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<section style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2.25em; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -2.25em; margin-right: 5px; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Kriston Capps、Linda Poon </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 李文杰   文献/ 殷雷   校验/ 众山小</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/ 众山小  排版/ 徐颖</section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-right: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 35%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: right;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: auto; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; border-right: 10px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(251, 210, 107); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicXtVhpE7oQiaKA0YQ4qysGd6O9js2xY1G1mmPluGh3De0a8wrychgQB8gl96A393WDWzufXHsMLRg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="170"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; margin-top: -10px; margin-left: auto; border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 65%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(182, 182, 182); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像与导读：<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;">改善城市公共服务设施既可满足居民使用需要，又可为周边社区复兴提供动力。则一以美国四座城市开展的一项计划为例，分析了如何利用社会资本结合地方资金，推动规模较小、优先级较低的公共项目改造，提高公共资产服务水平，并确保不同阶层背景的社区成员共享收益。则二以小见大的阐述了仿生学在城市规划设计、运行管理、建设实施等方面的应用已崭露头角，尽管目前仿生技术与城市发展的相互结合尚处于尝试阶段，但部分实例令人备受启发。另外，文末有惊喜呦！</span></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-right: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; border-top: 10px groove rgb(39, 195, 182); margin: 0px -10px; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-style: groove; border-left-style: groove; border-bottom-style: groove; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); font-size: 22px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">则一、</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">通过“重塑市民共享计划”创造可持续城市</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/Kriston Capps    翻译/<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">李文杰</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">阿克伦、孟菲斯、芝加哥和底特律总共将斥资4000万美元，用于建设“每位市长应该确保的预算清单底线”列表上的当地小项目。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicXtVhpE7oQiaKA0YQ4qysGdFDiaaUbJofuu47aibuQDMia18KK7hbL96GgoLJCms7fTBSicibC43eNzz7g/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.6338709677419355" data-w="620"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图一、孟菲斯市民共享计划。</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">共有四只基金参与资助四个城市总额为4000万美元的公共项目。不过该计划并非关注大型设施项目，而是聚焦小型项目——该计划认为投资会带来相应复兴，为众多市民提供服务，而不仅是服务于社区精英。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">周四，JPB基金会、John S.和James L. Knight基金会、Kresge基金会及Rockefeller基金会发起一项新的行动，即“重塑市民共享计划”。该计划将2000万美元基金投资和2000万美元当地资金进行匹配，用于提升阿克伦、孟菲斯、芝加哥和底特律的公共资产。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些资产包括空地、已关停的学校和疏于管理的公园。</strong>获得资助的城市将在为期三年的时间内，运用资金改善市民共享项目，对这些场地进行改造，并复兴场地周边的社区。在孟菲斯，这意味着在四个公共土地街区——“第四陡岸”——重建图书馆、步道和两处公园。在阿克伦，该项目将在俄亥俄河与伊利运河牵道轨迹沿途的三处地点开展用地提升。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但或许理论测试比任何特定地块或建筑的改造更为重要：当复兴行动涉及改善高度本地化的社区资产时，不同背景的人群均可获益。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“几年前，我们开始思考这样的事实，城市所拥有的公共资产网络体系丰富多样，分布广泛，令人难以置信——包括图书馆、公园、娱乐中心、社区中心、游泳池、运动场——都属于各位市长预算清单中最靠后的位置。”Kresge基金会美国城市实践的高级研究员Carol Colletta表示，“他们不得不争取剩余零散资金。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">比如说，图书馆和娱乐中心不会像大学或医院那样花那么多钱或雇那么多人。Coletta解释说，因此公园和旧校舍不属于特定机构的同一类别，没有任何相似之处。但思考发现，更为普通的公共资产优势在于其无处不在。这意味着通过提升特定资产，城市有望对跨经济阶层的社区进行复兴。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这种努力基于几项具体观察：一是许多美国人从未与他们的邻居打过交道，二是经济融合会对贫困社区产生深远的益处。在接下来的三年里，基金会和城市的这种协作意在检验，通过他们的努力(和资本)进行本地化改善，可否融合邻里，并整合不同阶层的社区。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“这些应该成为我们的主要资产。”Colletta称，“我们已经看到了城市如何热衷于重大项目战略，通过这种方式在学院和大学周边进行社区复兴。我们思考的是：‘如果通过这些小型项目开展同样的工作，结果会怎样呢？’”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9TiaicXtVhpE7oQiaKA0YQ4qysGdDHazXeo5xjQEibgyHBAlExJVCnxKJB3ay2FOttbEDxibiaIBJPRXLnovg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.7516129032258064" data-w="620"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">二、 芝加哥如何重塑建伍花园——目前大部分地块遭到忽视的一组用地。（芝加哥艺术与产业共享计划）</span></em></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">该项目于2015年启动，五个试点项目选在费城，由费尔蒙特公园管理会认定，Knight基金会和William Penn基金会为这五个项目投资了1100万美元。其他城市通过认定公共资产、征集方案、寻找当地资金来源等方式，对基金会的支持进行反馈。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“这是一个为期三年的计划，”Colletta说，“所以我们要迅速推进。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">底特律市规划主管Maurice Cox表示，在哥本哈根规划师会议期间，底特律通过一次骑行活动启动了这项计划，他和Colletta迷路了。Cox说：“我们因此有时间讨论自行车基础设施作为公共资产所发挥的作用。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">底特律市与底特律大学和马里格罗夫学院合作，推动市民共享项目在两个机构之间选址：位于该市菲茨杰拉德贫困社区内一段大约半英里长的规划林荫路上。底特律联合这些院校以及非营利性社区开发公司Live6 Alliance，计划沿利弗诺走廊修建一条经过多处空地或荒地的林荫道。这条林荫道占地约20英亩，将已改造的依马库雷塔高中校舍（现为马里格罗夫学院所有）和底特律大学校园附近未经充分利用的商业建筑相互连接。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“整个秋天，我们会组织居民帮助我们构想此类设施规划，既可为年轻人提供服务，也可设置老年人服务内容，但一定会创建一处大学或学院都能找到某些共同点的资源。”Cox说。他指的是底特律项目的修建工作。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(114, 114, 114); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">由城市决定如何最好的利用市民共享计划基金。大部分用于孟菲斯、底特律、芝加哥和阿克伦的资金使用方式尚未确定；但芝加哥南岸银行除外，艺术家Theaster Gates正将其改造为“艺术宫殿”。Coletta表示，对所有这些公共资产而言，计划设置了四项指标用于评估进展：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">·          投资是否对社区的声誉有所改善？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">·          地块周边是否产生了社会经济多样性收益？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">·          投资是否对社区环境的可持续性有所改善（衡量内容包括与自然接近程度增强、树冠覆盖面积增加、雨水管理改善、步行与骑车环境提升等指标）？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">·          这些资产是否获得新的政治支持（有无维持资产运营的承诺、社区对此有无需求）？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">当然，这些都难以实现。在四个城市中，每个城市都拥有常用指标和衡量标准，来评估项目是否成功。Coletta称，基金会将为计划相关项目的各个领域提供专业知识技能。但她补充说，这些社区基本上具有他们所需的全部专业技能，该项计划主要致力于打破某些资产或部门之间的壁垒。Coletta说：“我们已经看到，令人难以置信的网络式布局正在推进。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">基金会将对该计划保持密切关注，确保不同的社区共享收益，而非仅由社会经济划分中的富裕阶层获益。最后，该计划的最终成功将通过成功本身得到验证：如果对这些资产的投资受到广泛欢迎，并有助于改善社区，那么它们将从所服务的社区获得支持。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“这一计划的力量必须足够强大，这样市长、市议会、市民和公共资产管理者就会说：‘我们想要更多。’”Coletta说。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-right: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; border-top: 10px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); margin: 0px -10px; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); font-size: 22px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">则二、<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">仿生学如何塑造未来城市</span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Linda Poon    翻译/ 李文杰</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究海洋贝类等潜在有机材料的研究人员声称，未来的城市可能会效仿终极设计师——自然。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicXtVhpE7oQiaKA0YQ4qysGd68IoszEZ1gt8ib9vh5A5wf019j4X8DCpjdU3vGjDLmBSELGQQ4cthRA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.667741935483871" data-w="620"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">三、仿生学塑造未来城市</span></strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">剑桥大学生物工程师Michelle Oyen一直忙于在实验室中制作仿生骨骼和蛋壳样本。这些样本长度只有几厘米，但她希望有朝一日，能利用它们建设高层建筑和摩天大楼。这样，未来的城市就能效仿最巧妙的设计师之一---自然。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这一未来仍有数十年之遥，但Oyen等科学家在持续研究自然界中所发现的进程——如树叶自我清洁或蚂蚁随波逐流的方式——如何解决应对气候变化、建设可持续城市等某些人类最具挑战性的问题。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">森林生态系统生机勃发的生存方式也许能教导城市规划师如何构建能够承受极端天气状况的城市。或者建筑师可以模仿沙漠中的蚁丘建造摩天大楼，保持室内凉爽。这一切都属于名为仿生学的研究领域。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“自然界和生态系统或许是可持续世界场景和运行的最佳展示。”仿生3.8咨询公司的高级设计主管Erin Rovalo表示，“如果我们的建筑环境能够像这些生态系统一样运行，或许这就是可持续设计的巅峰。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“我们忘记了自己也属于自然，我们……可以效仿和学习自身的某些方面。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Oyen试图复制骨骼的自然构造，制作比混凝土和钢铁更可持续的建筑材料。全球二氧化碳排放量中，混凝土行业独占10%，部分原因是生产水泥需要一千度以上的高温。然而，“天然材料的产生环境是室温或体温。”Oyen说，“它们不需要如此巨大的能量，所以总是更可持续。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">骨骼和蛋壳也拥有强度优势：相同重量的骨骼比钢铁强度更高；蛋壳则更难打破，而且重量更轻。原因在于组成它们的矿物质和蛋白质。矿物质令骨骼坚硬，同等重量条件下防裂性强，而蛋白质令其重量减轻。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">为了制作样本，她将矿物质“模板化”为商用明胶，这是天然胶原蛋白的副产品。她说：“我们一直在做非常纯粹的骨骼仿生。”下一步是采用聚合物取代明胶，其机械强度相当于真正的人类骨骼。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicXtVhpE7oQiaKA0YQ4qysGdcQLwca8n6rYYEKmyjNqzRhMicCDYfUjq3h2xWich4ds3X2jNH8rgsV4A/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6661290322580645" data-w="620"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图四、印度拉瓦萨镇的设计灵感来自于周边的茂密森林。</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">仿生学作为正式研究领域，直到20世纪70年代才得以发展，部分动力来自于20世纪60年代的环保运动。据Oyen介绍，仿生工艺学是仿生学的一个分支，涉及将自然设计应用于工程、医学、材料科学等领域，在20世纪90年代纳米技术出现后人气飙升。该领域有时被称为“古老实践的新兴学科”。Rovalo说：“人类总是将自然界视为灵感的来源。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如今，仿生学实例以多种不同的形式出现在众多区域。想想日本高速子弹头列车的车头设计，它们就像是鸟的喙部。或者19世纪和20世纪Antoni Gaudi位于巴塞罗那的建筑，弯曲的屋顶设计模仿树叶，柱子看起来就像树干。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">印度山城拉瓦萨易受季风、干旱和侵蚀威胁，模仿了周边茂密的森林生态系统。Rovalo说：“设计之初，设计团队询问：‘为什么当地生态系统可以应对这种季风，不会流失全部土壤？’”他的公司和设计公司HOK一起合作，在当地建设了一处社区。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">于是他们开始研究生态系统，考虑如何模拟树木设计雨水储集系统，在雨季收集并储存雨水，以备日后使用。他们还发现了有助于减缓降雨速度的设计——就像叶子在森林中的作用。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">“建成环境的一个问题在于，完成用地清理后，便移除了大量垂直结构，因此（雨水）以最大速度撞击地面。”她说，“生态系统由灌木层、中间树层和树冠层构成，各层都减缓了雨水下落。因此，当它真正到达土层时，雨滴柔软且被迅速吸收。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicXtVhpE7oQiaKA0YQ4qysGdX3t9RXE8WboP32ZmhIVMic6N48RebYAh4HEcPY4fZL4ibW41ic0ic48h7Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5629032258064516" data-w="620"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图五、奥迪城市未来计划</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">未来的房屋建造或交通网络布局方式均可体现真正的仿生学。灵感几乎可能来自任何地方,从整个生态系统到其中的动植物个体；可能来自黏菌，也可能来自人体。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">柏林神经科学家Arndt Pechstein认为：“我们忘记了自己也属于自然。我们就像其他任何物种一样，本质上是生物体，具有可效仿和学习的方面。”。Pechstein管理仿生3.8的同类机构——仿生德国智库，她正与奥迪城市未来计划的研究人员合作，重新思考城市的交通网络——仿照“货物”在我们身体细胞内的移动方式进行场景建模。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">蛋白质和细胞器——即“货物”——通过被称为动力蛋白的媒介物，沿着不同的微管（或“街道”）进行运送。“动力蛋白不仅可携带特定货物，也可与该货物分离，并携带另一货物。”Pechstein说，“不同的动力蛋白可在不同的基本构造之间毫无延迟的切换。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicXtVhpE7oQiaKA0YQ4qysGdG2CpHLYzGxibicIY31ZudMsQwicLZ64f1gFGd9YjjVob8rSthna7icuKSw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.8129032258064516" data-w="620"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图六、奥迪城市未来计划</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">动力蛋白相互通信，传递所携带物质及其分离位置的信号，防止细胞产生堵塞，这远比我们的城市更加高效。城市中的汽车大部分时间闲置，高峰期的交通拥堵却令人精疲力尽。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pechstein及其团队通过研究这种效率提升模式，重新设计了一款名为飞轮的概念车。在这一模块化程度更高的新款设计中，汽车为圆形，可供两人乘坐。为了搭载更多乘客或携带其他货物，可与其他车辆合并为“火车”。为避免占用空间，团队提出了基础设施设计方案，汽车如同动力蛋白，可在路面和地下之间切换。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">他说：“如果我们能通过引导减少地面的交通量，就能大幅降低噪音、污染和交通所需的城市空间。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TFDIiaBoCcqFGO2KIrOsfZjbE2jhYW5cB5ibqOGbU5M6UniaKoqZdnknKQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5625" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图七</span></strong><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">、</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">奥迪城市未来计划</span></strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们可能在数十年内都不会看到Pechstein的设计或Oyen的骨制城市构想成为现实。尽管仿生学邀请了来自不同领域的科学家，但Pechstein认为仿生学尚未成为城市规划理念的主流。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">他表示，仿生学的创新性有多大，对人们行为的改变就有多大，人们必将需要它。Oyen也承认，她的大量工作属于实验层面，面临成本、严格的建筑法规等多种挑战。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">此外，对自然启发式设计的有效实施本身就是一种仿生形式。“你可以进行颠覆性改变。”他说，“但在自然界中，进化通常不是破坏性的，更多的是渐进式。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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