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<section style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2.25em; margin-left: 5px; padding-top: 5px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -2.25em; margin-right: 5px; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 5px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Colin Ellard</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">翻译/ 徐慧中    文献/ 徐颖</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">编辑/ 众山小    校验/ 相欣奕     排版/ 张鹤鸣</section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; width: 2.25em; height: 2.25em; border-right: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 35%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: right;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-left: auto; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; border-right: 10px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(251, 210, 107); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin: 0px 0%;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia9p3Komkicg6UcciaLWRjx4Y1eeyszay7cPdTXwqktPOfZEkvibxp1WeVicJQHCbn8HuKUuZiadNgw8tkg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="170"  /></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; margin-top: -10px; margin-left: auto; border-top: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-left: 5px solid rgb(41, 194, 150); border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 65%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 20px 0% 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(182, 182, 182); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">人居III特刊 - 新城市议程</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">倾听你对城市的声音<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia89uc20dySHFLj2kRrpUfibo4gC4Pj5ZdGgHRqtH4iaianACd6yuvnLqsPa2CJlJ6KrAX8e0p1PTlFOg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6671875" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; transform: rotate(0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); -moz-transform: rotate(0deg); -o-transform: rotate(0deg); border-right: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-left: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; border-top: 10px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); margin: 0px -10px; padding: 10px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">第三届人类住居大会（Habitat III conference）将于今年十月在厄瓜多尔首都基多市召开，联合国将在会上宣布它的新城市议程（New Urban Agenda）。在接下来几期的评论特辑中，我们展示了一些会上可能提起的话题。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">共享已经成为了新千年里的一种社会文化，但商业所促成的共享可能会有一个消极的方面：导致地方经济失衡。《共享城市》一书中，环境顾问Duncan McLaren和城市政策学者Julian Agyeman为共享模式提出了一种综合性解决方案。挖掘密集城市空间的潜能，通过互联网快速而广泛地达成人与人之间的联系，实现商品、资源、服务、能力和经验的深度共享。然而，确保共享的透明性、公平和公正性极为困难，因而也包含巨大的复杂性和内在矛盾性。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="width: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(39, 195, 182); border-top: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; border-right: 5px solid rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 1px 1px 5px; display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><img style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9Tia89uc20dySHFLj2kRrpUfibo08Gw7ianLLyJL0xSTf8w87Rkm7hjhXQUM4CH8r3H2Qmr8FQsPiaKntdg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.3640625" data-w="640"  /> <section style="width: 100%; height: 1em; margin-top: -0.95em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 0px; margin: auto; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-left: 0.8em solid white; border-right: 0.8em solid white; border-top: 0.55em solid transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 45%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 10%; height: 1em; margin-left: 80%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -0.6em; padding: 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(202, 198, 198); letter-spacing: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: -5px 0% 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(133, 118, 106); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">人居III特刊</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(160, 160, 160); letter-spacing: 2px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">第九篇：共享城市的蓝图</section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">随着城市化进程的不断加快，可持续的能源和交通方式对于迅速发展的城市来说愈发重要，出现了一批带动社会“拼客”文化和经济的新兴商业公司。全球旅行房屋租赁社区Airbnb在34000个城市中已经累积了超过6000万用户。美国运输公司Uber提供汽车共享服务，乘客通过智能手机来和司机联络，其用户分布跨越了六大洲360多个城市，吸引了那些没有汽车的新一代年轻人。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">商业所促成的共享可能会有一个消极的方面：导致地方经济失衡。如果使用Airbnb的业主过多（例如纽约），会导致住宅变为宾馆，进而加剧城市住房危机。Uber使用高峰计价算法来调节需求和供给，这意味着用户在需求高峰可能会面临始料不及的高价。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">还有另外一种选择，即基于数据型的或基于社区的自下而上的企业，而非纯商业公司。在《共享城市》一书中，环境顾问Duncan McLaren和城市政策学者Julian Agyeman为共享模式提出了一种综合的解决方法，融合了上述两种共享模型。值得注意的是，共享已经成为了新千年里的一种社会文化以及非正式的做法。当新自由主义经济政策强调个人利益往往高于公共物品和服务时，McLaren和Agyeman也逐一揭示了这种做法的前景及意想不到的困难。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">《共享城市》一书挖掘了密集城市空间的潜能，通过互联网快速而广泛地达成人与人之间的联系，实现商品、资源、服务、能力和经验的深度共享。作者所研究的案例包括易货俱乐部、信用合作社、土地信托合作社等一些P2P机构，以及诸如晚餐俱乐部这样的组织。正如他们所指出的，商业服务只触及皮毛，并未深入理解在真正的共享经济中哪些情况可能出现。在TaskRabbit中，用户可以在并无任何强大的企业监督的条件下自由地交换技能和服务，这种分布式P2P网络可以以最小的监管来促进共享网络的发展。公共交通系统就可以被看作是“拼”的一种方式，因为其流动性成本是用户共担的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">书中各章节分别围绕着共享的某一特定方面展开，包括生产、消费、政策和公平，并插入一个城市作为案例。旧金山作为以硅谷发展为驱动的创业热土，被作为案例来对“消费”加以阐释。由此针对传统的商业秘密，展开了一场关于发展开放式的在线技能和知识协作平台的讨论。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">哥伦比亚麦德林是社会公平的背景下推进共享的一个案例，在过去十年中，麦德林政府十分注重公平公正，过去十年里在纠正社会边缘化方面取得了巨大成功。麦德林市将储水箱改造为开放公共空间，同时建设可持续的地铁公交快速换乘系统。McLaren和Agyeman列出了其他城市可以通过何种措施，采取对政策和优先事项加以谨慎调整、提供开放数据以及对草根阶层的市民倾力投入等方式来提高城市包容性以及促进共享。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img style="max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; box-sizing: border-box;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/mee9Bdh9TiaicRjIP2BibHU0yEYN1shC5ln6eaVGhVTQuAU9RZxNAQThqMnkOHzgoBkmwbJiaSD9hicHQR6hmeppZWw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5140625" data-w="640"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;" powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、哥伦比亚麦德林市，水箱被改造成公共空间，作为教室、咖啡厅和剧院。</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(110, 115, 117); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">阅读本书的每一章时，我先是对立竿见影的改变抱着极大的乐观态度，但当我意识到确保共享转变的透明性、公平和公正性有多么困难时，又跌入到现实之中。作者在应对案例中所包含的复杂性和内在矛盾性时从未退缩，他们对于共享的潜力以及投机者寻求利益最大化全然不顾及公平时所导致共享经济的脆弱性提出了精准的解释。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">McLaren和Agyeman指出，在很多案例中，解决自下而上企业和利益驱动企业之间的冲突，需要通过城市政策的重新配置来实现。他们提出使用参与式预算的方法，政府将涉及公众切身利益的公共项目建设资金，交由公众讨论，并由公众决定，使预算编制更加公开、民主、透明。居民对于资源分配的责任是共享的，土地所有权是共享的，这些都强调了公共意识。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我唯一想要批评的是撰写本书所基于的一个重要前提，即一刀切的认为在进化史中，人类始终倾向于分享。作者指出，发展心理学表明婴儿对公平和不公平是有意识的。然而在进化心理学中也不乏证据显示人们在特定情况下倾向于变得自私。并且理论研究表明，在人类社会的诸多情况下，合作很可能会崩溃。事实上，即使是所引用的Schmidt和Sommerville的研究也表明，超过三分之一的婴儿会自私的为自己保留最好的“战利品”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些差异构成了我们在新的共享模式和旧的寄生企业之间犹豫不决的基础，也可以平衡McLaren 和Agyeman对于人类进化掩盖下的丑陋一面和人类天性中乐观的一面的争论。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin: 15px 0%; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 15%; padding: 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; " powered-by="xiumi.us"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); 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