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<section style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2.25em; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -2.25em; margin-right: 5px; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Von Paul Münzner、经济学人  </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 黄曦宇   文献/ 李文杰   校验/ 曹薱方</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/ 众山小   排版/ 徐驭尧</section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-right: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 35%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: right;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: auto; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; border-right: 10px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(251, 210, 107); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TzmbC9saGqepPEkiaFK90rcwpgQhiaENZtRCYTMiarE1y6uTpDacC4iaELA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="170"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; margin-top: -10px; margin-left: auto; border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 65%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(182, 182, 182); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(71, 193, 168); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像与导读：</strong></span>随着近期的雾霾逐渐加重，又快到了关心空气污染问题的取暖季。今天我们就介绍几篇空气污染物的量化分析和可视化工作。则一介绍的是智能手机数据如何支持了研究学者，摆脱了传统固定测量点方式的束缚，更全面准确地从时空角度去量化流动的人群与空气污染物接触的关系。而则二和则三介绍了与空气质量有关的交互式地图的研发现状。则四是一篇发表在《经济学人》杂志上的科普文章，用浅显又诙谐的文笔探讨了世界各国空气污染指数与实际空气质量之间的关系。发达国家最关心的三类空气污染物分别是二氧化氮、臭氧、和PM 2.5。那么就让我们进入空气污染的量化世界吧！</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-right: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; border-top: 10px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); margin: 0px -10px; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 60px 0% 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(20, 21, 16); padding: 0px 20px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: -30px 0% 10px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 33.33%; padding: 0px 2px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(180, 184, 175); letter-spacing: 0px; padding: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 42px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">手机</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">量化空气污染</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 33.33%; padding: 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(35, 206, 255); letter-spacing: 0px; padding: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 42px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">污染</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">地理可视化</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 33.33%; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(255, 97, 171); letter-spacing: 0px; padding: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 42px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">世界</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 13px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">空气污染指数</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0px 0% 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一览众山小 - 可持续城市与交通</section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); font-size: 22px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">则一、</strong><strong style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">纽约运用手机数据研究该市的空气污染问题</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Von Paul Münzner    翻译/黄曦宇</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">对于进入城市中心的人群来说，他们暴露与空气污染中的等级是否与他们的活动有着特殊的叠加关系？智能手机可以帮助探讨这个问题的答案。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TYoSDrYsPDG5mWlVlkSg94sKDx8vDKdNFcOuIknz0kUk0nwK3bQ1KdQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5609375" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图一、相比较于固定的空气质量监测点，通过追踪人们在城市中的运动，可以帮助我们更全面的认识到我们暴露于空气污染中的程度。（MIT）</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">城市中的空气质量通常是通过遍布于城市的一些固定测量点来进行检测。例如纽约就拥有一个由155个固定的监测点组成的大范围的环境监测网络。另一方面，由于智能手机的使用使我们的出行有迹可寻，因而麻省理工的研究者们试图利用智慧手机的这些出行数据来打开新的研究城市地区空气污染的领域。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">根据刊登在《环境科学与技术》杂志上相关研究“暴露追踪-基于移动设备的移动性模式对人群暴露在空气污染中的量化研究的影响”（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）这项研究使得对人群的研究扩展到空间和时间的围度。也就是说通过追踪人口动态以及活动模式，就可以在城市范围内评估出人口加权暴露于空气污染中的情况。据称，这是首次在手机数据的支持下记录数百万人口活动模式从而量化得到人口加权暴露于在城市地区空气污染中的情况的研究</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这项研究指出：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">在调查特定区域活动的人口加权暴露于空气中的时间变异性，白天和夜晚的确有显著不同（p值小于0.05）。这种利用时空性人口流动模式来评估人口暴露在空气污染中的情况的方法，可以考虑授权给未来环境流行病学在研究空气质量与人类健康的相关性的研究上。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1T5AEzmDic6FiaVW8CvicKT4BwB4cn4kCwFqeY0ibRkxDNrGBeOvJn9CM7xg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.421875" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、三张不同的纽约市地图比较了测量污染物接触水平的不同方法（图片来源于原作者）</strong></em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“传统的污染监测的方法是通过一系列测量站来衡量污染水平。” 麻省理工学院城市研究与规划系教授、承担该项研究的MIT 感性城市实验室主任Carlo Ratti如是说，“然而测量站地点的选择是非常重要的。如果你想量化人们与污染物的接触，你也需要知道人们在哪里。”</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">MIT新闻指出：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">具体而言，在曼哈顿中心、布鲁克林区和昆斯区靠近曼哈顿的部分，人流的涌入趋势增加了人们与这些地区的颗粒污染物的接触程度。同时，白天人群离开斯塔滕岛的活动趋势实际上降低了与人们与该区的总体空气污染物的接触程度。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">哈佛大学 T.H. Chan公众健康学院的研究员Marguerite Nyhan，同时也是发起该研究的SENSEable City实验室的博士后研究员，解释说：“目前，研究空气污染对公众健康的影响时，关于空气质量与被研究群体死亡率和发病率的关系，我们假定目标人群的所有活动都发生在家中。将人群的运动行为纳入研究范围可以提高我们对于该关系的理解。这一发现对于未来的人口健康评估至关重要。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在该研究中，科学家们对从2013年4月至7月收集到的共计121天的数据进行了分析。 据MIT 新闻称，该研究方法可以广泛应用于城市和环境的分析。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-right: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; border-top: 10px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); margin: 0px -10px; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); font-size: 22px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">则二、 追踪世界各地实时空气污染水平</section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Von Paul Münzner    翻译/黄曦宇</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">世界空气质量指数——指居民和游客可以找到的关于他们城市空气污染的即时信息。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TslFsX0gR3n17jXEiaM96pKauH7vP29lc7WsRV1mpfiacp3We16k8I56Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5609375" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图三、世界城市空气质量即时信息图（来源：Air Quality Index China）</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">全世界每年有330万人因为空气污染而过早死亡。这个数字明显高于那些死于艾滋病或者疟疾的人数。尤其是像北京、德里、墨西哥城、圣保罗等空气污染严重的大城市。现在，当地人和游客可以掌握关于城市空气质量的实时信息。世界空气质量（指数）（http://waqi.info/）是一个在线的世界地图，能够跟踪目前全球各地超过5900个城市的空气数据。使用者可以在全球范围内的不同城市之间自由切换，例如，你可以比较印度孟买和南非约翰内斯堡空气中的二氧化硫含量。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">到2050年，每年将有660万人早死于空气污染。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TOibA3RG49S9zozcrmZRK4cqmrCWNTvXygF3tVBQm3YZkZrBK1DT0PtA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5213270142180095" data-w="633"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图四、基于美国环境保护署标准的空气质量指数分级（来源：U.S. EPA）</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一个由科学家、工程师和设计师组成的团队开发了这份显示世界城市空气污染程度的地图。该地图使用美国环境保护署（EPA）的空气质量指数（AQI）(http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi ) 进行分类编号和颜色编码。使用者在选择了具体的观测站点后可查看该地的准确数据。</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TkkZpfvyyUdiczcujcEjOdrOVFYQtNNFgXiaUAYYC88V2WPEibn3tAYTicg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.375" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图五、日本东京的空气污染实时播报（数据截取于2015年9月22日，来源：Air Quality Index China）</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">一旦使用者选择了观察点，该观察范围内的PM2.5、PM10等颗粒物污染数据，以及二氧化氮（NO?）、二氧化硫（SO?）、一氧化碳（CO），和室外空气温度、气压、湿度和风力条件等数据将会显示出来。地图能够自动更新。然而它只显示官方收集的空气数据，非官方的测量方式没有被考虑在内。</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TczicxbEFkOYdpqHjz53fYZmjOh1iabZDQQic6BibuaibJkGZBmb6IAdUlqQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.375" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图六、印度德里的空气污染实时播报（数据截取于2015年9月22日，来源：Air Quality Index China）</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">目前该世界地图应用尚未全部完成。一方面，非洲、亚洲和南美洲的大部分地区很少或没有关于城市的空气污染水平的公开报告。即使对于一些有许多观测点分布的的地区，比如东亚、欧洲和北美，数据依然存在缺口。同时，每个城市的数据更新的即时程度也各有不同，甚至会出现多达若干天的差异。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-right: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; border-top: 10px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); margin: 0px -10px; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); font-size: 22px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">则三、<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">用地图标注建筑物的温室气体排放量</span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Von Paul Münzner    翻译/黄曦宇</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TFDIiaBoCcqFGO2KIrOsfZjbE2jhYW5cB5ibqOGbU5M6UniaKoqZdnknKQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5625" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图七、纽约市温室气体排放示意图（来源：Jill Hubley）</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">准确的国家战略是必要的，但仅有国家战略并不充分。中国城市化规划的成败，由地方实施情况决定。</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">互动地图越来越受欢迎。技术的进步开辟了互动地图的新维度，并使得应用交互地图工作成为了一种乐趣。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box;">纽约市的温室气体排放</span></strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jill Hubley是一位住在布鲁克林区的网络开发人员。她从事可视化工作，并且是灰色地带艺术基金会的成员（灰色地带艺术基金会是加州一个新媒体艺术组织）。基于2014年的能耗数据和一级土地使用纳税备查表数据(PLUTO)这两项数据来源，Jill Hubley 创建了一个用于标注纽约市内建筑物温室气体排放量的交互地图，并通过颜色标注各房产的温室气体的排放总量。使用者用鼠标选取被标色的建筑，地图就会显示包括业主、建筑时间，以及房产所属的直接或间接温室气体排放分区等的相关信息。同时，为了更直观的比较单位面积的排放量，Jill Hubley 也使用了颜色标度来反映排放量的大小。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-right: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; border-top: 10px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); margin: 0px -10px; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: center; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); font-size: 22px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">则四、<span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">空气质量指数使污染看起来不如实际的糟糕</span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ 经济学人     翻译/ 黄曦宇 </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TqF16CMfZ3S1uxBcqBCIFs5W3B5UkCx75PPAjzwGuJ9hrqvicAgJmuFw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1.0931034482758621" data-w="580"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图八、2015年5月至2016年5月每小时二氧化氮浓度示意图（来源：Plume Labs）</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一天之内吸掉一整包香烟，偶尔为之，有人可能会感到不舒服，但不会要了他的命。连续10年每天吸一根香烟亦是如此。这是急性接触和慢性接触的区别，大多数人都懂这个道理。但是为什么放在空气污染的问题上人们就不明白了？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在日常基础上，很多城市只有在污染水平引起人们明显不适的时候才会发出污染预警。这是有道理的，因为它让人们如哮喘患者采取适当的行动。但这也可能会让人们误认为，如果大部分时间居住地的空气质量良好，那么他呼吸的空气基本上是安全的。 但事实并非如此。举例来说，英国伦敦的国王学院研究人员发现，空气污染缩短了伦敦市市居民的寿命，从9到16个月不等。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">《经济学人》杂志从2015年5月起在15大城市进行里为期一年的数据收集。位于巴黎的Plume Labs实验室对收集到对数据进行汇总，并使用这些数据制作成一款具有商业用途的空气质量应用程序。发达国家最关心的三类空气污染物分别是二氧化氮、臭氧、和PM 2.5。这些污染物可以引起各种疾病，包括哮喘、心脏病、肺癌，和儿童生长期的肺发育不良。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如图八所示，伦敦和巴黎的二氧化氮浓度一贯高于世界卫生组织公布的空气污染颗粒物年平均极限值。在为期一年的数据观测中，伦敦的日间二氧化氮浓度平均值比世界卫生组织的限值高出了41%。巴黎的官方数据宣称该市的空气质量5天里有4天是“好”或者“非常好”。然而《经济学人》的分析发现，几乎每一天，巴黎市的三大空气污染物中的至少有一样的浓度在某一时刻高于世界卫生组织的限值。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TkibibjDsCZfef0eicMcfe5xnblPibBr3rPyzbXicuEaKNJ1zEicJMoISWs3g/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="1.1551724137931034" data-w="580"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图九、2015年5月至2016年5月夜间每小时细粒污染物浓度示意图（来源：Plume Labs）</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">另一个问题是，界定空气污染日常限值是一个地域性的问题。各地不但有各自的标准，并且长期的空气污染风险也很少被考虑在内。在英国，二氧化氮浓度被认为是“低”的数值，是世卫组织的年平均极限值的五倍。美国相对保守，但也是世卫组织限值的2.5倍。更糟糕的是，某些城市界定空气污染限值缺乏客观性。例如比利时的 BelATMO指数就被认为是“没有科学意义的定性表示”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">不同城市表示污染数据的方式也不同。大多数城市使用十分制或者百分制，然后将其分成四至六个等级标注轻度，中度等。一些城市用以界定“轻度”和“中度”的分界点是当污染值开始直接对健康造成影响时，“红色”是当空气污染对大多数人造成严重影响时。另一些城市直接将标尺等分，每一段代表相同的日常因为空气污染而造成的生病或死亡的额外风险。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TGaSzfTe72nUbkG50QNx7JFELmuXSmhAWUqXrbxboicn8nAI7Z9PvY2Q/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.565068493150685" data-w="584"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">图十、对比2015年5月至2016年5月世界各城市的空气污染（来源：Plume Labs）</span></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">官方的指标也未能捕捉到空气污染物在一天内的变化规律。然而这些变化规律可能是至关重要的，因为它可以指导人们相应的调整日常活动计划。该研究举例说，上午9点和下午6点通勤的巴黎市民，若上下班时间提前1小时，则通勤路上少少吸入16%的二氧化氮，提前两小时能将二氧化氮吸入量减少28%。每周的活动计划也如此。布鲁塞尔和巴黎的父母将孩子们的室内运动时间安排在周六而室外运动安排在周日是比较明智的，因为这两个城市的日间二氧化氮浓度在周日比周六平均低20%，阿姆斯特丹为16%。这三个城市细颗粒污染物的浓度在周日都相对较低，而臭氧含量在夏季也相对较低。</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">因此，对以上三个城市的居民，最好建议还是移民去美国。因为纽约市的二氧化氮浓度比世卫组织的限值还要低20%，而且大多数美国的其他城市也是如此（因为这些地方相比欧洲城市更多使用汽油而非柴油）。就如自由女神像下的铭文所言“欢迎你，那些挤在一起渴望自由呼吸的大众。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(97, 182, 204); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 17.9999px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</strong></span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1、《暴露度跟踪-基于移动设备的出行方式对暴露在空气污染物下的人群量化分析的影响》</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1T7gBnsMXdZvpDibTIOZ6McrqQY9TrZUxDLEe2HkV8IicX0qHNISo4XcGA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.3482309124767224" data-w="537"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://read.html5.qq.com/image?src=forum&q=5&r=0&imgflag=7&imageUrl=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia8vdWPKAXOxNXI9hichtke1TUNzLic4O9vfGDhc6npEQ2xcz09gy6JWPC2uiaibz8YkEvL4Au2yicKVQjw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.33271719038817" data-w="541"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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