政策都应该在一个全局的健康和环境视野下被评估。政策的制定应该不仅仅科学可信和适应具体情境，同时也应该具有一个整体性和可持续性。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在政策的实施中，媒体关注公众需求也是至关重要的。更何况，呼吸清洁的空气，拥有安全的人行道和非机动车道应该是基本的公民权利。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在很多中低收入国家里，城市规划和交通政策应当注重迅速扩张的城市化所带来的问题，这些城市中大规模的农村人口向城市迁移，产生了过高的人口密度。在很多城市聚集区，市政设施并不足以支撑居民的需求，这些问题常常包含：水资源缺乏、下水道卫生系统问题，热力设施不完全、感染性疾病、小型混合用途建筑中的致癌物影响等问题。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">各个不同国家的本身环境不同，在政策制定和交通规划的时候原生环境的情况应该被充分的考虑。在中低收入国家里，人们选择步行和骑行出门通常因为他们没有其他的选择，即使有过热、污染、灰尘等不良状况在路上，并且几乎没有分离的人行道和非机动车道，这直接导致了很多交通事故伤亡。因此，很多时候人们一旦进入了一个更高的社会经济阶段，立刻就放弃了步行和骑行一类的体力活动而转向机动车出行。因地制宜的城市规划方式应当鼓励人们更多地使用步行和骑行作为出行方式，比如增加人行道和非机动车道的树荫，降低道路温度，减少尘埃和污染，提供一个更舒适的空间给行人和非机动车。这些便利人行道和非机动车道的措施可以减少高密度人口聚集区的化石燃料需求。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">然而与之相反的，在高收入的国家和地区，步行和骑行是人们更倾向于选择的出行方式，许多欧洲国家都拥有安全而便捷的人行道，自行车道，和公共交通系统。虽然在人行道非机动车道，低排放交通工具等问题上，高收入国家之间也会有显著的区别。因此，城市规划必须因地制宜注意地方特色，没有一蹴而就的万能公式。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">健康导向的城市规划应该和可持续发展的目标相一致。现在，全球范围的城市规划和交通协定正在联合国和世界卫生组织被提议和倡导，各个国家也应该成为该协定的成员国并且帮助推动逐步提供更多的健康环境。全球和各个国家的都应该在在这个领域里充当一个观察者的位置，国家应该对这些指标负责，比如空气质量、人行道宽度与整个道路宽度的比例、热带环境下人行道树荫的覆盖率、公共交通系统的质量、噪声污染的等级、最大人口密度等。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">政策制定者和城市规划师有权通过追求健康可持续的城市规划和交通设计来增进人口健康和促进公平。同时，他们可以保护环境、减少化石燃料消耗、减缓全球气候变化问题。此外，我们可以从减少的直接和间接健康成本中节省资金。政策制定者和规划师应当致力于建设创造健康的和改变未来几代人的生活的城市。</p><p style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">2014-2016 ? 转载请注明：<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  />源自公众号“”</p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tiaic4WynywicTcY4uvOsa8W0fqKOvXOEHE3vrVhE0VUj1SxVAkhYsk72xSibNt7bzBRI6rgHiaBMrHFj4w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.4125" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="clear: both; 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