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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 10px 0px; padding-top: 1.3em;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(227, 102, 43); border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(227, 102, 43); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 30%; margin-right: 30%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style=" transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(45deg); -o-transform: rotate(45deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 30px; height: 30px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(227, 102, 43); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(227, 102, 43); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="width: 22px; height: 22px; margin: 2px; border: 2px solid rgb(227, 102, 43); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: 1px auto auto; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 102, 43); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin: 1px auto auto; border-left-width: 12px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(227, 102, 43); border-bottom-width: 12px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">点击上方“”可订阅哦！</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding: 10px; border: 2px dotted white; box-shadow: rgb(225, 225, 225) 8px 8px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">为应对资源短缺、环境恶化和社区归属感缺失等诸多问题，欧美等国家从20世纪60年代就开始了对新型居住模式—<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">生态村的探索。作者</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">河北工业大学讲师</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">岳晓鹏</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">，河北工业大学讲师</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">李有芳</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">，上海华东发展城建设计（集团）有限公司天津分公司</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">常猛</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">在《规划师》2016年第9期撰文，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">文章基于城市生态村的生态、经济及社会可持续性的分析，以洛杉矶生态村为研究对象，介绍其在城市背景下</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的可持续发展内涵及规划设计模式等，探究城市生态村作为未来城市住区发展模式的可行性，希望对我国城市可持续生态社区</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的建设有所借鉴。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/u5hicsxrGXwyRUkVKYAUk8VT10bnEfPQ6flYrCkE6AKiaWibfmMqAvHoym8zhB4mpnYFqCWDvRZqabPvoYsf9uECQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.36923076923076925" data-w="65"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: left; margin-top: -0.68em; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-right-width: 0.4em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-left-width: 0.4em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px; padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 19.2px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一</section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-left-width: 0.4em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-right-width: 0.4em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding: 5px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶生态村的可持续性分析</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 102, 43); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">1992年洛杉矶市区发生的罗德尼·<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">金暴力事件(Rodney King Beating)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引发了席卷全美的种族暴动，继而导致了</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">当地的高失业率和经济衰败。针对当时</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">社区人际关系疏离、居民外移、贫穷与</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">犯罪现象突出等问题，本地居民劳斯·</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">阿金 (Lois Arkin) 提议建设生态村以改</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">善社区氛围，并通过成立“合作资源和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">服务项目”(Cooperative Resources </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">and Services Project，简称“CRSP”)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">这一民间非盈利组织来支持小型生态</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">合作社区所倡导的可持续的绿色生活</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">方式。在CRSP的生态恢复信贷基金</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">(Ecological Revolving Loan Fund，简</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">称“ELF”)</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的资助下，洛杉矶生态村</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">最终于1993年1月成立，坐落于市中</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">心以西约 3 英里 ( 约 4.82km) 处，占地</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">面积约11英亩(约4.45hm2</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">)，相当于</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">当地两个街区单元的大小，拥有40户住</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">户，约 55 人。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶生态村的生态可持续性</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYL2epw1KibUYvarbhe5fBy3rKfR65MOEAIIXKrPfHuOicsVtBib0Ehx01g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="float: right; width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /> <section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""></section><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">（1）开放街区布局模式</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">城市生态村是城市既有社区的生态<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">改造，因而其规划延续了城市的紧凑式</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">布局规划模式，舍弃了传统住宅区的封</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">闭环路规划模式。基于此，洛杉矶生态</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">村采用开放街区布局模式，并通过土地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">功能混合利用的街坊方式，引入与之相</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">应的邻里单元来组织社区生活，加深社</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">区邻里之间的相互熟识程度。同时，洛</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">杉矶生态村鼓励混合居住，以形成互助</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">互益的氛围。居民筹资收购了街区原有</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的两栋水上乐园员工宿舍，将其改造成</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">居民公寓，共计48套单元，每套单元面</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">积为 40 ～ 100m2</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">不等(图1，图2)。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">公寓中的部分房间被改造为社区共享的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">会议室、公共厨房、自行车库、储藏间</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和洗衣房等。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mhHvQ3BbklfY7yKONRkFFdjo0DHzCIAZuYIurM82YUh8CLgrPrPLiaHJMC1Bz1vJwcHb5txKWBButQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.9032258064516129" data-w="465"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mhvkMeNHfTAwmo8tBRvLSS4bOu6BzuzicZwjuIwkcaXH8Cjrx8ibsQ3OggQ4ib155wQVg5FUXibhMLVnQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.8618556701030928" data-w="485"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">（2）高密度街区住宅的生态改造</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶生态村充分利用现有城市环</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">境中的基础设施和公共服务设施，节省</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">了大笔的相关建设费用。相对于乡村生</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">态村低层低密度的建筑布局特征，洛杉</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">矶生态村内的建筑布局呈现出多(高)层</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">高密度的特征。居民住宅以两栋多层公</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">寓为主，相比欧美国家常见的分散式布</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">局的独栋住宅，其建筑体型系数较小，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">而且拥有公共墙面、基础设施及屋顶，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">因而在对外热交换方面将会损失更少的</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">能量。  </span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">基于地域性的自然气候特征，洛杉<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">矶生态村内的住宅采取了针对性的生态</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">改造、主体节能的方式，以达到综合节</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">能节水的成效。例如，居民在社区屋顶</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">上安装了太阳能电板，充分利用了南加</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">州灿烂的阳光；由于地处干旱少雨的地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">带，为最大限度地节约水资源，居民在</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">房间里安装了中水回收系统；尽管夏季</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">炎热，但居民还是摒弃了传统的空调降</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">温模式，只是在二楼的房间内安装吊扇，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">引入传统自然通风技术，并最大限度地</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">利用木质的百叶窗和遮阴植物来降低室</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">内温度。通过对住宅的生态改造，以及</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">采取被动式太阳能、风能与微生物技术</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">相结合的有效措施，可以减少传统能源</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的使用需求。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">（3）社区的物质能源闭合循环</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶生态村鼓励内部居民对废弃<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">物品进行更新利用，在施工中尽量使用</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">可回收的建筑材料，对于不可回收的垃</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">圾则采用堆肥处理的方式进行循环利用。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">例如，居民利用回收的碎木块、竹制品<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">等生态环保材料制成地板，将废旧轮胎</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">用于楼梯建造，废弃的箱子则布置于房</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">屋周围的花园内部进行堆肥处理。因此，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">生态村内产生的固体废物总量与洛杉矶</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">地区的平均水平相比，降低了90％，并</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">且有近100m3</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的绿色垃圾得到了堆肥处</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">理。同时，生态村鼓励居民减少对水资</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">源的过度消耗，通过有计划地节约用水</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和实行生态中水再利用，可以减少85％</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的用水量。 </span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">在都市农业方面，洛杉矶生态村鼓<span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">励居民在可利用的场地上发展永续农业。</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">因此，居民遵循永续农业的自然法则，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">针对南加州缺水的自然条件，他们将木</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">屑、稻草覆盖在路旁的坚果类植物上，</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">促进植物吸收土壤的天然水分，使得树</span><span style="text-indent: 2em; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">木欣欣向荣。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（4）绿色交通出行体系</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶生态村提倡以公共交通为主</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">导的出行方式，鼓励发展无车社区以及</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">自行车慢行交通系统。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">首先，依托城市密集的交通网络，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">生态村周边设置有20条公交线路和2</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">个地铁站，居民步行2～15 分钟即可到</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">达。公共交通的便捷性及可达性有效降</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">低了私家车的使用率。其次，生态村制</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">定“无车住户每月的住房租金减少25美</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">元”的优惠政策，以此来鼓励居民放弃</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">私家车。该政策使得生态村的无车住户</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">比例达到了近50％，为社区花园、农夫</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">集市和儿童看护中心提供了安全的环境。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">最后，生态村鼓励绿色自行车出行，设</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">计了慢行交通线路，并在2005年启动</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">了“自行车库房”项目(图3)，无偿提</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">供场所、工具和零件给人们自己维修自</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">行车。如今该项目已经拓展到生态村以</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">南的多个地区。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mhvkMeNHfTAwmo8tBRvLSS4IFLBvXjJibAfdia0kf2EmjL7xbxCPUxYUIdrGsIs4X8e2VVOZ7ibOKqUQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.933184855233853" data-w="449"  /></section></section></section><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYtdOSM1AZOJuTfDKHWZurQknUeZpIl7DK454u5sq9ZNvRUgJibQMfz3g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶生态村的经济可持续性</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYL2epw1KibUYvarbhe5fBy3rKfR65MOEAIIXKrPfHuOicsVtBib0Ehx01g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="float: right; width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /> <section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""></section><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">（1）共享型的社区股权制度</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在洛杉矶生态村，居民制定了房屋</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">股权合作制度，社区由CRSP集体所有，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">居民以租用方式享有私人住宅的使用权，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">同时共享公共厨房、餐厅、社区会议室</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">和图书馆等公共空间。这种合作居住的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">生活方式使每户住户仅需支付455～</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">730美金的租金，远低于周边地区的住</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">房租金水平。此外，居民共享园艺设备</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">以及洗衣机和烘干机等生活设施，既极</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">大地提高了物质资源的利用率，又降低</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">了居民的生活成本。这种新型模式不但</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">使得当地中低等收入人群能够享有可支</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">付的合作居住所有权，而且保持了该街</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">区内原有的混合居住属性。</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（2）可食用的社区绿色景观</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶生态村提倡发展都市农业，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">以有机种植替代传统绿化，从而形成独</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">特的可食用性景观。据统计，居民在生</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">态村内共建设了24个小型花园，种植了</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">近100棵果树(图4)。同时，居民公寓</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">周边种植着各种蔬果和鲜花，使社区变</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">得绿意盎然，花果飘香，公共庭院更是</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">被打造成了一座“食物森林”。这些种</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">植的有机蔬果可以满足生态村内全部居</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">民40％的日常消耗，使居民节省了购买</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">食物供给品的必要性开支。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mhvkMeNHfTAwmo8tBRvLSS4PNKsVa6wup0Z3hZ0s44anSu76HDLYyw8MrRFlu8yKiadM05lrD0DBmA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.9186813186813186" data-w="455"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（3）社区职住平衡</span></section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶生态村内已有的都市农业、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">园艺工程和绿色建筑等项目为居民提供</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">了多种就业选择。同时，生态村还组</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">织了购买食物的商业合作团体“Food </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">Lobby”，附近居民都可以加入，成员</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">们每个星期都共同订购本地新鲜的食品，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">如散装的谷物、坚果、意大利面和其他</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">有机食品等，从而提升了团体购买力，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">节省了购买时间和成本。当前，生态村</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">的很多成员都在社区中生活并工作，这</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">不仅降低了居民的日常通勤距离，还促</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; text-indent: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">进了生态村本地经济的发展。</span></section></section></section></section></section><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYtdOSM1AZOJuTfDKHWZurQknUeZpIl7DK454u5sq9ZNvRUgJibQMfz3g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶生态村的社会可持续性</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYL2epw1KibUYvarbhe5fBy3rKfR65MOEAIIXKrPfHuOicsVtBib0Ehx01g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="float: right; width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /> <section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""></section><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">（1）以交流合作为导向的社区活动</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">与普通城市生态社区相比，洛杉矶<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">生态村的成功之处还在于积极开展以交</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">流合作为导向的社区活动。生态村高密</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">度的居住环境为居民的社会交往提供了</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">更多的机会，合作居住的共享空间为开</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">展各种活动提供了必要场所(图5)。在</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">这里，居民商讨社区工程项目、组织管</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">理及邻里问题等，并举办丰富多彩的社</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">区活动(如戏剧节、生日会等)，以建立</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">良好的邻里互助的社区氛围。与此同时，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">居民也需要为社区进行义务劳动，共同</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建设社区公共环境。成年人每五周必须</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">工作两小时，内容包括维护社区花园、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">果园、公共住宅集群、儿童看护中心和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">农夫集市等。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/j8bTq15u0mhvkMeNHfTAwmo8tBRvLSS4KLU9AXJkwzljMhtDic310GVDAia1Lo881vH0GyzSic9YdicghO9gYOybFg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7923076923076923" data-w="520"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">（2）以生态教育为理念的对外拓展</section><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">首先，洛杉矶生态村积极组织生态<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">技术、永续农业等方面的讲座，为当地</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">居民提供相关生态生活方式的培训。同</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">时，都市农业的发展为生态村内部的中</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">学开展农学教育提供了便利，学生随时</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">可以到花园里认识、照顾植物，并栽培</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">自己食用的蔬果，有助于生态村更好地</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">根植于地方社会网络。其次，本着“创</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建可持续性社区”的理念，生态村对外</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">发展体验式的生态旅游，并举行相关问</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">题的研讨会等，以分享生态村的建设经</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">验。最后，生态村通过创建微博来分享</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">自身创建过程、策略和技术，展示其作</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">为一个可持续社区实体模型的发展过程</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">及成果。</span></section></section></section></section></section><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYtdOSM1AZOJuTfDKHWZurQknUeZpIl7DK454u5sq9ZNvRUgJibQMfz3g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/u5hicsxrGXwyRUkVKYAUk8VT10bnEfPQ6flYrCkE6AKiaWibfmMqAvHoym8zhB4mpnYFqCWDvRZqabPvoYsf9uECQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.36923076923076925" data-w="65"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(61, 60, 69);"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; float: left; margin-top: -0.68em; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-right-width: 0.4em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-left-width: 0.4em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px; padding: 2px 5px; font-size: 19.2px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; max-width: 90% !important; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 30, 41);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">二</section></section><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-bottom-width: 0.4em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); border-left-width: 0.4em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(147, 54, 29); max-width: 5% !important; border-right-width: 0.4em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; border-top-width: 0.4em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding: 5px; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">对我国城市生态社区规划设计的</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;">启示</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 102, 43); padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">洛杉矶生态村的愿景是基于整体设<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">计的方法，达成生态、经济和社会的可持</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">续发展。其规划设计模式向人们展示了</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">如何将功能失调、不可持续的城市或郊</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">区环境转变为真实存在、环境友好的生</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">态村，在提升社区生态性能的同时，为</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">城市开辟了新的增长空间，为居民提供</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">了新的就业机会，并缓解了社会救助与</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">政府的负担。尽管洛杉矶生态村的发展</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">模式仍处于探索阶段，但是它已有的诸</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">多举措势必会引导城市背景下可持续生</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">态社区发展的方向，同时为我国城市生</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">态社区的规划设计提供一种崭新的思路。</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划内涵：生态、经济、社会整合<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">设计</span></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYL2epw1KibUYvarbhe5fBy3rKfR65MOEAIIXKrPfHuOicsVtBib0Ehx01g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="float: right; width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /> <section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""></section><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">为实现社区的可持续发展，就要在<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">保护和优化生态环境、满足社会需求及</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">促进经济增长的基础上，实现三者的同</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">步发展、相互协调。我国城市生态社区</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的建设起步晚于欧美等国家，目前还停</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">留在规划设计、生态环境和物理性能等</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">“硬件”指标的可持续发展研究方面，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">少有对“软件”条件的考量。建设真正</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">意义上的城市生态社区，仅仅依靠建筑</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">自身的节能减耗是远远不够的，城市生</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">态社区还离不开环境意识、生态文化及</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">社会转型等“软件”条件与人文生态因</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">素的支撑。因此，我国的城市生态社区</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">在规划方面应注重经济和社会层面的可</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">持续发展，更多地关注经济自足、邻里</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">互助、居民参与和社区合作等环节。</span></section></section></section></section></section><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYtdOSM1AZOJuTfDKHWZurQknUeZpIl7DK454u5sq9ZNvRUgJibQMfz3g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划理念：资源“开源”与“节流”<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">方式创新</span></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYL2epw1KibUYvarbhe5fBy3rKfR65MOEAIIXKrPfHuOicsVtBib0Ehx01g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="float: right; width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /> <section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""></section><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">城市住区通常是不可持续的，大多<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">依赖外部的资源、能源和食物等消耗品的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">供给。因此，在能源利用方面，城市生</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">态社区不仅需要进行“开源”途径的创新，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">还需要进行“节流”方式的外延。在资源</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">“开源”方面，洛杉矶生态村通过太阳能</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">光电板、都市农业等，获取电热能量及</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">粮食果蔬，赋予生态村生活与生产功能，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">提升了生态村自给自足的能力。在资源</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">“节流”方面，除去常规节能节水方式</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的应用，洛杉矶生态村还通过建筑空间</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的共享以及物质资源的分时利用来减少</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建筑材料、物质资源的使用量。我国城</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">市生态社区应借鉴洛杉矶生态村的经验，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">对资源“开源”与“节流”方式进行创新，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">采用多元化的节约能源的方式。</span></section></section></section></section></section><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYtdOSM1AZOJuTfDKHWZurQknUeZpIl7DK454u5sq9ZNvRUgJibQMfz3g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">3</section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划布局：开放街区、邻里单元、</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">混合居住</span></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYL2epw1KibUYvarbhe5fBy3rKfR65MOEAIIXKrPfHuOicsVtBib0Ehx01g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="float: right; width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /> <section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;" class=""></section><section class="" style="padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">城市生态社区处于高密度的城市环<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">境之中，资源要素具有稀缺性、集聚性。</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">基于此，笔者提出合理的规划布局建议：</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">首先，提倡开放街区模式，加大社区资</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">源在城市范围内的开放共享程度。这既</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">有利于城市生态社区内的居民充分利用</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">周边已有的各种基础设施、交通系统和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">商业服务设施等资源，加强对外合作交</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">流，又有利于城市生态社区自身先进的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">示范效应向城市的辐射。其次，引入邻</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">里单元模式，形成以步行尺度为特征的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">小型社区。适宜的人居单元是促进社区</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">居民彼此熟识、增进团聚共享的邻里关</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">系的基础保障，基于人类社交认知能力</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的研究以及参考洛杉矶生态村的规模，</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">建议小型社区的理想规模为150人左</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">右。最后，鼓励发展混合居住模式，注</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">重居住类型的多样化，以满足不同年龄</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">层次、不同家庭结构及不同社会层次的</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">人群的需求，保障低收入人群的基本权</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">益，促进社会的和谐稳定。</span></section></section></section></section></section><img class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/lziaJiaFZ2OJOSERYbqctUfMp5D7CV8zHYtdOSM1AZOJuTfDKHWZurQknUeZpIl7DK454u5sq9ZNvRUgJibQMfz3g/0?wx_fmt=png" style="width: 2.6em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);" data-ratio="0.7959183673469388" data-w="98"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 2px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><section class="" style="padding: 0px 8px; margin-right: 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">4</section></section><section class="" style="padding: 0px 5px; display: inline-block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">规划管理：公众参与设计及管理</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">国外经验表明，公众参与是可持续<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">社区发展的基本保障，同时也是社区“自</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">下而上”建设模式的内生性动力。生态</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">社区不仅需要在社区开发策划、规划设</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">计和实地建造过程中建立开放性的社区</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">参与机制，更需要在社区建成待居民入</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">住之后延续及拓展公众参与的内涵与方</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">式，由居民共同承担社区的管理和维护</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">工作，通过清理公共房屋、种植有机农</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">作物、准备公共晚餐、共同照顾老人和</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">抚养儿童这些日常而具体的工作，使居</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">民建立强烈的社区归属感，并提升社区</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box;">的社会资本。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/u5hicsxrGXwyRUkVKYAUk8VT10bnEfPQ6flYrCkE6AKiaWibfmMqAvHoym8zhB4mpnYFqCWDvRZqabPvoYsf9uECQ/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-ratio="0.36923076923076925" data-w="65"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="padding: 0px 1.5em; margin-bottom: -35px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; width: 100%; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box; 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