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                        <section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box; background-image: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9TACYZupTJ7OoMpkZpHaJmAevq4Bic0wRYEBsibhLeRbTEicy2M4r9dQFMWbbaEbQh4K5MibjZhlrrWw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg"); background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); background-size: 101.066%; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(8, 8, 8); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">     编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">  原文/ Rachel Kaufman, Michael Grabell, </span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">             UrbanDemographics</span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">   翻译/ Grassroots  </span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ 王晓晖</span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">  </span></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">    编辑/ 众山小 </span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"> 排版/ 徐颖</span></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box;"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; width: 95%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibXbgN91v9UbZibduBkR93wvbBWKHoCiaT5YX8ZVFeQ2Q3NRCAkkMoD4oFQ0tqaBfCXVM7x2ibrHiaTaQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1" data-w="201"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: block; float: left; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: block; min-height: 4.5em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">本次给大家分享三篇不同领域的文章。则一介绍了街道调查的新技术，从谷歌街景开始已经可以为街道调查提供了非常大的帮助，文章提到了利用现代科技手段产生高效的街道调查技术，包括摄像机识别、计算机辅助社区视觉评估系统等技术，可以为精细化设计提供很好的技术基础。则二叙述了一篇故事，作者是一名记者。故事讲述他向美国运输安全管理局要求公开关于空中警察不端行为的数据这件事情的来龙去脉，包括政府部门关于事件的隐瞒、与相关部门间的博弈以及对数据的分析结果，整个过程持续了7年多。则三提供几种人口分布的高清空间分辨率地图的免费资源，供有兴趣的读者参考。</span></section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); width: 90%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 8px; margin-top: -4px; margin-right: -4px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(8, 8, 8);"></section></section><section class="" style="text-align: right; margin-top: -1.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">请</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">看</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">正</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(249, 110, 87);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 20.8px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 1px 5px 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">科技如何改变街道调查</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Rachel Kaufman    翻译/ Grassroots</section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibXbgN91v9UbZibduBkR93wvVuJMbicGicxlnH0ysBicJib4Vo8YrT7P88Nuc4ezrwnAsugVW47w4Uuogg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6834532374100719" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、一辆谷歌的车辆记录了谷歌街景的图像。</em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">随着越来越多的城市采纳了“零死亡愿景”（Vision Zero）方案，这意味着越来越多的研究人员和政府公务员必须要走向街道，手里拿着书写板和计数器，去研究街道设计，记录人流量，分析步行的建成环境等等。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">或者他们有其他方法么？</strong>一系列新的研究和工具让研究人员可以足不出户看到一座城市的街景。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">恰当的例子：哥伦比亚大学梅尔曼学院正在进行一项新的研究<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）</span></strong>。研究人员利用谷歌街景观察了纽约的五个区超过500条街道。他们发现街景中的图像几乎和那里的现实生活中一样甚至更好，因为他们仅花费了很少时间。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">哥伦比亚大学流行病学的研究生Stephen Mooney说，“用这种方法此项研究可以正常完成…但很难进行评价。“是否可以使用信息技术来评价研究进展，我们对此很感兴趣。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">而且他们做过评价。Mooney在研究声明中说过，以前的一项关于加利福尼亚和华盛顿的850个交叉口的调查将花费一个三年的时间。而利用街景完成同样的事情将花费一个月。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">除了使用街景，Mooney和其他研究员采取了一些捷径。他们使用自己建立的模型（之前进行过测试）来预测行人将会出现的地点，来代替人工记录人流量。他们使用地图和城市数据来确定车辆到达的地点，来代替数车。（Mooney说他最近从纽约得到一些更详细的交通量计数，且正在努力看它是否能结合进一个更精细的模型中。）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这并不是第一个利用技术来加速街道调查的例子。具有同样功能的app 常常用来为工程收集数据，CANVAS（计算机辅助社区视觉评估系统）（Computer Assisted Neighborhood Visual Assessment System），被用来研究华盛顿、费城、底特律、圣何塞、纽约的街道涂鸦、垃圾和其他“混乱”。（Mooney有计算机程序员的背景，因此他已开发了这种app。）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">并且这当然不会是最后一个。Mooney提到一个在纽约的创业公司，叫Placemeter。该公司面向零售商、经济开发区和开发商，销售他们能安装在窗口处的微型摄像机。（该摄像机配有人工智能算法，能够获悉人们什么时候经过，哪里会产生有价值的数据，什么时候人们会行走在一个指定的街区。）Mooney知道的其他研究人员正在调试用交通摄像机的“外部设备”视角来计数人流量。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">甚至可以有更简单的方法。Mooney和其他哥伦比亚的研究人员所使用的行人计数模型与实际人流量进行了对比，但是由于存在或缺少MTA（大纽约交通运输管理局Metropolitan Transit Authority）地铁车站这个模型中的因素，因此它或许不能可靠的应用在国家的其他地方。但是Mooney发现了另一个与此模型相关性非常好的数据源：Walkscore.com。“在误差范围内，我们得到了基本上相似的结果[模型结果与Walkscore对比]，”他说。既然那个公司已经建立了美国适宜步行的指标，为什么不利用呢？</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这类工作有个明显的缺点。“前面10到20条街道的工作你做起来很有趣，” Mooney说。“你会有这种旅行的感觉，了解一个新空间而免去了到达那里的麻烦。”但是很快工作变得越来越枯燥。所以，即使有人能在一个月内调查850个交叉口，他们愿意这样干么？答案可能是不会。Mooney和其他研究人员正在寻找分配工作的方法。对行人安全感兴趣的社区团体可能愿意出钱并且自愿在街景网站进行检视，支付亚马逊土耳其机器人（Amazon’s Mechanical Turk）众包是另一种选择。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">不管什么案例，CANVAS（计算机辅助社区视觉评估系统）和其他类似的技术使得越来越多的研究能够深入到街道设计和行人交通安全。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这项研究是否能成功取决于资金——或者，像Mooney说的，“最近这类关注的时尚是否会在人们使用后证明是一种过时的时尚。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="width: 2.8em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/lVIlGnQvHy85zJ5VN9g6GoNQ7cga50UYb1yjuZnEkUPKCxBQqVVveEiclo3tokRNcjq3DHNaKs5Dic2TPo3eBWJw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.38636363636363635" data-w="44"  /> <section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); box-sizing: border-box; background: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibXbgN91v9UbZibduBkR93wvSD68aRIDArNYg1rTyR4iaA0afjS4NUCArNH4CIc351YynDUDD0euxLg/0?wx_fmt=png") repeat-x;" class=""></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(95, 156, 239);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(95, 156, 239); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 1px 5px 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">质问7年后美国道路运输安全管理局终于发布了关于空中警察不端行为的数据</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(95, 156, 239); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Michael Grabell     翻译/ Grassroots</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(95, 156, 239); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">联邦空中警察在2002年底至2012年初间被逮捕了近150次。为什么过了7年半的时间美国道路运输安全管理局才公布有关数据？</em></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibXbgN91v9UbZibduBkR93wvONYWJvnNBGvslO0HGMutLAR9GclHNvnF0F7usox1icpR2Dlod1Hic0XQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6636690647482014" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、插图 David Sleight</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">7年半以前，作为一个刚入职的记者，我写了一篇文章叫“信息自由行动”，要求联邦空中警察不端行为的所有报告。自从在911事件后美国政府迅速扩大其秘密特工力量去干预劫持事件。几年后，这个组织内部的人员告诉我最近许多空中警察被逮捕或因在海外执行任务期间嫖娼而陷入麻烦。我知道信息自由法案（Freedom Of Information Act）请求还需要一段时间——或许几个月——但是我设想我能凭借自己记录的内容，及时赶上自己在ProPublica首个项目。结果，我除了美国道路运输安全管理局的声响外什么都没听到。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">最终上周三，我收件箱中收到一封电子邮件，附带一份自从我在ProPublica的第四天开始一直奋斗的数据。得到空中警察数据的故事揭露了很多有关信息自由法案的问题。这些问题英国确保公众能看到政府记录，当代理机构决定拖延进程时会发生什么。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">即使联邦空警坚持表面已经采取措施建立了专业的代理机构严肃处理不端行为，而当我在2008年发表信息自由法案请求时他们一直在与同样的议题斗争。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在等待数据的同时，我发现许多被逮捕的空中警察，犯罪情况从帮忙贩卖人口到谋杀未遂。其中一个空中警察利用自己的身份徽章走私毒品通过机场安检，而另一个则诱惑一个小男孩到其宾馆房间进行性侵犯。空中警察在巴塞罗纳招妓，并且在法兰克福光顾妓院后与警卫发生了冲突。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">另一个空中警察在空中的行为严重威胁到飞行人员以至于他们向特工机构报告，“我不敢相信他居然可以携带枪支！”（那名官员随后因设法兑现1090万美金支票的银行诈骗行为被宣判。在他被朋友的猫抓伤后说道。）随着时间的推移，问题仍在继续。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">去年，其他几个新闻媒体发表的关于空中警察令人不安的报告听起来非常相似。一些选项：空中警察被中在欧洲招妓并且用手机记录了性行为。空中警察描述了一种“酣畅淋漓的派对”气氛。在空中警察被提供仅一种晚餐选择而不是三种时，他就大发脾气，随后开始大闹飞机。奇怪的是，当美国运输安全管理局最终给我7年请求的反馈时，其中包含他们自己根据一份来路不明的声明做的数据分析。绝大多数的联邦空警是敬业的执法专业人才，他们的行为是一种典范。声明中提道，“美国运输安全管理局和联邦空警一直坚持其劳动力中去维持一种责任文化。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这份声明同时指出，代理机构看到由于他们出台的举措使得不端行为在2015年“有效的减少”。即使上个月我最近一次与政府机关互通邮件中，很明显，代理机构仅仅提供到2012年2月的数据。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这已经成为跟代理机构沟通的标准惯例了。通过延迟信息自由法案请求好几年，美国运输安全管理局开始声称发布的数据是陈旧的新闻。（2008年代理机构也发布了同样的声明——因为我们最近收到了数据——现在我们知道那份声明是假的。）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">那关于空中警察不端行为这份数据能告诉我们什么？</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">首先，从2002年12月至2012年2月，空中警察被捕了148次。其中还另有58例“犯罪行为”。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">此外，空中警察共陷入超过5000轻度不端行为事件，从1200例丢失装备到950次错过应保护的航班。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些事件是多了还是少了？很难说，因为空中警察的数量是被分类的且对武装力量的估计并不包括人员的流动。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">美国运输安全管理局表明不端行为仅代表了“少数员工”。但是与我交谈过的空中警察说，假定空中警察被允许持枪上飞机，则必须在生死攸关的瞬间做出正确的判断。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们分析数据后发现的一些其他亮点：</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">o    250名空中警察因不端行为已经被开除，另外400名面对相关调查而辞职或退休。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">o    空中警察被停职超过900次，导致了超过4600天虚耗在不端行为中。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">o    华盛顿外地办事处发生事件最多，达530例，紧接着是纽约，471例，芝加哥和达拉斯各有373例，洛杉矶363例。有85例发生在空中警察总部，显示出有时候，不端行为已经延伸至顶端。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在我们的故事进入2008年底之后，Robert Bray，当时的空中警卫服务主任，希望在代理机构中创建“责任文化”，将酒后驾车的处罚力度提升至30天停职。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">代理机构会变强或变弱我们不清楚。在故事开始之前，只有4%被逮捕的空中警察收到了停职14天或更长的通知。在故事开始之后，数据跳到了20%。但同时，被逮捕的空中警察中轻微处罚的比例变得更高了，如一封谴责信、一次警告或五动作。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在故事之后，我持续与空中警察交谈，继续进行信息自由法案请求。受公开的奥巴马政府备忘录的启发，加上新闻信息，形成一份具体的不端行为数据库。我在2010年发表了第二份信息自由法案请求。这或许是个误解。美国运输安全管理局将两份请求融合在一起，而不是对我第一份请求作出回应。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2012年，代理机构作出了回应。但是美国运输安全管理局仅发布了两个专栏——一个显示了为空中警察进行辩解，另一个作为回应，列出了纪律处分行动。显然上面没有注明日期，这应该允许我们去核对代理机构的“责任文化”是否实行。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">两年过去了。期间，空中警察主任Bray自己卷入了不端行为的调查之中。一位监管人被指控从空中警察的武器提供商得到免费和折扣枪支并且供给至高级官员供个人使用，包括Bray。2014年，Bray退休了。在那段时间，我赢得了部分呼吁。但是那份数据仍不完整。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">又过了近6年，我几乎要放弃了。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">直到12月底。我收到美国运输安全管理局的一封电子邮件。邮件里说我2012年的请求是积压的工作，想知道我是否仍有兴趣。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">当然有。（在我追去这些数据期间美国运输安全管理局曾问过我这个问题几次。）</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">一个月后，我得到了我一直在寻找的信息。它持续了仅7年7个月零29天而已。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="width: 2.8em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/lVIlGnQvHy85zJ5VN9g6GoNQ7cga50UYb1yjuZnEkUPKCxBQqVVveEiclo3tokRNcjq3DHNaKs5Dic2TPo3eBWJw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.38636363636363635" data-w="44"  /> <section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); box-sizing: border-box; background: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibXbgN91v9UbZibduBkR93wvSD68aRIDArNYg1rTyR4iaA0afjS4NUCArNH4CIc351YynDUDD0euxLg/0?wx_fmt=png") repeat-x;" class=""></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">03</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 18px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 1px 5px 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">哪里能找到人口分布的高清空间分辨率数据</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ UrbanDemographics     翻译/ Grassroots</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">本文将为您提供了两种（三种？）免费人口分布的高清空间分辨率资源。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">1、Gridded Population of the World（GPW）（<span style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;">http://beta.sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/gpw-v4</span>）可以进行分辨率约1 km的人口普查。该数据集由CIESIN / Columbia University（国际地球科学信息网/哥伦比亚大学）和Sedac / NASA（应用中心/美国国家航空和宇宙航行局）合作形成。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">2、WorldPop（<span style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;">http://www.worldpop.org.uk/</span>）可以进行不同时间分辨率约100 m的人口普查。该工程可以进一步包含一些人口特征如年龄和性别结构、出生人数、怀孕、贫困。该工程由Andy Tatem指导，且涉及许多合作，包括南安普顿大学、牛津大学、世界银行、Flowminder基金会。他们将获取数据和方法发布在peer-review journals中，在数据公开方面他们做的非常棒。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9TiaibXbgN91v9UbZibduBkR93wvnib9LZNIKWjD2ibMq65oA6Yy6nAPKU5MqlsO424E5fIZm6HmWyvHiaADw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.3489208633093525" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、WorldPop</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">最近，CIESIN宣布他们与Facebook的连接实验室（Facebook’s Connectivity Lab）合作。这项工程的理念是通过应用图像识别算法去分析高清卫星图像，来首创人口分布的最高分辨率地图（5 m）（<span style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;">http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2016/02/22/working-with-facebook-to-create-better-population-maps/</span>）。此工程已经应用该方法到21个国家，且一部分数据将在2016年夏季输出。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">巴西人的福利：IBGE（巴西人口统计局）已经公开了分辨率200 m的栅格人口数据。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">(<span style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;">ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/malhas_digitais/censo_2010/grade_estatistica</span>）。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="width: 2.8em; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/3hUA8s6XnazrtMJR01dQ9PLHoaQCmY4SfkmbKCt4FNlaYgPgV6y73lPsYAl450FxpRv45uicnZxQpaQS7eNNNKw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.38636363636363635" data-w="44"  /> <section style="width: 100%; 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