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<section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibUHmvMHKKlq7Z0NapVpQ66Fvvib3kzYfrsophCVRZoICtS0oRar7dicIPHFS9X3Jiaq3EHpcvObBFSA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-size: 100%; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(8, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">     编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">  原文/ Emily Badger 、Laura Bliss   翻译/ 汤天培</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">  文献/ 陈依佳   校核/ 众山小  </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">  编辑/ 众山小   排版/ 古佳玉</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLticwWp8PfeRtVYbjt8IyjqRaaiaDk0Q5HdNADOqCNGN1qgl3HcHgicBVQ.jpg" /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: block; float: left; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: block; min-height: 4.5em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">每每谈起公共交通系统，我们的决策者通常关注在成本这块，但是常常忽略公共交通系统所带来的效益，除了提高城市的效率之外，还能加快区域的一体化整合。因此则一就反其道行之，为了体现公共交通系统的效益，华盛顿都市区交通局进行了一项没有公共交通的情景仿真研究，其中一个有趣的结论是，如果没有公共交通，华盛顿行政中心需要新增相当于166座5层楼的停车楼才能满足需求。而则二分析总结了导致美国地铁系统服务关闭的原因，主要包括安全、暴风雪、自然灾害、罢工和恐怖袭击等。通过分析不同的关闭原因是我们为地铁系统制定差异化应急预案的基础。我国是不是也应该进行一些类似的总结工作呢？</section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); width: 90%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 8px; margin-top: -4px; margin-right: -4px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(8, 8, 8);"></section></section><section class="" style="text-align: right; margin-top: -1.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; animation: emp_leftSwingRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0.6s 1 normal both paused; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">请</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; animation: emp_leftSwingRight 1.5s ease-in-out 0.8s 1 normal both paused; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">看</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; animation: emp_leftSwingRight 1.5s ease-in-out 1s 1 normal both paused; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">正</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; animation: emp_leftSwingRight 1.5s ease-in-out 1.2s 1 normal both paused; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; font-size: 21.6px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px auto 4px; width: 2.5em; text-align: right; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.3em; height: 0.3em; margin-right: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section><section style="width: 2.5em; text-align: right; margin: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin-right: 2px; line-height: 1.2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: white; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; display: inline-block; padding: 0px 0.8em; animation: ent_pullUpIn 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; font-size: 23px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">则一、想象下城市如果没有公共交通将会怎样</strong></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px; animation: ent_pullDownIn 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Emily Badger   翻译/ 汤天培</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">如果没有地铁和公共汽车，华盛顿特区的都市区模型将会发生什么样的改变呢？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">华盛顿都市区交通局（WMATA）的官员一直在讨论首都区域公共交通系统的成本，认为票款收入需要用来维持公共交通系统的运营，还要用于拓展公交服务，并建设新的公交线路。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但是没有人关注公共交通系统带来的效益，而真正的效益不仅仅是更快的通勤效率，还包括加快区域一体化的发展。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">WMATA的官员一直在围绕机构的35周年思考这些问题，作为规划者在准备谋划下一个30年将迎来的新发展模式。问题是：公共交通的投入为这个地区带来了什么？WMATA提出了一个聪明的策略来论证这个问题，这个策略需要公众的想象力。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Justin Antos说“我们认为最好的、最有可行性的方法之一，是假设在没有公共交通的情况下，评估将发生什么样的损失。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">WMATA交通运输分析师Antos，在过去几个月一直在研究<span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）</strong></span>华盛顿地区公共交通的商业案例。交通局试图剥离地铁线对经济发展的实际影响，尤其是每个地铁站附近的房价和税收（他们保守的认为地铁提高了车站半英里范围内房价大约7%到9%）。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但是他们也在模拟这个地区如果没有公共交通将会发展成什么样。这才是真正有有意思的地方。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">WMATA采用了同样用于预测新增线路客流量交通需求模型，并用关闭公共交通系统（包括区域铁路、公共汽车和地铁系统）的场景进行模拟。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Antos说：“当你明天醒来的时候，突然发现华盛顿地区真的跟想象的一样，公共交通系统没有了，你会怎么做？”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">人们会做一些非常有趣的事情。因为交通变得很糟糕，他们不会开车长途旅行。在一个假设的场景中，Antos取消了公共交通，但是还是保留了地区的道路基础设施。人们允许改变出行方式，但是大部分人不会选择跨地区的工作或是商业中心。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Antos说：“交通拥堵会迫使人们回归到本地经济，我们看到了这些，并且意识到我们观察到了经济的分裂发展。出乎意料的是，我们并不会看到区域经济的功能，在这个大区域中工人能找到工作。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">人们不会穿过区县的边界（或是河流）去任何地方。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">WMATA又模拟了第二种场景，没有公共交通，但是有新的道路提供给人们到达如今可以去的地方。仅仅是为了保持目前的拥堵水平，地区内将必须投资约60亿美元新建超过1000英里的主干道和高等级公路。这个就相当于在现有的大容量环城快速路的基础上再新建15条以上，而且大部分道路会穿越市中心核心区，那里的街道也将随之扩张，但又是不现实的。如下图所示：</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLvnNbTOpGwE5N8wnAh48icl90zhsh3bud3QQLJdDHU4ibDVuOFQVVKzgw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、第二个模拟场景中，为了保持现状的服务水平，该地区需要新增的道路分布规模</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">随之而来的是所有的驾驶员需要地方去停车。目前，每天大约有20万人选择不同的公交出行方式去行政区市中心。如果这部分人都开车去市中心，城市将需要新增相当于166个5层楼的停车库。这些停车库会把白宫团团围住，这种情景如下图所示：</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLWHyayNmo8LxNmeuudvObVLrfE3eDFxQia3Y0FetbJZp7VwLeJSiaibXMw.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、如果没有公共交通，华盛顿行政中心要新增的停车库（绿色部分为白宫地块，红色部分为停车库）</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Antos承认上述模拟的不同场景看上去有点荒谬。但是这才是问题的关键。而且其中一些模拟场景并没有很离谱。在华盛顿建设地铁系统之前，确实仔细考虑过规划一条高等级公路穿过市中心，如下图所示：</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLboUD5JSrdnaufL1ymbK4B0pyGqUE3PxOJqiayaiapicBJyyNd5RsKhg2w.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、穿越华盛顿行政区的高等级公路规划图（在Mount Vernon广场规划有立交）</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在Mount Vernon广场上面本来规划了一座巨大的立交，现在取而代之的是下穿的地铁线，地面上是综合性的商铺和公寓大楼。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们很容易发现欠发达的公共交通将带来更多的不利影响，影响面从温室气体到城市绿色空间到城市的水质量等。在这点上，这些反设事实的模拟开始变得复杂化（超过了Antos可以想象的范围）。虽然公共交通带来了巨大的效益，比如不用过度建设停车库、缓解拥堵和创造就业岗位，但是我们认为还远远不够。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Antos说：“研究内容中关于我们这个地区将来所要面对的选择，要么继续保护并扩大公共交通的投入，要么保持不变，或者是减少投入。你们不能只是习惯于选择不扩大。还有你们必须生活在其中的其他选择。而且我们必须要思考这种选择将会是怎样的，这样我们才能做出明智的决策。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; font-size: 21.6px; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -moz-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px); -o-transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin: 0px auto 4px; width: 2.5em; text-align: right; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 0.3em; height: 0.3em; margin-right: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section><section style="width: 2.5em; text-align: right; margin: auto; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin-right: 2px; line-height: 1.2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; color: white; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2</section></span><span style="width: 0.6em; height: 0.6em; margin-left: 2px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(71, 193, 168);"> </span> </section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: black; display: inline-block; padding: 0px 0.8em; animation: ent_pullUpIn 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; font-size: 23px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">则二、为什么要关闭地铁系统？</strong></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 5px 0px 0px; animation: ent_pullDownIn 1.5s ease-in-out 0s 1 normal both paused; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Laura Bliss   翻译/ 汤天培</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">华盛顿特区地铁紧急关闭实属罕见，但是城市还会有其他原因关闭地铁系统。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLurfW4OOU7aibcDtqyd67d06Rcdib2gJEWNxEQR471icicxslI9x6EH6DRA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图四、华盛顿特区地铁系统完全关闭当天上午第16大街上的交通状况（图：Andrew Harnik）</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">近期，华盛顿都市区交通局（WMATA）工作人员对整个地铁网络数以百计的电源线进行紧急安全检查，整个地铁系统关闭了24小时，为此在周三上午，出租车、自行车和几辆滚式推土机涌入城市街道。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">地铁系统关闭前的周一上午，McPherson广场站附近发生了电力短路引起的火灾，WMATA主任Paul Wiedefield 认为这起火灾事件和去年发生在L’Enfant广场站的致命烟雾事件有着同样“令人不安的相似”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">周二的晚上，他告诉记者“我们的关注的重点是降低地铁系统中任何一起火灾的风险”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">尽管存在很多缺陷，但是在此之前地铁系统从来没有因为机械原因而完全停止服务。经历了周三这起史无前例的关闭事件之后，管理者们开始了深深的思考：还有哪些原因会使得地铁系统停止运营？以下为部分原因和案例的总结。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一、安全</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">地铁系统因为机械问题关闭达到1个小时是十分罕见的，但是还是会发生。例如2000年，在运营的最初几年哥本哈根的地铁系统发生了几次服务延迟事件。而2015年11月，因为电力问题温哥华不得不关闭了其空中列车服务。2015年6月，因为能源故障，多伦多不得不关闭所有的地铁服务。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二、暴风雪等极端气候现象</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLndbTr9z5iczibliaTyHBUhSUHYbhLhCpLkA7wN6VxsfZ4oM7icVQm3Nia0A.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(70, 69, 69); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图五、2015年纽约地铁系统关闭（图：纽约交通局）</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在过去几年，大规模的暴风雪导致了东海岸线沿线的许多主要公交系统的关闭。这就是为什么这次华盛顿特区地铁系统关闭，令人感觉如此相似：因为就在不到两个月之前，WMATA暂停了所有的公共汽车、火车和辅助客运系统服务，以应对一月份发生的暴风雪灾害。去年同期，也是因为暴风雪，纽约交通局（MTA）在其111年历史中，头一回关闭了地铁。2015年2月，马萨诸塞州海湾交通局暂停了往返波士顿地区的所有火车和公共汽车服务，以应对一场高达100英寸的降雪。而在上述前面的两个案例中，城市官员被批评反应过度，而在波士顿，公共交通系统的关闭引发了骚动，并最终导致了WBTA的总经理的辞职。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLjoMVhFIRicNHyxpAahyOosxhrvQdkQYZ6ocaG12AwY08YWZWWfUScJg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图六、2015年纽约地铁系统关闭（图：纽约交通局）</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三、其它自然灾害</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLTIB0T5qHo86gDOnqyO6tAaae9eoyiaYOFuFsVLS0ict9SSpUAxHHQNcQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图七、日本东海岸线发生有史以来最大的地震之后，铁路服务发生延误，导致通勤的人们在地铁站排队等候（图：Shuji Kajiyama）</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1994年发生的7.8级地震，导致洛杉矶市的新城中心地铁系统 - 红线关闭了一周时间。但是这个完全无法和2011年的东京相比。当时日本发生了史上最大的8.9级地震后，世界上最繁忙的铁路系统（每天大约运载8百万乘客），在周五晚上关闭了数小时。成千上万的乘客被困在铁路站内、办公楼、酒店和人行道上。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">飓风也会在它行进的路线上迫使公共交通系统暂停：还是可怜的纽约交通局（MTA），不得不暂停了地铁和公共汽车服务以应对飓风Sandy。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四、罢工</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLETDmXibWNxPlhRnsqXffWglBBwydzXFX0EibbS1DpwOhEpSscG3c3Jtg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图八、2013年持续9天的罢工最后，地铁工人占领了Aghios Antonios地铁站（图：Thanassis Stavrakis）</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2015年的夏天，工人针对城市“夜间地铁“服务持续的争论，导致了伦敦地铁公司两次关闭了所有的地铁服务。除上述情况以外，因为罢工引发的整个地铁系统的关闭并非罕见。例如最近，马德里就发生了至少一起，而还有包括墨尔本、雅典和赫尔辛基在内的城市，都经历过罢工引起的地铁系统关闭。当然还少不了巴黎，这座城市因为那些不满现状的公务人员而出名？罢工引发的部分地铁关闭经常发生，不过整个地铁系统的关闭是十分少见的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">五、恐怖袭击</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLU8QpGoAjv123aB7QjIpiaLE0Djt2nicSS6TibI00jthxAwUXLZf3pJplQ.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图九、2001年9月发生的恐怖袭击，导致世贸中心地下Cortland大街地铁站的轨道上堆满了碎石（图：新纽约交通）</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在法国首都，2015年11月发生的恐怖袭击没有引发巴黎地铁系统的整体性的关闭（只有部分地铁站被关闭），这个令人相当震惊。但是“严重并迫在眉睫”的恐怖行动却威胁到了布鲁塞尔，大约一周之后迫使该市官员不得不关闭了地铁系统，还有餐馆、商店和办公楼也被关闭，居民只能呆在室内。2001年9月，受到世贸中心恐怖袭击的破坏，大部分地铁网络能够在2小时后恢复运营，但是部分纽约地铁系统仍然被迫暂停了很长一段时间。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">因为关闭地铁引发的混乱（或是因为混乱引发的地铁关闭），使得地铁系统的完全关闭引起了广泛的关注。但是整体而言，地铁服务仍然以难以置信的规律性持续运营。而对一些陷入困境的机构而言，这并不一定是件好事。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">CityLab的Sommer Mathis曾经报道过，如果确实想恢复公众对失败的地铁系统的恢复信心，WMATA可能要考虑关闭地铁系统超过1天或更长时间。因为彻底的检修可以确保全面的安全性和可靠性。她写到：“对于每一条地铁线路而言，事实上需要几个月的时间来检修。这可能会在短期内引起不便和伤害，但是这可能是唯一维持华盛顿特区地铁系统长期运营的方法。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1、《制定公共交通系统的方案》</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9Tia9NIwibGlEEfiafpFfMLicYEfLm8sBLO7TQrzVFa9iaDfKnORWOVdZxwQ0mWCj6AkfpqoRFypaXs9tibQg.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; 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"><section class="" style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">请联系我们微信号@SustainableCity</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">或电邮daizongliu@qq.com索取 </strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img src="http://up.upnews.cn/images/20160619/mee9Bdh9TiaibUHmvMHKKlq7Z0NapVpQ66auROFZ7yicaPHjKkqTc02FkfFEU4kbcg5X14e7zIcLiaJ0nkDHTurzyA.jpg" /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="color: rgb(11, 131, 171); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">购买年刊，请点击阅读原文......</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 2.2em; height: 2.2em; border: 0.12em solid rgb(225, 224, 224); border-radius: 50%; margin: auto; padding-top: 0.5em; box-shadow: rgb(194, 190, 190) 0px 0.2em 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section class="" style="width: 100%; margin-top: -1.7em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 1.2em; height: 1.2em; margin: -0.5em auto; border: 0.1em solid rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.45098); border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204);"></section></section><section class="" style=" transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); 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font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">「 欢迎投稿 」</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">我们作为专业志愿者团体，秉承理想，帮助中国可持续发展。并为之贡献：理念与传播、培训与教育、实践与孵化。欢迎您加入我们一起并肩前行！</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;">2014-2016 ? 转载请注明：<br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  />源自公众号“一览众山小-可持续城市与交通”</section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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