国匠城工作台

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<blockquote class="yead_editor" data-author="Wxeditor" style="margin: 5px auto; padding-left: 0px; border: 0px; white-space: normal; font-size: 14px;"><blockquote style="margin: 0.2em; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-top-width: 3px; border-right-width: 3px; border-bottom-width: 3px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: rgb(201, 201, 201); max-width: 100%; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-family: 微软雅黑; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 0px 0px 10px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">作者信息：冯骥才 中国文联副主席、住建部传统村落保护发展专家委员会主任、天津大学教授。</blockquote></blockquote> 在日前公布的第4批中国传统村落名录中，1602个具有重要保护价值的村落榜上有名。自2012年12月20日认定并公布首批中国传统村落名录以来，中国传统村落保护工作在政府、学者和民间诸多力量的努力下正加速推进，目前已有4157个传统村落得到保护。但作为这项工作的最初倡导者——中国文联副主席、住建部传统村落保护发展专家委员会主任、天津大学教授冯骥才却有了新的担忧。 11月22日，“何去何从·中国传统村落国家高峰论坛”在河北保定召开。冯骥才在开幕式上直言，已经建立名录的传统村落的保护正趋向“十大雷同”。他说：“如果失去了千姿百态的文化个性和活力，传统村落的保护将无从谈起，‘留住乡愁’也将落空。” 近年来，冯骥才多次在不同的场合谈到传统村落保护遇到的诸多新问题以及他的一些新忧虑。在此次专家论坛上，他再次重申了今年4月在浙江慈溪举办的村落保护研讨会上的观点，即必须正视中国传统村落保护工作面临的三大问题：空巢化、全面旅游化、村民自身对于村庄及传统的冷漠。冯骥才用钱锺书《围城》中的经典语言来比喻眼下传统村落的状况：里面的人急着要出来，外面的人急着要进去。“想出来是要改善生活，想进去是打算开发旅游和赚钱。”他深切地感到，一些地方缺乏对传统村落价值的认识，满脑子想的是“古村落搭台，旅游经济唱戏”。这里面，固然有城镇化速度过快，以至于我们对于精神文明层次的转变措手不及的原因，也有包括村民在内对于传统村落缺乏文化自觉的因素。但是，“村民要离开乡村，这怪不得村民，因为城市跟他们的生活向往更接近。当然，他们现在还认识不到村落文化的价值。因此，把书桌搬到田野上，到村民中‘开启民智’，才是当前知识界最重要的工作”。 <img data-ratio="0.6671875" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/4cZngZbtIIGaHyWl5EoLwibvibfJInZwwIbfOiaY6FiaGIb6bTibCR1N8AZeUz4sNXlWyKTx56fGZzRV3W67oKwFGOg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="line-height: 1.6; font-size: 14px; width: 100% !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%">与此同时，让冯骥才更为担忧的是，目前传统村落保护与城市建设的“千城一面”类似，开始呈现雷同化的弊端。经过调研，他总结出传统村落保护性建设的“十大雷同”：一是旅游为纲，对传统村落的规划不是科学的保护性规划，而是旅游规划。二是“腾笼换鸟”，将原住村民迁走。“主人走了，原汁原味的生活状态没有了，村落记忆消失了……这还叫什么传统村落？”三是开店招商，民居变身成各种商店，而且全国各地村落出售的纪念品趋同。四是“化妆景点”，把稍好一点的老建筑油漆粉刷打扮一新，然后买一些老家具随便一摆放，就开始赚游客的钱。五是公园化，通过打造园林小景，使得传统村落越来越像城市公园。六是通过民俗表演或称非遗表演来招揽游客，有的还专门从外地请来一些“非遗大师”来充数，而非当地特有的民俗文化精华。七是开办农家乐。八是发展民宿业态，“其实，传统村落从来就没有民宿。现在许多人跑到传统村落里大建民宿，不伦不类。”九是编创“伪民间故事”，许多地方为了吸引游客，生编硬造虚假的故事段子，有些甚至十分粗鄙，让村落文化变了味道。十是“大红灯笼高高挂”，只为渲染商业气氛，“实际上中国传统村落一般是不挂红灯笼的。”<img data-ratio="0.6671875" data-s="300,640" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/4cZngZbtIIGaHyWl5EoLwibvibfJInZwwIH3nxCMJj7mjJW7hZuiaFKVEKrniaZ5Fa8JxbcJXPCOu0VFVmZuibeuRFA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" style="width: 100% !important; visibility: visible !important;" width="100%">村落遗产是中华文明的重要载体，要以高度的文化责任感和敬畏的精神守住我们这一巨大和丰厚的文明财富。“如果照现在这样发展下去，再过十几年，我们认定的这几千个宝贵的传统村落，就会和现在的660个城市一样，变得‘千村一面’。”冯骥才疾呼，我们需要站到“原点”去认真思考，为什么要保护传统村落？究竟什么是乡愁？“留住乡愁最重要的恐怕是指它的精神文化价值，那就是留住我们对于民族家园的情感、土地的情感和文化的情怀，而不是怎么留住游客。” 冯骥才介绍，联合国的文化遗产分类中并没有传统村落一类，它是我国自己确立的一个类别，表现出我国对自己所拥有的七千年农耕社会文明历史的独特而深刻的认识。村落文化遗产有其独特性，它并非物质和非物质文化遗产的简单叠加。“我们必须科学地研究、准确地认识到它的本质与特征，找到符合科学规律、切合实际需求的办法加以保护。”他强调说，传统村落不是不能发展旅游，恰恰相反，这一文化遗产非常需要通过旅游产业传播出去，让人们欣赏它、热爱它。“但是，传统村落的价值是多种价值的融汇：历史见证的价值、研究的价值、欣赏的价值、怀旧（情感）的价值，还有旅游价值。不能只为了其中一个价值，损害甚至牺牲其他更重要的价值。” 注：本文源自光明日报. 记者/陈建强；通讯员/刘晓艳；摄像/署吉德. 相关链接：<a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5Nzc3MjYwMQ==&mid=2650642587&idx=2&sn=556c12a3df24b78a4136c515543ef7e3&chksm=beddd4cd89aa5ddb88a8e59fbb159b851f8dde0137f5027872b8534d32cbafc60657d719de37&scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" 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