国匠城工作台

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                        <section style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; letter-spacing: 15px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="letter-spacing: 3px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一<span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.44px; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"></span><span style="line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);">览<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>众<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>山<span style="line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">°</span>小</span></span></strong></span></section><section style="text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box;">SustainableCity & Transportation</span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" padding: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="height: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(38, 53, 73, 0.862745);"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; padding: 1em 10px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(12, 11, 11); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">   编辑团队</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; border-color: rgb(12, 11, 11); border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(12, 11, 11); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">  原文/ Knight Foundation、arXiv、Jen Kinney   </span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">   翻译/ durianu  </span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">文献/ 金倩竹</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;">   校核+编辑/ 众山小 </span><span style="line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box;"> 排版/ 徐颖</span></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="group-empty" style="display: inline-block; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 38.2%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; width: 95%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://mmsns.qpic.cn/mmsns/mee9Bdh9Tiaic0nYeF7awYHsia7J9ibP6p3OSHmarhEwCtezN7tqQCMLTg/0" data-ratio="1" data-w="201"  /></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 61.8%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="display: block; float: left; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; line-height: 1; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(31, 156, 202); box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">译者萌像&导读：</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="display: block; min-height: 4.5em !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="text-align: left; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">简雅各布斯的《美国大城市的死与生》一书相信规划设计的同行们并不陌生，其所提倡的城市繁荣所必须的四个条件包括：第一是城市区必须满足两种以上的功能，以吸引在白天和夜晚不同时间点具有不同目的的人。其次城市街区要小，具有密集的路口，让行人很多机会进行互动。第三个条件是建筑物必须在年龄方面多元化，并且具有低租金和高租金的租户相互组合。最后，一个地区必须有足够的人口和建筑物密度。至今仍然指引着我们践行推进。在她诞辰100周年之际，我们特此推出本文向大师致敬，以缅怀她的伟大设想和先驱理论。无论是则二通过手机数据量化论证了简雅各布斯的活力城市四要素，还是则三讲述意大利6座城市如何实践雅各布格斯理论，无疑都是缅怀大师最好的方式。</section></section></section></section></section><section style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 4px; font-size: 8px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.2em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); width: 90%; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 8px; height: 8px; margin-top: -4px; margin-right: -4px; border-radius: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(8, 8, 8);"></section></section><section class="" style="text-align: right; margin-top: -1.5em; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">请</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">看</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">正</section></section><section class="" style="width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; border-radius: 100%; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">文</section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">01</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 20.8px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 1px 5px 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">简雅各布斯十大构想</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Knight Foundation    翻译/ durianu</section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9wGG8xlp4oO4uMLu9V3wGEZ7LLn6iadMrNribcgwnMn3Y2znywqaqcYbZatDCMfeiaQAHFXicKrwVdxw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.2949640287769784" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">图一、简雅各布斯（1916—2006）</em><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></em></strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">简雅各布斯（1916—2006）是美国出生的作家和活动家，她凭借城市的著作而闻名。她的第一本书，《美国大城市的死与生》（1961），颠覆了现代主义城市规划和建设的思路，并为普通城市的多样性和细化度提供了一个新愿景。1968年从纽约搬家到多伦多之后，她发表了六本关于城市，经济学，伦理学，管理和文化的专业书籍，其中两本是加拿大畅销书。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 21px; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">十大构想</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br  /></strong></p></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">一、街道监控：</strong>全天候的行人交通，与之相伴的还有监控系统，提升城市街道的安全性。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">二、社会资本：</strong>发生在邻里之间的日常的交流活动逐渐建立邻里关系网络。这种“社会资本”为相互信任，共同的努力以及在患难的时候的弹性提供了基础。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">三、多样性的生产者：</strong>在城市规划和设计中的四个因素使城市具有多样，安全，社会，方便，经济活力的特点：<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">a.混合使用：</strong>各种住所，工作场所和商店的混合利用将人们在一天中的任何时候都待在街上。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">b.老建筑物：</strong>单调的，破败的建筑为新的企业和其他低或无盈利的企业提供了廉价的空间。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">c.小街区：</strong>一个密集的街道网络意味着更多零售的机会，同时也为邻居之间的见面交流提供了更多的机会。 <span style="text-decoration: none; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">d.人口密度：</strong></span>简单地说，在一个小范围内，你需要大量的人来充分使用城市的街道，公园，和企业。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">四、形式追随功能：</strong>时尚和技术来来去去，但是始终保持相关的是人们使用城市的无数种方式，城市是作为一个整体如何运作的，以及我们的城市设计和规划是否能反映和服务于那些功能。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">五、地方经济：</strong>无论地方、国家还是全球的经济增长，都依赖于城市经济为自身提供充分多样化的能力，而不是依靠进口的能力。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">六、创新：</strong>所有的新工作都被添加到旧工作的阶段中，像第一裁缝采用制作胸罩的方式来提高她衣服的舒适度。在当地经济现有的工作中加入的多样性越大，将新旧工作用新方式融合的机会也越大。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">七、制定许多小计划：</strong>只有当我们允许许多不同的人单独或集体追求自己的小计划，才能取得了良好的邻里的多样性。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">八、可持续的现金：</strong>多样性的小计划和各种新的工作需要建立在一个提供持续的资金来源的基础上。不幸的是，公共和私营部门往往只提供资金水灾和旱灾的钱（要么过多、要么过少的资金）。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">九、城市有组织的复杂性：</strong>城市功能就像生态系统。一切都以错综复杂，特定的方式连接到并不能通过统计或公式来计算的其他内容上。只有从下往上密切观察和推理才能行得通。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">十、公民科学：</strong>最好的能读懂城市复杂性的人是“普通的，有兴趣的市民”。假如没有这些专业训练的假设，城市日常用户可以更自由地从他们所看到和亲身体验的过程中学习。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="width: 2.8em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/lVIlGnQvHy85zJ5VN9g6GoNQ7cga50UYb1yjuZnEkUPKCxBQqVVveEiclo3tokRNcjq3DHNaKs5Dic2TPo3eBWJw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.38636363636363635" data-w="44"  /> <section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(12, 11, 11); box-sizing: border-box; background: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9wGG8xlp4oO4uMLu9V3wGEhPjs5gZ8EYx2OAUD6HUFiaFMnUOic9PjW5bhkkqiaoEMNITJWCPm0JLjw/0?wx_fmt=png") repeat-x;" class=""></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">02</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 21px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 1px 5px 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">手机数据量化论证简雅各布斯的</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">活力城市四要素</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ arXiv     翻译/ durianu</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">缺乏以证据为基础的城市规划已经毁了遍布世界各地的城市。但是，数据挖掘技术最终揭示了使城市获得成功，成为充满活力的居住地的规则。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">早在1961年，许多逐渐衰落的美国中心城市开始困扰城市规划者和活动家。其中城市社会学家简雅各布斯，开始了引致问题原因的广泛而细致的调查，并在《美国大城市的死与生》一书中出版了她的结论。虽然是一本具有争议的书，但她提出了创建充满活力的城市生活的四个城市的条件。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jacobs的结论已经影响深远。她的思想已经对许多现代城市也产生了显著的影响，如多伦多和纽约市格林威治村。然而，她的想法由于缺乏经验证据来支持而招致批评，这是在城市规划普遍存在的一个问题。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">今天，似乎要感谢在特伦托大学的Marco De Nadai和几个好朋友的工作，他们开发出一种方法来收集城市数据，他们用它来测试Jacobs所提出的条件以及它们如何与城市生活的活力性相关。新的方法预示着城市规划的新时代，规划者以客观的方式评估城市生活并且做出可以提升城市生活的计划。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在书中，雅各布斯认为，充满活力的活动仅仅可以在物理环境是多样的城市中蓬勃发展。她说，这种多样性，需要四个条件。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">第一是城市区必须满足两种以上的功能，以吸引在白天和夜晚不同时间点具有不同目的的人。其次，城市街区要小，具有密集的路口，让行人很多机会进行互动。第三个条件是，大楼必须在年龄方面多元化，并且具有低租金和高租金的租户相互组合。相比之下，具有专门的新建筑的区域只能吸引足够富有的企业和租户，来支持新大楼的成本。最后，一个地区必须有足够的人口和建筑物密度。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9wGG8xlp4oO4uMLu9V3wGEmpgfmF6kuRClibibs4zt55LDCwcGhTQ3ia1xTXWkKI5uWZcPlUdtHHeeQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.8544061302681993" data-w="522"  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图二、罗马、米兰各个城区的城市活动密度图</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">虽然雅各布斯的论点是有说服力的，但她的批评者说并没有证据表明这些因素都与充满活力的城市生活相关联。去年韩国首尔的城镇科学家以一种前所未有的方式公布了一个关于10年的行人活动研究的结果，使得这种状况得以改变。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">这项工作首次成功地测试了Jacobs的思想。</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">但是，数据主要是通过行人调查的方式收集的，该过程是费时费钱的，并且在大多数现代城市通常不实用。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">De Nadai和co共同想出了一个更便宜，更快的可替代的方案，即采用新一代城市数据库和人们使用社交媒体以及手机的方式。新的数据库包括OpenStreetMap，协作绘图工具;记录人口和建筑使用的人口普查数据；土地利用数据，它利用卫星图像，根据不同类别对土地用用途进行分类; Foursquare的数据，这些数据记录了个人活动的地理信息; 显示一个区域电话号码和呼叫频率的移动电话记录。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">De Nadai和co在<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">意大利罗马，那不勒斯，佛罗伦萨，博洛尼亚，米兰和巴勒莫</strong>六个城市收集这些数据。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">他们的分析很简单。研究小组利用手机活动作为的城市活力的测量标准，土地使用记录、人口普查数据和Foursquare活动作为城市多样性的测量标准。他们的目的是看活力和多样性是如何与他们所研究的城市相关的。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">结果读起来很有趣。De Nadai和co说，土地利用与活力密切相关。像在罗马这样的城市，混合用地是常见的。然而，米兰则由工业，住宅，商业等划分成不同功能的区域。 他们说：“因此，在米兰，活力仅仅存在土地混合利用的地区。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">城区的结构也很重要。欧洲城市往往没有美国城市那般特大型城市的街区。但交叉口的密度变化很大，而这种结果是很重要的。 研究团队称：“充满活力的城市地区是那些密集的街道的地区，这实际上减缓汽车行驶速度并使行人更容易通过。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯还强调了新老建筑的结合对于促进活力的重要性。然而，De Nadai和co说这在意大利城市并不是很常见，因为这里的古建筑是常见的，并已被积极地保存了几个世纪。因此，产生出混合区域的目标是难以实现的。 他们说：“在意大利的背景下，混合不同时代的建筑物并不像在美国那样的背景那么重要。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">尽管如此，研究小组发现了一个充满活力的关键因素是“第三场所”的出现。第三场所即不属于家庭（第一个地方）或就业场所（第二位）。第三个场所是酒吧，餐厅，宗教场所，商场，公园等，这些地方的人聚集在一起而社交。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">人的密度也证明是重要的，也正如雅各布斯所预测的。De Nadai和co 说：“我们的研究结果表明，Jacobs的维持重要的城市生活的四个条件对意大利城市同样适用，”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">他们接着总结说：“活跃的意大利各区均有密集的上班族，在步行距离范围内的第三场所，小街道以及历史建筑。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这是一个有趣的研究，将有可能对城市规划产生重大影响。缺乏以证据为基础的城市规划方法已造成许多城市的灾难，更不用说美国的20世纪50年代，60年代及其以后的城市中心区的衰落。<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）</span></strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这种新的城市科学的时代可能改变这种状况，并帮助世界各地的数以百万计的人们创造充满活力的生活空间。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin: 0.5em 0px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="width: 2.8em; float: right; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/lVIlGnQvHy85zJ5VN9g6GoNQ7cga50UYb1yjuZnEkUPKCxBQqVVveEiclo3tokRNcjq3DHNaKs5Dic2TPo3eBWJw/0?wx_fmt=png" class="" data-ratio="0.38636363636363635" data-w="44"  /> <section class="" style="clear: both; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><section style="width: 100%; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: dotted; border-top-color: rgb(12, 11, 11); box-sizing: border-box; background: url("http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9wGG8xlp4oO4uMLu9V3wGEhPjs5gZ8EYx2OAUD6HUFiaFMnUOic9PjW5bhkkqiaoEMNITJWCPm0JLjw/0?wx_fmt=png") repeat-x;" class=""></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="width: 2.6em; height: 2.6em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 2.6em; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(160, 160, 160);"><section style="width: 1.8em; height: 1.8em; line-height: 1.8em; border-radius: 50%; margin: 0.36em 0px 0.35em 0.44em; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: white;"><section class="" style="width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">03</section></section></section></section><section style="margin: -0.5em auto 0.3em; width: 0px; border-top-width: 1.1em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); border-left-width: 1em !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 1.12em !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="border-top-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-size: 21px; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; padding: 1px 5px 0px; line-height: 1.2; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">简雅各布斯的理论被投入到六座意大利的城市测试</strong></section></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.5em; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; padding: 0px 5px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgba(211, 207, 206, 0.117647);" class=""><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">原文/ Jen Kinney     翻译/ durianu</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></span><section class="" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.5em; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(160, 160, 160); border-top-width: 1em !important; border-top-style: solid !important; border-top-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 1em !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important; box-sizing: border-box;"></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9wGG8xlp4oO4uMLu9V3wGEj8HOkqUG94P5rjxwLvCqPeZU2MV5NJArlEcvoLvETHHnjuldZ7iciaRg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.75" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">图三、繁忙的米兰街头</strong></em></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">在她1961年的《美国大城市的死与生》一书中，城市社会学家简雅各布斯提出了充满活力的城市生活必不可少的四项条件，那是有影响力的和有争议的想法。最近，特伦托大学研究人员Marco De Nadai和他的团队设计了一个方法来测试这些条件，即通过挖掘意大利六个城市的数据库和手机记录。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">报告中总结说<span style="color: rgb(95, 156, 239); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">（参考文献1，请联系我们索取）</strong></span> “我们的研究结果表明，雅各布斯的维持重要的城市生活的四个条件对意大利的城市同样适用，活跃的意大利各区均有密集的上班族，适宜于步行的第三场所，小街道和历史建筑。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">雅各布斯认为，活力是一个物理环境多样化的产物。这种多样性依赖于在四大支柱：一是城区必须提供一种以上的功能，以吸引白天和夜晚的不同时间段的人。其次，城市街区要小，并有鼓励行人之间的互动密集的路口。三，建筑物在年龄和形式上必须多样化，以支持低收入和高租金的租户的混合。四，市区必须有足够的人口和建筑物密度。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">这些条件之前已经经过测试，曾经通过了韩国首尔市区科学家的一个关于行人活动的10年研究。但该项目的数据收集是通过费时费钱的行人调查，该方式在其他城区复制是不实用的。De Nadai和他的团队的方法是更快并且便宜得多：他们通过借鉴手机的活动的方式来衡量特定地区的城市活力和土地使用记录，人口普查数据；在罗马，那不勒斯，佛罗伦萨，博洛尼亚，米兰和巴勒莫，通过Foursquare的活动来衡量活动和建筑类型的多样性。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">事实上他们发现，相对于那些仅仅作为单一功能的工业、居住和商业的区域，混合使用的区域显示出更大的活力。他们还坚持Jacobs的信念，即小街区为交叉口处的互动提供了便利。 研究人员写道：“充满活力的城市地区是那些具有密集的街道地方，实际上这不仅减缓汽车得行驶速度，也使行人更容易的穿越。”</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">研究小组还发现，像崇拜（场所），餐馆，酒吧，公园以及其他既不是家也不是工作场所的“第三场所”的存在，对于城市活力是至关重要的。他们也证明了人口密度就像雅各布斯说是那样重要。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;">相较于美国背景下的城市，只有一个条件是不太适用于意大利。由于古建筑已经是多数意大利城市的基础，新旧融合发展是较少关注，并且也不如雅各布斯所研究的美国城市具有那么大的可能性。</section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;"  /></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; 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font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">我们为本文提供的免费下载资料有：</strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </strong></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">1、《意大利大城市的死与生 – 手机数据的论证》</strong></section></section></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center;  box-sizing: border-box; "><img id="ledtxt.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle;" class="" src="http://img02.store.sogou.com/net/a/05/link?appid=100520091&url=http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/mee9Bdh9Tia9wGG8xlp4oO4uMLu9V3wGEDUmTvIGGLxG2jeCbOhMEMib7prDGxm8X7bQZSdfEemZtnNK4PcCLzdA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.2931654676258992" data-w=""  /></section></section><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="   box-sizing: border-box; "><section class="" style=" text-align: center; 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