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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7NWwic76ibZQUjL9mmPFvkGSicrr7xaeY21Qn0xRPqzG7By4xmKOvEvapN0qW6s8Ewu0YC4HLxglpdQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" class="" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.55625" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin: 15px 0%; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 15%; padding-right: 1px; padding-left: 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: center; margin: 10px 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); -moz-border-top-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; padding: 3px 5px; line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">导</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">读</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 85%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(97, 182, 204); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;">第九届全球健康促进大会近日落下帷幕，大会发布《上海宣言》《健康城市上海共识》，为全球推进健康城市建设、实现可持续发展目标提供了方向。我们该如何建设健康城市？在此过程中，城市规划又承担什么样的角色？需要做些什么工作呢？</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">人口膨胀、交通拥堵、环境污染、食品安全、垃圾围城……城市化往往和“城市病”相伴相生，如何应对人口聚集城市发展带来的健康挑战？如何促进人和环境的和谐相处？近日召开的第九届全球健康促进大会上，全球百位市长分享各自在健康城市建设领域的举措和效果，达成“<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">建设我们能力所及的最健康城市</span>”共识。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border-radius: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</p></section><section style="padding-right: 5px; margin-top: -2.3em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 2em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 20px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(88, 179, 224, 0.83);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">关于“健康城市”</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;">建设健康城市，是在20世纪80年代面对城市化问题给人类健康带来挑战而倡导的一项全球性行动战略。世界卫生组织（WHO）在1994年给健康城市的定义是：“<span style="line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">健康城市应该是一个不断开发、发展自然和社会环境，并不断扩大社会资源，使人们在享受生命和充分发挥潜能方面能够互相支持的城市</span>”。</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><br  /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;">《健康城市上海共识》提出“</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">建设我们能力所及的最健康城市</span><span style="line-height: 1.6;">”的目标，呼吁世界上所有城市，不论大小、贫富，积极参与健康城市建设，为健康做出积极的政治决策。</span><br  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">与会市长承诺，遵守<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">健康城市治理五大原则</span>：</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><blockquote><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">将健康作为所有政策的优先考虑；</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">改善社会、经济、环境等所有健康决定因素；</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">促进社区积极参与；</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">推动卫生和社会服务公平化；</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 14px;">开展城市生活、疾病负担和健康决定因素的监测与评估。</span></p></blockquote></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p>《共识》提出“<span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">十大健康城市优先行动领域</span>”——</p><p><br  /></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">一、教育、住房、就业、安全等方面基本需求；</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">二、消除城市大气、水和土壤污染，应对环境变化；</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">三、优先儿童健康、教育和社会服务；</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">四、确保妇女和女童的环境安全；</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">五、提高城市贫困及外来居民生活水平；</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">六、消除各种歧视；</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">七、确保卫生，消除城市传染病；</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">八、规划和完善可持续城市交通；</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">九、保障可负担得起的健康食品和安全饮用水；</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">十、建立无烟环境。</span></p></blockquote><p><br  /></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border-radius: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</p></section><section style="padding-right: 5px; margin-top: -2.3em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 2em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 20px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(88, 179, 224, 0.83);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我国的“<strong style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 32px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(88, 179, 224, 0.83);">健康城市</strong>”发展</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7NWwic76ibZQUjL9mmPFvkGSsIW4UpO5ab523yQz7vjCHHygURoFEickEqGEw0jdTCW3E8qaKciaQN7w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.565625" data-w="640"  /><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><p>中国的健康城市运动始于1989年。1993年以前我国健康城市的发展主要是处于<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">探索阶段</span>，包括引入健康城市的概念，与WHO合作开展相关的培训等。</p><p><br  /></p><p>1994年初，WHO官员对我国进行了考察，认为我国完全有必要开展健康城市规划运动，并具备进行研究的条件。至此，我国也正式加入到健康城市规划运动中。</p><p><br  /></p><p>2016年11月7日，国家卫生计生委疾病预防控制局(全国爱卫办)发布<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><strong>《全</strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">国爱卫办关于开展健康城市试点工作的通知》</span></strong>。根据《通知》，经各省(区、市)推荐，全国爱卫办确定了北京市西城区等<strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">38个</span></strong>国家卫生城市(区)作为全国健康城市建设首批试点城市。</p><p><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">表1 全国健康城市试点市名单</span></strong></span></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7NWwic76ibZQUjL9mmPFvkGSdTpLOZ84QToON6icYVlKbT59B2W9ialHicEmObdoXvrBibGreouCopYNMg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6252158894645942" data-w="579"  /><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section><section powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 1.5em; height: 1.5em; border-radius: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(7, 99, 151);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</p></section><section style="padding-right: 5px; margin-top: -2.3em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 2em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 20px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(88, 179, 224, 0.83);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">“健康城市”建设，城市规划的角色与任务</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(139, 89, 89);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">城市规划是建设“健康城市”的空间基石</strong></p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102); width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(70, 127, 156); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.8; padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156);">广东省城乡规划设计研究院总规划师马向明</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; white-space: pre-wrap;">认为，纵观城市规划的历史，规划师就不能将健康城市运动置之度外。而</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">城市规划真正进入到政府的法定管理，恰恰是跟公共卫生改革相关的。</span></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">工业革命引起了人口的聚集，随之人们认识到城市环境过于拥挤，卫生条件差易导致病疫的传播。于是</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0); font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">英国展开公共卫生改革，授权给地方政府，让他们制定并执行地方建设法规来控制街道的宽度和建筑物的高度，这就是规划管理正当性最早的来源</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">，也就是通过规划对私权的管理来确保公众的阳光权。</span><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(255, 76, 0); font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 127, 156);"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">健康城市运动在欧洲最为活跃，WHO欧洲区的健康城市项目从1988年开始，已经历了五个阶段。第五阶段(2009-2013)包括三方面的核心主题：</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">支持性环境、健康生活方式和健康城市设计</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">。</span></span></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(255, 76, 0); font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">WHO欧洲区的官方网站显示，健康城市设计是指：<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(255, 76, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">将健康因素纳入城市规划设计的过程，包括方案和项目建设中，建立社会支持性环境，提高公众对休闲和运动空间的可达性，并鼓励步行和骑自行车的环境。</span>因此可以说，如果“人人享有健康”是21世纪城市市民的基本权利的话，<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(255, 76, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">没有城市规划的参与，这项基本权利是很难得到保障的</span></span><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(255, 76, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">。<span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">（<span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); line-height: 25.6px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">城市规划2014年03期：健康城市与城市规划</span>）</span></span></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(70, 127, 156); line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br  /></span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7NWwic76ibZQUjL9mmPFvkGSdyibQEMYEZZ5Ugz2eHyxIqJ1ibAGrzoCE0SjXBVGv6NSpCntCr2V3LYA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5652173913043478" data-w="690"  /></p><p><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(139, 89, 89);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划要素对公共健康的影响</strong></p></section><section style="border-top: 2px dotted rgb(95, 94, 102); width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">以下内容来源于——王兰，廖舒文，赵晓菁：健康城市规划路径与要素辨析，《国际城市规划》2016年04期</span></strong></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br  /></span></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7NWwic76ibZQUjL9mmPFvkGSALyDuU4HJ7ITs8Yoxe8g2KWxic801p8XbjjpLp6creWTjKkqYceUtOA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.3086529884032114" data-w="1121"  /><br  /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px;">健康城市规划路径</span></p><p><br  /></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-right: 0%; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: 0%; transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1）土地使用</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left: 1em solid rgb(239, 66, 119); font-size: 16px; border-top: 1em solid transparent ! important; border-bottom: 1em solid transparent ! important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; border-right: 0.6em solid rgb(2, 32, 99); border-top: 0.6em solid rgb(2, 32, 99); border-left: 0.6em solid transparent ! important; border-bottom: 0.6em solid transparent ! important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 16px; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; border-left: 2px dashed rgb(160, 160, 160); border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(70, 127, 156); line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">土地使用对公共健康的影响要素可以划分为土地使用类型、强度和混合程度。从减少污染及其人体影响的角度，可通过<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">限制具有污染风险的用地</span>（例如工业用地、交通用地）<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">在人口集聚地区的规划设置，降低人群的污染暴露度，增设绿地改善大气质量。</span></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">土地使用类型的规模、分布和与周边用地的关系决定了其对公共健康的影响。</span>在整体层面上，城镇建设用地的增加不利于大气污染物的扩散。<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">在规划和具体项目选址中，通过在污染源和附近敏感土地使用地区之间提供一个适当的距离或防护措施，可以避免污染物影响至敏感人群的活动范围。</span>在增强锻炼方面，规划规定土地使用类型应在步行和骑行范围内增加不同人群的活动目的地，例如日常生活所需的菜市场、便利店、大中型超市、电信网点、诊所药店和五金维修等设施，均有利于降低家庭非通勤类机动车出行能耗 ；幼儿园、中小学、书报亭等功能性目的地将鼓励学生步行或骑行上学，促进不同年龄段人群的日常体育活动。</p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">土地开发强度表征了单位土地的使用程度，通常以容积率、建筑层数等指标来衡量。</span>高强度土地开发配合适度的土地混合，可使居民在城市空间中的活动相对集中在一个较小的空间范围内，通过步行和骑行等慢性交通出行方式，减少私人汽车的出行机率和距离，从而降低居民出行的碳排放总量。<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">紧凑的土地开发模式还可以增强街道生活活力，促进邻里经济发展和居民步行。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">土地混合使用体现在通过鼓励步行和骑行来减少机动车污染。</span>相关研究表明，在集聚有零售商业、商务办公等多功能楼面的邻里单元中（距邻里中心400m的步行活动范围内），当垂直混合度为1，其产生的交通周转量比单一功能楼面的建筑少11.1车·英里(约17. 860车·km)。此外，存在污染风险的用地混合叠加可能加重潜在的污染风险，应该避免存在污染风险的混合用地规划。</p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-right: 0%; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: 0%; transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">2）空间形态</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left: 1em solid rgb(239, 66, 119); font-size: 16px; border-top: 1em solid transparent ! important; border-bottom: 1em solid transparent ! important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; border-right: 0.6em solid rgb(2, 32, 99); border-top: 0.6em solid rgb(2, 32, 99); border-left: 0.6em solid transparent ! important; border-bottom: 0.6em solid transparent ! important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 16px; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; border-left: 2px dashed rgb(160, 160, 160); border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(70, 127, 156); line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;">在空间形态对公共健康的影响研究方面，目前以针对<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">城区肌理形态</span>和<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">街道空间几何形态</span>的研究为主。从控制污染的角度，现有研究证实城市风环境及空气质量与城区肌理形态、街道空间的几何形态变化直接相关。<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">城区肌理形态和街道空间的几何形态影响城市的局部风环境，决定污染物的扩散。</span>从促进锻炼的角度，适宜尺度的街区和街道空间能够促进人们自发地选择慢行交通出行方式，增加体能活动。</p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p>城区肌理形态可以通过两个层次的指标来表述，第一个层次是<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">地块控制指标</span>，包括容积率、建筑密度和建筑高度；第二个层次是<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">地块内建筑群整合度和离散度</span>等。久保田哲等人的研究证实，街区内的建筑密度越高，街区内平均风速越小，而风速过低对于大气污染物的扩散不利。与大尺度街坊相比较，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">小尺度街坊在空间形式上的显著特点表现为具有高度连续性和渗透性、适宜的街坊和街道尺度、适宜步行并具有活力的公共空间。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;">在街谷空间形态方面，街道高宽比（H/W）、街道长高比（L/H）、两侧建筑高度比（h2/h1）是影响街谷气流、污染物扩散和稀释的主要因素。相关研究表明，城市的通风系统应由“给风系统”和“排风系统”两个子系统构成。<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">给风系统以开敞的绿化空间为主，适宜布置在城市常年主导风向的上风向</span>；<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">排风系统则应以城市交通干道为主</span>。住宅建筑适宜布置在街谷的下风向，而公共建筑适宜布置在街谷的上风向。</p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-right: 0%; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: 0%; transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">3）道路交通</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left: 1em solid rgb(239, 66, 119); font-size: 16px; border-top: 1em solid transparent ! important; border-bottom: 1em solid transparent ! important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; border-right: 0.6em solid rgb(2, 32, 99); border-top: 0.6em solid rgb(2, 32, 99); border-left: 0.6em solid transparent ! important; border-bottom: 0.6em solid transparent ! important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 16px; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; border-left: 2px dashed rgb(160, 160, 160); border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(70, 127, 156); line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;">道路交通对公共健康的影响因素可分为<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">机动交通</span>和<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">慢行交通</span>。</p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/raykBSCslW7NWwic76ibZQUjL9mmPFvkGSV3M5ngicvic5PScLlC7h69Av6uKgYBpOqW6ialEwhwMRTPsHl7QnwzT5w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6645161290322581" data-w="620"  /><br  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 12px;">住在公交线路附近有助于心理健康，意大利都灵，来源：Ylbert Durishti，flick</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">机动交通增加空气污染物及人体对污染物的暴露剂量（污染暴露度）。</span>研究指出，欧洲70% 的空气污染物和40% 的温室气体排放都来自于机动交通。侯芳和陈刚才等在北京和重庆的研究显示，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">道路密度、车流量与空气颗粒物浓度呈正相关</span>。此外，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">对小汽车的依赖降低了健身活动的需求，提高了肥胖症等慢性病的发病风险</span>，增加了行车途中与停车场人体吸入污染物的剂量。例如，以哥本哈根为案例的研究证明，小汽车使用者所接触到的污染物浓度是骑行者的四倍。</p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;">在慢行交通方面，已有研究证实了<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">步行与骑行对健康的积极作用</span>。步行和骑行者在高血压、糖尿病及心血管病方面的发病率均较低。同时研究发现，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">公共交通的使用和体能活动存在关系</span>，因为使用公共交通通常会步行前往公共汽车或地铁站点，从而增加了活动量。</p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;">需要在城市规划和设计中考虑的是，<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">步行与骑行路径若与机动交通重叠，则步行者与骑行者易暴露于机动车排放出的尾气之中</span>。欧洲研究发现，骑行路径在交通量小的道路或在自行车专用道上，人体的污染暴露度低；但如果在机动车较多的街道上，由于呼吸速率随骑行运动相应加快，骑行者的污染物暴露剂量是同一路段上小汽车乘客的4~7 倍。因此设计慢行系统时应尽量避开机动交通繁忙的路段，或通过分隔绿带降低出行者的污染物暴露剂量。针对旧金山的研究发现，增加自行车专用道并加宽街道后，骑行人数可增长2~3 倍。</p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-right: 0%; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: 0%; transform: translate3d(3px, 0px, 0px); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 66, 119);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">4）绿地和开放空间</strong></p></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left: 1em solid rgb(239, 66, 119); font-size: 16px; border-top: 1em solid transparent ! important; border-bottom: 1em solid transparent ! important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; border-right: 0.6em solid rgb(2, 32, 99); border-top: 0.6em solid rgb(2, 32, 99); border-left: 0.6em solid transparent ! important; border-bottom: 0.6em solid transparent ! important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 16px; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; border-left: 2px dashed rgb(160, 160, 160); border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; padding-left: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin: 10px 0%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(70, 127, 156); line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;">绿地和开放空间对公共健康的影响主要体现在<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">规模、布局和植物配置</span>三个方面。<span style="line-height: 1.8;">从控制污染的角度，<span style="line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">绿地的规模效应和合理布局有助于形成城市的通风廊道，合理的植物配置能够最大化地净化空气和吸收粉尘</span>。从促进锻炼的角度来看，绿地和开放空间的合理布局能够提高可达性，鼓励人们使用这些空间进行锻炼活动。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.8;"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.8;"><span style="line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">绿地的规模大小对吸收空气中污染物的效果存在影响。</span>根据研究，<span style="line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">50cm高的植物边界墙可显著降低污染物向人行道的扩散</span>，减少比例达46%~65%。林带宽度超过30m，PM2.5的值有较大下降。<span style="line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">公园绿地消减PM2.5能力与公园规模呈正相关</span>，公园规模越大，PM2.5去除水平越高，因此应尽量配置大中规模的绿地。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.8;"><br  /></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.8;"><span style="line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">在绿地和开放空间的布局方面，系统网络化的布局有利于大幅减少空气中的可吸入颗粒物，改善城市气候。</span>冯娴慧等通过GRAPES大气模拟模式，计算模拟广州市绿色空间对大气环境的影响。证明<span style="line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">通过一定规模面积的绿地系统布局，能增强城市气流输送，激发城市中尺度次级环流，进而改善周围环境温度</span>。刘姝宇等通过德国居住区的案例分析，发现将小型绿地整合为几个均匀分布的大中型绿地，有利于抑制城市热岛的扩散，而绿地和开放空间的布局同时涉及可达性。<span style="line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">通常绿地和开放空间的数量越多，均衡度越高，空间分布越均匀，则可达性越高。</span></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.8;"><span style="line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><br  /></span></span></p><p>在绿地植物配置方面，研究发现<span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);">乔灌草复合搭配的绿地对净化空气、吸收粉尘、为居民带来健康环境的效果最佳</span>；并且以乔木为主的复层结构城市绿地保健效果较好。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us"><section><section><p><br  /></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">本内容根据相关资料综合整理，转载请注明来源</span></strong></p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 75%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 90%; margin-top: 11px; border-radius: 16px; padding: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(188, 227, 249);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="text-align: right; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(7, 99, 151); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">小编，你们往期内容那么多，</strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">找起来好麻烦的，</strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">能不能整理个合集撒？</strong></p></section></section></section></section><img style="vertical-align: top; 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margin-bottom: 0.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 60px; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="width: 40px; margin: 5px 10px; box-sizing: border-box;" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW7NWwic76ibZQUjL9mmPFvkGSHORwTmmEOpV4Jq1MEKbgF0bzARm4WUMEX8mqU56PbRByLdDnQbWBXg/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-type="png" data-ratio="1" data-w="80"  /> <section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;">播报君</p></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 75%; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="vertical-align: top; margin-top: 29px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 20px; height: 17px; background-color: rgb(255, 228, 200);" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW7NWwic76ibZQUjL9mmPFvkGSN1eHlqPvuwD3H7Kz2YiaNk3JkTOWrqib33JpUhRicxrA9KMtgVicZjWOibw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-type="png" data-ratio="0.85" data-w="20"  /><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 90%; margin-top: 11px; border-radius: 16px; padding: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 228, 200);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(255, 129, 36); box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">好嘞，</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">请您移步公众号，</strong><strong style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">下方菜单栏里已经分类为您备好了！</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">什么？不知道怎么去？</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">长按识别图中二维码咯!</strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="png" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/raykBSCslW74GDiaSXFmbeP0sKYIKay9NGL0jYBJglHFFr3dGjZlUXcZSdraEvlK7TeLeOD7W1V0hnclcF9Bw0Q/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.6355555555555555" data-w="900"  /><br  /></p>
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